EX NO:1

FREQUENCY TABLE
14.12.18
AIM:

To construct a frequency table for set of data.

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from windows

STEP 2: Click the Variable view tab at the bottom of window

STEP 3: Enter Sno, Sname, Gender, Course and Total under the name in
the Variable view

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide & enter the width and decimal places

STEP 6: Under the label column, describe the variable by a phase or in

sentence

STEP 7: Go to columns tab and enter number value to specify the width of
the column in the table

STEP 8: Then go to align column & select any option, which you want to
appear on the cell in data views

STEP 9: Click the Data view tab and enter data.

STEP 10: Save the file

STEP 11: Construct Univariate Frequency table as follows

 From the menu, Select Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics ->

Frequencies
 Double-click Gender and Course to move them to the
Variables list.
 Click Ok Button

STEP 12: Construct Bivariate Frequency table as follows

 From the menu, Select Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics ->

Crosstabs
 Select Course and Click the upper right arrow to move to
Row list. Select Gender and Click the middle right arrow to
move to Column list.
 Click Ok Button

1
Variable View

Data View

2
Output - Univariate Frequency Table

Frequencies

Statistics

Gender Course

Valid 11 11
N
Missing 0 0

Frequency Table

Gender

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Male 7 63.6 63.6 63.6

Valid Female 4 36.4 36.4 100.0

Total 11 100.0 100.0

Course

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

BA 2 18.2 18.2 18.2

BCA 5 45.5 45.5 63.6

Valid
BCOM 4 36.4 36.4 100.0

Total 11 100.0 100.0

3
Output – Bivariate Frequency table

Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Course * Gender 11 100.0% 0 0.0% 11 100.0%

Course * Gender Crosstabulation

Count

Gender Total

Male Female
BA 1 1 2

Course BCA 4 1 5

BCOM 2 2 4
Total 7 4 11

4
 EX NO:2
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
21.12.18
AIM:

To construct various graphs like bar diagram, pie chart, histogram for
the given set of data

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from windows

STEP 2: Click the Variable view tab at the bottom of window

STEP 3: Enter Uname, Gender, Bloodgroup and Height under the name in
the Variable view

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide & enter the width and decimal places

STEP 6: Under the label column, describe the variable by a phase or in

sentence

STEP 7: Go to columns tab and enter number value to specify the width of
the column in the table

STEP 8: Then go to align column & select any option, which you want to
appear on the cell in data views

STEP 9: Click the Data view tab and enter data.

STEP 10: Save the file

STEP 12: Construct various graphs for the given dataset by clicking Graph->
Chart Builder and selecting appropriate option based on graph type

 Simple Bar - Choose Bar from gallery and double click Simple Bar
icon. Drag Blood Group to X-Axis and Click Ok button
 Clustered Bar - Choose Bar from gallery and double click Clustered
Bar icon. Drag Blood Group to X-Axis, Gender to Cluster on X-set
color and Click Ok button
 Stacked Bar - Choose Bar from gallery and double click Stacked Bar
icon. Drag Blood Group to X-Axis, Gender to Cluster on X-set color
and Click Ok button
 Pie Chart - Choose Pie/Polar from gallery and double click Pie chart
option. Drag Blood Group to X-Axis and Click Ok button
 Histogram – Choose Histogram option from gallery and double click
Simple Histogram option. Drag Height to X-Axis and click Ok button

5
VARIABLE VIEW:

DATA VIEW:

6
OUTPUT:

SIMPLE BAR GRAPH

CLUSTERED BAR GRAPH

7
STACKED BAR GRAPH

PIE CHART

8
HISTOGRAM

9
EX NO:3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
03.01.19 MEAN, MEDIAN & MODE
DEFINITION:

The MEAN is the average value, calculated by adding all the observations
and dividing by the number of observations

The MEDIAN is the middle value of the distribution.

The MODE is the value that occurs the most frequently in your data set

FORMULA:-

MEAN:- ∑x/n

MEDIAN:- (n+1/2)th (or)( (1+N/2-m/f)/f )*c

MODE:- 1+(f1-f0/2fi-(f0+f2) )*c

AIM:-

To calculate mean, median and mode through SPSS

PROCEDURE:-

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter BabyID, BabyName, Weight, Hemoglobin, and

Genderunder the Name in the Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to
appear on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Click Analyze-> Descriptive Statistics->Frequencies

STEP 11: Double-click Weight and Hemoglobin to move them to the

Variables list.

10
 STEP 12: Click Statistics button and Select the options – Mean, Median,
Mode under Central Tendency group. Now Click continue button.

STEP 12: Press ok Button

VARIABLE VIEW

DATAVIEW

11
Output:

Frequencies

Statistics

Weight in Kgs Hemoglobin

Valid 8 8
N
Missing 0 0
Mean 3.25000 9.7500
Median 3.25000 9.5000
a
Mode 3.000 9.00

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

12
 EX NO:4 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION, QUARTILES, SKEWNESS, KURTOSIS
10.01.19
DEFINITION:-

Standard deviation is defined as the positive square root of the Average

Mean of square of all deviations of the observations from their Average
Mean. Standard Deviation is denoted by symbol σ

When the distribution is skewed to the right, mean is greater than the mode.
When the distribution is skewed to the left, mean is less than the mode. This
measures of skewness is based on person’s coefficient of skewness

Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are peaked or flat relative to a

normal distribution

FORMULA:-

√
Standard deviation σ=

Skewness= mean-mode
SD
Kurtosis= β2-ɰ4
ɰ2
AIM:-

To find and create a report with standard deviation, skewness,

kurtosis and quartiles

PROCEDURE:-

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter BabyID, BabyName, Weight, Hemoglobin, and Gender

under the Name in the Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to
appear on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

13
 STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Click Analyze-> Descriptive Statistics->Frequencies

STEP 11: Double-click Weight and Hemoglobin to move them to the

Variables list.

STEP 12: Click Statistics button and Select the option Quartiles under
Percentile Value group and select all options under Dispersion and
Distribution group. Then Click Continue button.

STEP 12: Press Ok Button

VARIABLE VIEW

14
DATAVIEW

Output:

Frequencies

Statistics

Weight in Kgs Hemoglobin

Valid 8 8
N
Missing 0 0
Std. Error of Mean .283473 .45316
Std. Deviation .801784 1.28174
Variance .643 1.643
Skewness .000 .611
Std. Error of Skewness .752 .752
Kurtosis -.311 -.021
Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.481 1.481
Range 2.500 4.00
Minimum 2.000 8.00
Maximum 4.500 12.00
25 2.62500 9.0000

Percentiles 50 3.25000 9.5000

75 3.87500 10.7500

15
EX NO:5
CALCULATION OF CORRELATION CO-EFFICIENT
22.01.19

a) Karl Pearson’s correlation co-efficient

b) Spearman’s rank correlation co-efficient

DEFINITION:-

Correlation is a statistical technique that can show whether and how

strongly pairs of variables are related. For example, height and weight are
related; taller people tend to be heavier than shorter people. Correlation
coefficients are expressed as values between +1 and -1.A coefficient of zero
indicates there is no relationship between the variables.

TYPES OF CORRELATION:

 Positive correlation means that as one data set increases, the

other data set increases as well.
 Negative correlation means that as one data set increases, the
other decreases.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULA:-

r= ∑(x1-x)(y1-y) .
2

R=1-6(∑l2)
n(n-1)

AIM:

To calculate karlpearson’s correlation coefficient and spearman’s rank

correlation coefficient using SPSS

PROCEDURE:-

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter Cno, Cname, Height and Weight under the Name in the
Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

16
STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to appear
on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Select Analyze ->Correlate->Bivariate.

STEP 11: Move Height and Weight to Variables list. Select Pearson and
Spearman under correlation coefficients group. Click Ok Button.

VARIABLE VIEW:

17
DATAVIEW:

18
OUTPUT:

Correlations

Correlations

Height Weight
**
Pearson Correlation 1 .926

Height Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 15 15
**
Pearson Correlation .926 1

Weight Sig. (2-tailed) .000

N 15 15

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Nonparametric Correlations

Correlations

Height Weight
**
Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .952

Height Sig. (2-tailed) . .000

N 15 15
Spearman's rho **
Correlation Coefficient .952 1.000

Weight Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .

N 15 15
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

19
 EX NO:6
CALCULATION OF REGRESSION TRENDS
29.01.19
DEFINITION:-

The term regression is defined as mathematical measure of average

relationship between two or more variables in the dataset

NOTE:

The relationship between two variables may be functional dependence

of one on other

FORMULA:

Yi=a+b xi
Yi=ith term of variable y
Xi=ithterm of variable x
a=constant z is called y intercept
b=parameter termed as regression co-efficient

AIM:

To calculate regression trends using SPSS

PROCEDURE:-

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter pname, bp, and age under the Name in the Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to appear
on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Click on Analyze->Regression->Linear

STEP 11: BP is dependent on the age of people so select bp as dependent

variable and age as independent variable.

20
STEP 12: Click Statistics button and select descriptive box and press
Continue button

STEP 12: Click Ok button

VARIABLE VIEW:

DATA VIEW:

21
OUTPUT:

Regression

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

bp 124.14 22.952 7
age 44.43 13.290 7
Correlations

bp age

bp 1.000 .921
Pearson Correlation
age .921 1.000
bp . .002
Sig. (1-tailed)
age .002 .
bp 7 7
N
age 7 7
a
Variables Entered/Removed

Model Variables Variables Method

Entered Removed
b
1 bp . Enter

a. Dependent Variable: age

b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the

Square Estimate
a
1 .921 .848 .818 9.796

a. Predictors: (Constant), age

a
ANOVA

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

b
Regression 2681.054 1 2681.054 27.939 .003

1 Residual 479.803 5 95.961

Total 3160.857 6

a. Dependent Variable: bp
b. Predictors: (Constant), age
a
Coefficients

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 53.475 13.873 3.855 .012

1
age 1.591 .301 .921 5.286 .003

a. Dependent Variable: bp

22
EX NO:7
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
05.02.19

DEFINITION:

One Sample t-Test is designed to test whether the mean of a distribution

differs significantly from some preset value. Examples include

 If average height of male is greater or less than 6 feet

 If annual sales reaches the target sale value

AIM:

To compare sample mean of a distribution with a preset value using one

sample T-test

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter Month and Sale value under the Name in the Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to appear
on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Select Analyze-> Compare Means->One-Sample T test

STEP 11: Move Sale Value to Variable list and enter 15000 in Test Value and
click Ok Button

23
VARIABLE VIEW:

DATAVIEW

24
OUTPUT:

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

SaleValue 12 43583.3333 7076.95792 2042.94178

One-Sample Test

Test Value = 45000

t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

SaleValue -.693 11 .502 -1416.66667 -5913.1512 3079.8179

25
EX NO:8
INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T- TEST
12.02.19

DEFINITION:

The independent samples t-test compares the means of two unrelated

groups on the same continuous, dependent variable. Examples include,

 Does treatment A yield a higher rate of recovery than Treatment B?

 Do men or women score higher on an exam?
 Does fertilizer1results in higher growth of plant than fertilizer2?

AIM:

To compare means of two different sets of samples using Independent

samples t-test.

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter Type and Height under the Name in the Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to appear
on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Select Analyze-> Compare Means->Independent-Samples T Test

STEP 11: Select Height and move to Test variable.

STEP 12: Select Type and move to Grouping variable. Next you click on the
Define Groups button. In the Define group Dialog Window, enter 1 for Group
1 and 2 for Group 2 and click Continue Button

STEP 13: Click Ok button

26
VARIABLE VIEW:

DATAVIEW

27
OUTPUT:

Group Statistics

Type of fertilizer used N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Fertilizer1 7 17.24286 .969290 .366357

Height of the plant
Fertilizer2 7 14.84286 .634710 .239898

Independent Samples Test

Levene's t-test for Equality of Means

Test for
Equality of
Variances

F Sig. T df Sig. Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence

(2- Difference Difference Interval of the
tailed) Difference

Lower Upper

Equal
variances .739 .407 5.481 12 .000 2.400000 .437914 1.445867 3.354133
Height assumed
of the Equal
plant variances
5.481 10.346 .000 2.400000 .437914 1.428676 3.371324
not
assumed

28
EX NO:9
PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST
19.02.19

DEFINITION:

The Paired Samples t-Test compares two means that are from the same
individual, object, or related units. The two means typically represent two
different times. Examples include,

 Student score before and after training program

 Weight before and after diet

AIM:

To compare two means from the same set of samples using Paired samples
t-test.

PROCEDURE:

STEP 1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from window

STEP 2: Go to variable view tab at the bottom of the window

STEP 3: Enter Sno, Sname, Score1 and Score2 under the Name in the
Variable view.

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide and enter width and decimal places for each variable

STEP 6: Go to label column and describe each variable in a sentence

STEP 7: Go to align column and select any option which you want to appear
on the cell in the data view

STEP 8: Change to Data view and add the data

STEP 9: Save the file

STEP 10: Select Analyze-> Compare Means->Paired-Samples T Test

STEP 11: Select Score1, hold down Ctrl Key and select Score2. Move them to
Paired variables list and click Ok Button

29
VARIABLE VIEW:

DATAVIEW:

30
OUTPUT

Paired Samples Statistics

Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Score1 54.56 16 20.494 5.123

Pair 1
Score2 65.94 16 16.655 4.164

Paired Samples Correlations

N Correlation Sig.

Pair 1 Score1 & Score2 16 .955 .000

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-

Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence tailed)

Deviati Error Interval of the

on Mean Difference

Lower Upper

Pair 1 Score1 - Score2 -11.375 6.722 1.680 -14.957 -7.793 -6.769 15 .000

31
EX NO:10
CHI SQUARE TEST
05.03.19

DEFINITION:

The chi-square test for independence, also called Pearson's chi-square test
is used to discover if there is a relationship between two categorical
variables.

FORMULA:

X2=∑(oi-ti)2/Ei

AIM:

To find and create a report with chi-square test.

PROCEDURE:

STEP1: Open SPSS package by clicking SPSS from windows

STEP2: Click the Variable view tab at the bottom of window

STEP3: Enter Sno, Sname, Gender, and PLM(Preferred Learning Medium)

under the name in the Variable view

STEP 4: Next go to Type and mention respective type of each variable

STEP 5: Decide & enter the width and decimal places

STEP 6: Under the label column, describe the variable by a phase or in

sentence

STEP 7: Go to columns tab and enter number value to specify the width of
the column in the table

STEP 8: Then go to align column & select any option, which you want to
appear on the cell in data views

STEP 9: Click the Data view tab and enter data.

STEP 10: Save the file

STEP 11: Select Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Crosstabs

STEP12: Select Gender and Click the upper right arrow to move to Row list.
Select PLM and Click the middle right arrow to move to Column list.

32
STEP 13: Click Statistics Button and select the option Chi-Square, Phi and
Cramer’s V. Then Click Continue button

STEEP 14: Click Cells Button and select all the option under Percentage
group

STEP 15: Click Ok Button

VARIABLE VIEW:

DATA VIEW:

33
OUTPUT:

Crosstabs

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Gender * Preferred Learning

8 100.0% 0 0.0% 8 100.0%
Medium

Gender * Preferred Learning Medium Crosstabulation

Preferred Learning Total

Medium

Books Onlline

Count 3 2 5

% within Gender 60.0% 40.0% 100.0%

Male
% within Preferred Learning Medium 75.0% 50.0% 62.5%

% of Total 37.5% 25.0% 62.5%

Gender
Count 1 2 3

% within Gender 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%

Female
% within Preferred Learning Medium 25.0% 50.0% 37.5%

% of Total 12.5% 25.0% 37.5%

Count 4 4 8

% within Gender 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%

Total
% within Preferred Learning Medium 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

% of Total 50.0% 50.0% 100.0%

Chi-Square Tests

Value df Asymp. Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
sided) sided) sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square .533 1 .465
b
Continuity Correction .000 1 1.000
Likelihood Ratio .541 1 .462
Fisher's Exact Test 1.000 .500
N of Valid Cases 8

a. 4 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.50.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

34