Unit2: Energy Transfer and First Law of Thermodynamics

U2.1.Work Transfer (definition and calculation), Different modes of work, Displacement Work for
various process, Heat Transfer; Modes of heat transfer, Basic laws in conduction, convection and
radiation, combined modes of heat transfer with examples. Formal statement of First law (using
cyclic processes for a closed systems) and introduction of internal energy as a thermodynamics
property, Introduction of enthalpy as a thermodynamic property; Definition of specific heats and their
use in calculation of internal energy and enthalpy with emphasis on ideal gages. Application of First
Law to control volumes; Nozzle, Diffuser, Compressor, Turbine, Throttling device, Heat Exchanger.
(Only steady flow need to be considered).

U2.2. Problem on different modes of work transfer, Problems on Conduction, Convection and
Radiation
Short Questions:
1. Determine the work done when a 12 V battery is charged for 2 hours by passing a current
of 5A through it.
2. The temperature of one kg of a perfect gas undergoing an adiabatic expansion fall
from 300K to 200K. Calculate the work done by the gas.
3. What is flow work? How it is different from displacement work?
4. What is heat transfer and what are different modes of heat transfer?
5. What is “Fourier’s Law of conduction”?
6. What is “Newton’s Law of cooling”?
7. What is Heat Capacity?
8. Define Internal Energy and its various forms.
9. What is PMM-I?
10. Explain Steady Flow Process with Energy balance equation.
Long Questions:
1. What is a Polytropic process? What are the relations among p, v and T of an ideal gas in a
Polytropic process?
2. Differentiate between Path function and Point function.
3. Derive an expression for work done in an adiabatic expansion of gas.
4. Energy is a property of a system explains with proper diagram.
5. Explain the steady flow energy equation with net diagram and various energy parameters.
6. Write down the mass balance and energy balance equation for nozzle with neat sketch.
7. Explain Enthalpy, its representation and relation with Specific Heats.
8. What is “Throttling Process” write down its mass and energy balance equation with neat
sketch?
9. Prove that for an adiabatic process dh= vdp
10. Prove that the law followed by a reversible adiabatic process for an ideal gas is PVγ=Constant
Problems:

11. A mass of 1.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi-static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa for
which pv= constant. The initial density of air is 1.16kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston
to compress the air.
12. An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m3 and contains gas at a pressure of 1.5 MPa.
The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight line on a pressure-
volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the
piston ifthe stroke is 0.30 m.
13. Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion process as shown in Figure.

14. A system of volume V contains a mass m of gas at pressure p and temperature T. The
macroscopic properties of the system obey the following relationship:
(p + a / V2) (V-b) = mRT
Where a, b, and R are constants.Obtain an expression for the displacement work done by
the systemduring a constant-temperature expansion from volume V1 to volume
V2.Calculate the work done by a system which contains 10 kg of this gasexpanding from 1
 m3 to 10 m3 at a temperature of 293 K. Use the valuesa = 15.7 ×10 Nm4 , b = 1.07
×10−2m3 , and R = 0.278 kJ/kg-K.
15. 2kg of fluid at a pressure of 3 bar and with specific volume of 0.18 m3/kg is expanded in a
piston and cylinder assembly to a final pressure of 0.6 bar , according to the law p=C/V2,
where C is a constant. Determine the work transfer during the process.
16. The properties of a certain fluid are related as follows. u = 196+ 0.718 t &pv= 0.287+(
t+273), Where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), t is in °C, p is pressure (kN/m2),
and v is specific volume (m3/kg). For this fluid, find cv and cp.
17. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes beginning at an
initial state where
p1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows:
(i) Process 1–2: Compression with pV= constant to p2 = 2 bar, U2 = 690 kJ
(ii) Process 2–3: W23 = 0, Q23 = –150 kJ, and
(iii) Process 3–1: W31 = +50 kJ.
Neglecting KE and PE changes, determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.
18. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following processes:
(i) Process 1–2: Constant pressure p = 1.4 bar, V1 = 0.028 m3, W12 = 10.5 kJ
(ii) Process 2–3: Compression with pV = constant, U3 = U2
(iii) Process 3–1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = – 26.4 kJ.
There are no significant changes in KE and PE.
(a) Sketch the cycle on a p–V diagram.
(b) Calculate the network for the cycle in kJ.
(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1–2.
(d) Show that ∑Qcycle=∑ Wcycle.

Steady Flow Process

1. The mass flow rate in to a turbine is 1.5 kg/sec. The heat transfer from the turbine is 8.5 kw. The
following data are known for the steam entering and leaving the turbine. Find the work transfer,

Inlet Exit
Pressure 2 MPa 0.1 MPa
Enthalpy 3137 KJ/kg 2675.5 KJ/kg
Temperature 350°C 350°C
Velocity 50 m/sec 200 m/sec
Elevation above reference plane 6m 3m

2. Air is compressed by a rotary compressor in a steady flow process at the rate of 1.5 kg/sec. At entry,
the air has a specific volume of 0.9 m³/kg and has a velocity of 80 m/sec. At exit the air has a specific
volume of 0.4 m³/kg and has a velocity of 45 m/sec. In its passage through the compressor the specific
enthalpy of air is increased by 110 KJ/kg and it experiences a heat transfer loss of 20 KJ/kg. Determine
(a) Inlet and exit areas of compressor
(b) Power required driving the compressor.

3. In a gas turbine plant the air is compressed, heated and expanded through the turbine. The initial
condition of air is 101.325 KPa, 20°C and a velocity of 140 m/s through an opening of 0.15 m² cross
sectional area and the final exit conditions are 0.18 MPa, 150°C though an opening of 0.1 m² cross
sectional area. The power output is 375 kw. Calculate the net amount of heat added to the air in KJ/kg.

4. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle. The inlet conditions are 7 KPa and 420°C . The nozzle exit
diameter is adjusted such that the existing velocity 700 m/s. Calculate (a) exit temperature (b) mass flow
rate (c) exit diameter.

5. The steam of an engine comprise two streams which mix before entering the engine. One stream is
supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/sec with an enthalpy of 2952 KJ/kg and a velocity of 20 m/sec. The other
stream supplied at 0.1 kg/sec with an enthalpy of 2569 KJ/kg and a velocity of 120 m/sec. At the exit
from the engine the fluid leaks as two streams one of water at the rate of 0.001 kg/sec with an enthalpy of
420 KJ/kg and the other of stream. The engine develops a shaft power of 25 kw. Neglecting the fluid
velocities at the exit as the heat transfer. Find out the enthalpy of second exit stream?

6. A gas turbine receives air at 5 bar, 210°C with negligible velocity. The air leaves the turbine at 1.04 bar
with a velocity of 80m/sec. Assuming there is no heat transfer through the turbine wall, that the process is
frictionless and that the change in K.E. is negligible calculate the power developed by the turbine for a
mass flow rate of 5 kg/sec.?