HEAT

HEAT
Heat is a form of energy and is defined as:
"The total kinetic energy of all the molecules of a body "

SYMBOL
It is denoted by "Q" or "q"

UNITS
(1) Joule
(2) B.T.U
(3) Calorie

CONVERSION
1 B.T.U = 251.996 Cal ( or 252 Cal)
1 calorie = 4.186 Joule ( or 4.2 joule)
FLOW OF HEAT
Natural flow of heat always takes place from a region of high temperature to a region
of lower temperature.
THERMOMETRIC
PROPERTIES
Properties of a substance that vary uniformly with the variation in temperature are
referred to as Thermometric properties.
EXAMPLES:
Volume , Density ,Viscosity , Pressure , Surface Tension , Area

THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM
When two bodies at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact , heat
flows from hot
body to cold body till the temperature of both the bodies becomes equal .This state is
referred to as THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM.

TEMPERATURE
"Average kinetic energy of the molecules of a body is called temperature."

Temperature describes the degree of hotness of a body.

 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES
MAIN
POSTULATES
Main postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases are as under:
A gas consists of very small microscopic particles called 'molecules'. Depending
upon the nature of gas each gas molecule may consists of an atom or group of
atoms. Molecules are in a state of continuous motion.
All the molecules of a gas are in stable state and are considered identical.
Any finite volume of a gas consists of very large number of molecules.
At S.T.P. there are 3 x 1025 molecules in a cubic meter.
The molecules are wide separated from each other as compared to their own
dimensions.
The diameter of a molecule is about 3 x 10-10 meter.
Gas molecules move in straight line in all possible directions (random movement)
with various
speeds.
Gas molecules collide with each other and with the walls of container. There
collisions are perfectly elastic in nature.
Gas molecules when collide with the walls of container, they transfer their
momentum which appears as pressure of gas.
Molecules of an ideal gas exert no force of attraction or repulsion on one another
except during collision.
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to absolute
temperature.
At a given temperature, the molecules of all gases have the same kinetic energy.
Newtonian mechanics is applicable to molecular motion.
 SCALES OF TEMPERATURE
SCALES OF
TEMPERATURE
There are three main scales of temperature:
1) Centigrade or Celsius Scale
2) Kelvin Scale
3) Fahrenheit Scale
CONVERSION

CALORIC
THEORY
Up to nineteenth century it was believed a weightless fluid called caloric which existed
in every material body. Caloric is a hypothetical weightless fluid. Every object contains
a specific amount of caloric. Hot bodies contains more caloric than the cold bodies.
If caloric is added to a body ,its temperature increases. When a body is broken, a
large amount of caloric is released.
FAILURE OF
CALORIC
THEORY
Caloric Theory has discarded now because it was unable to explain a number of
thermodynamics process including production of heat by friction.
 SHOW THAT P = Nv KT
Where Nv = No of molecules per unit volume
PROOF
According to kinetic equation of pressure
P = 1/3  v2 ………………(1)
We know that:
 = mass / volume
= mN / V
Putting the value of "" in equation (1)
P = 1/3 mN/V v2

P = 1/3 N/V mv2……………(2)

But N/V = no of molecules per unit volume

i.e.

N/V = Nv

Putting the value of N/V in eq (2)

P = 1/3 Nv mv2

Multiply and dividing by 2 on R.H.S

P = 2/3 Nv (1/2mv2)

P = 2/3 Nv 3/2 KT [1/2mv2 = 3/2 KT]

P = Nv KT
QUESTION Starting from the expression P =1/3 show that the
Average translational
kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas is directly proportional to
absolute temperature.
PROOF
According to the kinetic equation of pressure of a gas:

P =1/3
But  = density of gas
 = density of gas = mass of gas / volume of
gas
 = density of gas = mN / V
Putting the value of density ()
P =1/3 (mN / V )

P V=1/3 (mN)
But PV = nRT
putting the value of PV, we get,

nRT=1/3 (mN)
Since
number of mole (n) = molecules/Avogadro's number
number of mole (n) = N/NA
Therefore,

[N/NA] R T=1/3 (mN)

NA R T=1/3 (m)

3 [NA R] T=(m)
But NA R = Boltzman's constant (K), thus,

3 K T=(m)
Multiplying both sides by 1/2

(3/2) K T=(1/2) m

(1/2) m = (3/2) K T

But (1/2) m = average translational kinetic energy of gas molecules

= (K.E)av
therefore,
(K.E)av = (3/2) K T
As (3/2) K is a constant term, therefore,
(K.E)av = (constant) T
 THERMAL EXPANSION

Objects undergo changes in dimension when they are heated. This change in length or area or volume is called
"Thermal Expansion".
WHY BODIES EXPAND ON HEATING
At a given temperature, inter-molecular distances are definite. When a body is heated it's molecules vibrate more
energetically against the action of inter-molecular forces and the displacement of molecules is increased. Since the
average distance between the molecules increases, the dimension of the body increases. Consequently body
expands.
TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSION
There are three types of thermal expansion:
(1) Linear Expansion
(2) Superficial Expansion
(3) Volumetric Expansion
LINEAR EXPANSION
Expansion in length of solid bodies on heating is called linear expansion.
FACTORS ON WHICH LINEAR
EXPANSION DEPENDS
Consider a metallic bar of length "L1" at temperature "T1" k .Let the bar is heated to "T2" k.

From experiments it is observed that linear expansion depends on two factors:

1. The increase in length of a solid bar is directly proportional to its original length

2. The increase in length is directly proportional to the change in temperature.

Combining (1) and (2)

.................
OR

............

.....

Where = Coefficient of linear expansion of solid.

FINAL LENGTH OF BAR

From figure:

....................

Putting the value of L

 L2 = L1 + L1 T............

L2 = L1 (1+ T)...............
L2 = L1 {1+ (T2 - T1)}......

Where [ T= T2 - T1]
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COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION
It is a characteristic property of a material of solid and is defined as
" increase in length per unit original length per Kelvin rise in temperature is known as coefficient of linear
expansion".

It is denoted by " "(alpha). Value of is constant for a given material but different for different materials. It is
independent of mass & dimensions of body . coefficient of linear expansion depends on the nature of material.

UNIT OF :
 VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION

Increase in volume of a body on heating is referred to as

"VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION " or "CUBICAL EXPANSION".

Consider a metallic body of volume = V1 . Let it's temperature is raised by T. then

experimentally "Increase in volume ( V) is directly proportional to its initial volume (V1)

and rise in temperature ( T).

V V1---------(1)

V T---------(2)
combining (1) and (2)

V V1 T
OR

Where is constant known as "coefficient of volumetric expansion"

EXPRESSION FOR FINAL VOLUME
We know that
Final volume = Initial volume + increase in volume

V2 = V1 + V

Putting the value of V

V2 = V1 + V1 T

V2 = V1( 1+ T)
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION
Coefficient of volumetric expansion ( ) is defined as:
"increase in volume per unit original volume per Kelvin rise in temperature is called
coefficient of volumetric expansion."
Unit:
. .
SHOW THAT:
Consider a metallic cube of each side of length of "L".

Before heating at T1 K ........................

 After heating at T2 K .......................
Volume of cube at T1 K :
V1 = L3 ---------- 1
[V = L.B.H]
If it is heated to T2 K, then the length of each side will become (L +  L) and its volume will
become
V2 = (L +  L) 3
since V2= V1 +  V
comparing above two equations
V1 +  V = (L +  L)3
as [  L =  L  T ]
V1 +  V = (L +  L  T)3
V1 +  V = L3 (1 +   T)3
Using formula [(a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2]
V1 +  V = L3 {1 +  3 T3 + 3(1)(   T) + 3(1)(  2  T2)}
V1 +  V = L3 {1 +  3 T3 + 3  T + 3 2  T2}
Since " " is a fractional value of range 10-5 or 10-6, therefore we
can neglect all the terms containing high powers of " " thus.
V1 +  V = L3 (1 + 3  T)
Putting the value of V
V1 +  V1 T = V1 (1 + 3  T)
Since
[ V = V1  T and L3 = V1]

1 +   T = 1 + 3  T

This expression shows that the coefficient of the cubical expansion is three times of the
coefficient of the linear expansion.
 BIMETALLIC THERMOSTAT
FUNCTION
Thermostat is a device which is used to maintain a desired temperature in a system like
refrigerator, air-conditioner,iron and in a number of devices.
PRINCIPLE
Thermostat works on the principle of thermal expansion of solid materials.
CONSTRUCTION
A bimetallic thermostat device consists of a strip of two different metals having different
coefficients of linear expansion.
The bimetallic strip works as an electric contact breaker in an electric heating circuit. The
circuit is
broken when the desired temperature is reached.

Due to difference in the coefficients of linear expansion of two metals, The bimetallic strip
bends in the
form of a downward curve and the circuit is broken. The metallic strip is in contact with a
screw 'S'.
When it becomes hot, bends downward and contact at 'P' is broken. Thus the current
stops flowing
through the heating coil. When the temperature falls, the strip contracts and the contact
at 'P' is
restored.
USES
Bimetallic thermostats are widely used in numerous appliances such as refrigerator,
airconditioner, Iron, ice plants etc.
 GAS PRESSURE

Gaseous molecules are in continuous motion. They collide with each other and with the
walls of the container. When they collide with the walls of container, they transfer an
amount of their momentum to the walls. Since a number of molecules collide the walls
of container, therefore the walls of the container are constantly under the influence of the
force. This force expressed per unit area is called "GAS PRESSURE". Mathematically
P = F/A
EXPRESSION FOR GAS PRESSURE
Consider "N" molecules of a gas enclosed in a cubical container of each side equal to "L".
mass of each molecule is "m".
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Area of each wall = A = L2

Volume of container = V = L3
Consider the motion of those molecules moving along x- axis towards the wall marked
"a".
Taking the example of a molecule moving from right to left . Velocity of molecule along x-
axis is equal to vx
Initial momentum of the molecule = m x - vx = -mvx
Final momentum of the molecule = mvx
Change in momentum = mvx – (-mvx)
Change in momentum = mvx + mvx
 M = 2mvx............(a)
time taken for one collision
s=vt
t = s/v............(b)
in one collision distance covered is ,
s = 2L
v = vx
Putting the values of v and s in equation (b)
t = 2L/vx

rate of change of momentum =

 Putting the values of M and t

rate of change of momentum =

rate of change of momentum =

rate of change of momentum =

But rate of change of momentum is equal to the applied force.
F = mvx2/L
Thus the total force on the wall "a"
F = F1 + F2 + F3 + ------------------ + Fn
2 2 2 2
F = mv1x /L + mv2x /L + mv3x /L + ------------------ + mvnx /L
2 2 2 2
F = m/L(v1x + v2x + v3x + ------------------ + vnx )
Multiply and dividing by N on R.H.S.

F= (v1x2 + v2x2 + v3x2 + ------------------ +

2
vnx )/N
Here
square of mean velocities = (v1x2 + v2x2 + v3x2 + ------------------ + vnx2 )/N

= (v1x2 + v2x2 + v3x2 + ------------------ + vnx2 )/N

therefore

F = (mN/L)

F =( mN/L ) ----------------- (1)

Since resultant velocity is given by:

---- (2)
Velocity of gas molecules in different directions may be different but on the average and
randomness of
the molecular motion we can assume that the components of velocities are same in all
three dimensions.

Therefore, in equation (2) replacing Vy and Vz by Vx

OR

OR
Putting the value of in equation (1)

P=

P = 1/3

Where  = density of gas

= root mean square velocity of gas molecules.

 VERIFY BOYLE'S LAW WITH THE HELP OF K.M.T
According to Boyle's law at constant temperature, pressure & volume of a gas
are related as:
PV = constant
According to Kinetic theory, pressure of a gas is

P = (1/3) r
Since [mN/V = r ]

PV = (1/3) mN

Multiplying and dividing by 2 on R.H.S

PV = (2/3) N (1/2 m )

since (1/2 m ) = (K.E)av

therefore

PV = (2/3) N (K.E)av
We know that K.E. is proportional to temperature. Since temperature is
constant therefore K.E. will also be constant and 2N/3 is also a constant factor.
Thus the factor 2/3 N (K.E)av is constant.
PV = constant

Which is according to Boyle’s law.

 VERIFY CHARLES LAW WITH THE HELP OF K.M.T
According to Charles law at constant pressure, absolute temperature & volume of
a gas are related as:
V/T = constant
According to Kinetic theory, pressure of a gas is

P =( 1/3) r
Since [mN/V = r ]

P = (1/3) mN/V
Multiply and dividing by 2 on R.H.S

P =( 2/3) (N/V) (1/2m )

Since [1/2 m = (K.E)av]

V = (2N/3P) (1/2 m )

V = (2N/3P) (K.E.)av

Since K.E. is proportional to temperature therefore we can replace (K.E.) av by T.

Therefore
V = (2N/3P) T
As (2N/3P) is a constant factor,Therefore,

V = (constant) T

V/T = constant

Which is according to Charles law.

 SPECIFIC HEAT
"Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a
substance
by one Kelvin or 1° C is known as specific heat of the substance."
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
If  Q is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of "m" kg of the substance through ‘ T Kelvin , Then

 Q  m .......(i)
 Q   T ........(ii)
or
Q=mcT
where ‘C’ is the constant called specific heat of substance.
OR
c=Q/mT
UNIT OF SPECIFIC HEAT
Unit of specific heat is J/kg K in S.I. system
Experiments show that specific heat of a particular material varies with temperature.
Specific heat is not a precious concept for calculation because numbers of molecules per unit mass changes from
material to material.
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DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT
Specific heat of a solid substance can be determined by the "Method of Mixture" using the concept of the
"law of Heat Exchange" i.e.
heat lost by hot body = heat gained by cold body
The method of mixture based on the fact that when a hot substance is mixed with a cold substance, the hot body
loses heat and the cold body absorbs heat until thermal equilibrium is attained. At equilibrium, final temperature of
mixture is measured. The specific heat of the substance is calculated with the help of the law of heat exchange.
Let
Mass of substance = ms kg

Mass of liquid = ml kg

Mass of calorie meter = mc kg

Initial temperature of the substance = T s K

Initial temperature of the liquid = T l K

Initial temperature of the calorie meter = T c K

Specific heat of substance = Cs = ?

Specific heat of liquid = Cl

Specific heat of the material of the calorie meter

= Cc

Final temperature of the mixture = T K

According to the law of heat exchange
QLOST BY SUBSTANCE = QGAINED BY LIQUID + QGAINED BY CALORIE METER
 Ms cs (Ts – T) = ml cl (T – Tl) + mc cc (T – Tc)

Which is the required value of specific heat of solid in J/ kg K.

 MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT

"Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of

a substance by one kelvin is called ‘Molar specific heat’".
It is denoted by "Cn"
Mathematically,
 Q = n Cn T
Where n = number of moles of substance
OR
Cn = Q /n T
Unit Of Molar Specific Heat
J/mole K OR J mole-1 K-1.
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MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT OF GASES
Gases have two types of Molar specific heat because it depends whether the gas is
allowed to expand or not when heated .
 When the volume of the gas is kept constant, its specific heat is called "molar
specific heat at constant volume".
 When the pressure of the gas is kept constant, its specific heat is called "molar
specific heat at constant pressure

MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT AT

CONSTANT VOLUME
"Amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature to one mole of a gas
by one kelvin at constant volume is called molar specific heat at constant
volume".
It is denoted by Cv.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
 Qv = n Cv  T
OR
Cv =  Qv /n  T
Unit:
J/ mole K or J/ mole-1 K-1
At constant volume all the heat supplied is fully utilized in increasing the
temperature of the gas.
 MOLAR SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT PRESSURE
"The a mount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one mole of a
gas
by one Kelvin at constant pressure is called molar specific heat at constant
pressure".
It is denoted by Cp.
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION
If Qp is the amount of heat is supplied at constant pressure to ‘n’ moles of a gas to
increase the temperature b y T K, then
Qp = n CpT
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OR
Cp =  Qp /n  T
heat supplied at constant pressure is consumed in two purposes:
(1) To raise the temperature of gas.
(2) To do work against external pressure.
SHOW THAT CP – CV = R
Consider ‘n’ moles of an ideal gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston.
If the piston is fixed and the gas is heated, its volume remains constant and all the heat
supplied goes to increase the internal energy of the molecules due to which the
temperature of the gas increases. If Qv is the amount of heat supplied and T is the
rise in temperature then,
Qv = n Cv T
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 The pressure of the gas increases during this process, but no work is done
because the volume is kept constant.
Hence  W = 0.
applying first law of thermodynamics
Heat supplied = Increase in internal energy + Work done
Qv =  U + 0
Qv =  U
OR
nCv T =  U
If the piston is free to move, the gas may be allowed to expand at a constant pressure.
Let the amount of heat supplied is now is Qp. The addition of heat causes two changes
in the system:

Increase in internal energy

Work done against external pressure
According to the first law of thermodynamics:
Q =U + W {But W = PV}
QP =U + PV
Since Qp = nCpT
and U = nCvT , therefore,
nCpT = nCvT + PV....................(1)
We know that PV = nRT
At T1 Kelvin: PV1 = nRT1 .....(a)
At T2 Kelvin: PV2 = nRT2.....(b)
Subtracting (a) from (b)
PV2 - PV1= nRT2 - nRT1
P(V2 - V1)= nR(T2 - T1) {(V2 - V1) = V and (T2 - T1) = T }
PV = nRT
Putting the value of PV in equation (1)
nCpT = nCvT + nRT
nCpT = nT(Cv + R)
Cp = (Cv + R)
Cp - Cv = R
 THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the branch of science which deals with the interconversion of heat
energy and mechanical energy. All those problems that are related to the interconversion
of heat energy and work done are studied in thermodynamics. In thermodynamics we
discuss different cycles such as Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Otto cycle, diesel cycle,
refrigerator, IC engines, EC engines, Compressors, turbines and air conditioners.
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
STATEMENT:

"During any process total energy of a system and its surroundings is constant."
OR
"It is impossible to construct a machine which performs work
continuously with taking energy from an external source."
OR
"Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be
converted from one form of energy to another form of energy."

MATHEMATICAL
REPRESENTATION
Let a system absorbs Q amount of heat energy. Addition of heat energy increases the
internal energy of system from U1 to U2 and some useful work is also performed by the
system.
Increase in internal energy is given by:
U = U1 – U2
and
work done is W
According to the first law of thermodynamics:
   
 Q = U+ W
SIGN CONVENTION:
Q = positive if heat is added to a system
Q = negative if heat is released from a system
W = positive if work is done by the system
W = negative if work is done on the system

APPLICATIONS OF THE
FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Heat can be supplied to a thermodynamic system under the following conditions:
ISOBARIC PROCESS
ISOCHORIC PROCESS
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
ADIABATIC PROCESS
ISOBARIC PROCESS
A thermodynamic process in which pressure of the system remains constant during the
supply of heat is called an ISOBARIC PROCESS.
EXPLANATION
Consider a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. The piston is free to move in the
cylinder. An ideal gas is enclosed in the cylinder.
Let the initial volume of system is V1 and initial internal energy is U1. Let QP the gas is
the heated from
T1 K to T2 K. Addition of heat causes the following changes in the system:
Internal energy increases from U1 to U2.
Volume of the system increases from V1 to V2.
Temperature increases from T1 K to T2 K.
Work (W) is done by the gas on the piston.
According to the first law
thermodynamics:
of

 Q = U+ W
But W = PV
Thus
 
 QP = U+ PV
As 
V = (V2 - V1)

 QP = U+ P (V2 - V1)
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
Graph between P & V for an isobaric process is a straight line which is parallel to V-axis.
 ISOCHORIC PROCESS
ISOCHORIC
PROCESS
A thermodynamic process in which the volume of the system remains constant during the
supply of heat is called an ISOCHORIC PROCESS.
EXPLANATION
Consider a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. An ideal gas is enclosed in the
cylinder.The piston is fixed at a particular position so that the volume of cylinder remains
constant during the supply of heat.
Let Q amount of heat is added to the system. Addition of heat causes the following
changes in the system:
Internal energy increases from U1 to U2.
Volume of the system remains unchanged.
Temperature increases from T1 K to T2 K.
Pressure increases from P1 to P2.
No work is performed.

According to the first law of thermodynamics:

 Q = U+ W
But W = PV
Thus
 Q = U+ PV
As 
V = 0
 Q = U+ P (0)
 Q = U
This expression indicates that the heat supplied under isochoric process is consumed in
increasing the internal energy of the system but no work is performed.
GRAPHICAL
REPRESENTATION
Graph between P & V for an isochoric process is a straight line which is parallel to P-axis.
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
ISOTHERMAL
PROCESS
A thermodynamic process in which the temperature of the system remains constant
during the supply of heat is called an ISOTHERMAL PROCESS.
ISOTHERMAL
COMPRESSION
Consider a cylinder of non-conducting walls and good heat conducting base. The cylinder
is fitted with a frictionless piston. An ideal gas is enclosed in the cylinder. In the first
stage pressure on the piston is increased and the cylinder is placed on a cold body. Due
to compression , the temperature of the system increases but at the same time Q
amount of heat is removed from the system and the temperature of the system is
maintained.
According to the first law of thermodynamics:
Q = U+ W
Since temperature is constant, therefore, there is no change in internal
energy of the system. i.e. U = 0
As the work is done on the system, therefore, W is negative,
 Q = 0+ W)
 Q = W
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ISOTHERMAL
EXPANSION
in another situation the cylinder is placed over a hot body and the pressure on the
system is decreased. Due to expansion, the temperature of the system is decreased but
at the same time Q amount of heat isabsorbed from the hot body and the temperature
of the system is again maintained.

According to the first law of thermodynamics:

Q = U+ W
Since temperature is constant, therefore, there is no change in internal
energy of the system. i.e.U = 0
As the work is done by the system, therefore, W is positive,
 Q = 0+ W)
 Q = W
 SYSTEM
A thermodynamic system is a collection of matter which has distinct boundaries.
OR
A real or imaginary portion of universe whish has distinct boundaries is called
system.
OR
A thermodynamic system is that part of universe which is under thermodynamic
study.

FOR EXAMPLE:
A BALLON FILLED WITH AIR
A BEAKER FILLED WITH WATER
TYPES OF SYSTEM
There are three types of thermodynamic systems.
open system
closed system
Isolated system.
OPEN SYSTEM
An open system is one in which both mass & energy transfer takes place across the
boundaries.
 An open tank of water.
CLOSED SYSTEM
A closed system in which there is no transfer of mass takes place across the boundaries of
system but energy transfer is possible.
 A gas in a balloon.
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ISOLATED SYSTEM
An isolated system is that in which there is no transfer of mass & energy takes place
across the boundaries of system.
A thermo flask containing hot or cold liquid.
MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES
all the properties of a system in bulk which are easily measurable are known as
macroscopic properties.
TYPES OF MACROSCOPIC
PROPERTIES
 macroscopic properties can be divided in to two main classes.
Intensive properties
Extensive properties

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Macroscopic properties of a system which are independent of mass are known
as intensive properties. whatever is the mass but properties remain unchanged.
FOR EXAMPLE: MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, DENSITY, TEMPRATURE, PRESSURE,
VISCOSITY.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES
Macroscopic properties of a system which are strictly dependent on there mass or quantity
of matter are known as extensive properties.
If mass is halved the property will also be half.
FOR EXAMPLE: volume, mole, mass, enthalpy, internal energy, kinetic energy.
 PRESSURE-VOLUME WORK

PRESSURE-VOLUME
WORK
Consider a cylinder fitted with a frictionless and weightless non-conducting piston of
area of cross
section "A" . An ideal gas is enclosed in the cylinder. Let the volume of gas at initial
state is "V1". An external pressure "P"is exerted on the piston.

If we supply "q" amount of heat to the system then it will increase its internal energy
by . "After a certain limit gas exerts pressure on the piston . If piston is free to
move, it will be displaced by "h" & volume of system increases from V to V.

We know that pressure is the force per unit area i.e.

P = F/A
OR
F = PA ........ (i)
We also know that the work done by the gas on the piston is given by:
 W=Fd
Where d = displacement of piston = h
Putting the value of F and d ,we get
W = (PA) h
OR  W = P (Ah)
But Ah = change or increase in volume = V
Hence
 W = PV