1

EFFECTS OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES TO DEPENDENT

VARIABLES OF Scientific name L.
(COMMON NAME)

A Research Presented to the

Faculty of De La Salle University – Dasmariñas
Junior High School Department
City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements in Research II

FIRSTNAME M. SURNAME
May 2018
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ABSTRACT

The abstract is an important component of your thesis. Presented at

the beginning of the thesis, it is likely the first substantive description of your

work read by an external examiner. You should view it as an opportunity to

set accurate expectations. The abstract is a summary of the whole thesis.

It presents all the major elements of your work in a highly condensed form.

It should be limited to a one-paragraph abstract of about 280 words. The

structure of the abstract should mirror the structure of the whole thesis, and

should represent all its major elements, the introduction, methodology,

results, conclusion). There should be one or more sentences assigned to

summarize each chapter. But remember, the primary function of your thesis

is not to tell readers what you did, it is to tell them what you discovered.

Other information, such as the account of your research methods, is needed

mainly to back the claims you make about your results. Therefore,

approximately the last half of the abstract should be dedicated to

summarizing and interpreting your results.

Key terms: First term, second term, third term, fourth term
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APPROVAL SHEET

(To be provided for by the CSCS Graduate Studies Office)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers wish to express their utmost gratitude and

appreciation to the following:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1

Abstract 2

Approval Sheet 3

Acknowledgments 4

Table of Contents 5

List of Table 7

List of Figures 8

List of Plates 9

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 10

1.2 Conceptual Framework 00

1.3 Statement of the Problem 00

1.3 Scope and Limitations 00

1.4 Significance of the Study 00

1.5 Definition of Terms 00

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Procedure 1 00

2.2 Procedure 2 00

2.3 Procedure 3 00

2.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00

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CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Title of First Topic 00

3.2 Title of Second Topic 00

3.3 Title of Third Topic 00

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Summary 00

4.2 Conclusions 00

4.3 Recommendations 00

Cited References 00

Appendices

A. Map of Study Site (if applicable) 00

B. Standard Procedure (if necessary) 00

C. Timetable of Activities (only for proposal defense) 00

D. Budgetary Requirements (only for proposal defense) 00

E. Raw Data (only for final defense) 00

F. Photo Documentation (if necessary) 00

G. Certifications (if necessary; for final defense) 00

Curriculum Vitae 00
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Describe here the present condition or scenario to show that there’s

really a need to conduct your study. This must be supported by concrete

and recent data. Make it sure that you will be able to convince your panel

members on the need to conduct your proposed topic.

You may also enumerate several previous researches done as

possible solutions to the identified problem you described above, to show

that your proposed topic is something novel. Make it sure that you will able

to convince your panel members that there is really a need to conduct your

proposed topic.

The next few paragraphs should contain comprehensive background

information or related literatures and recent findings about the topic. Write

here some definitions of important concepts about your topic. Just make

sure that there is cohesion between paragraphs.

The last paragraph is a statement that will introduce your study,

something like this: The present study will determine the effects of different

concentrations of the independent variables to the dependent variables of

the test organisms.

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1.2 Conceptual Framework (or Theoretical Framework)

The diagram below show the research paradigm of the proposed

study:

Enumerate here Enumerate here

the independent the dependent
variables variables

Explain here the relationship between the independent and

dependent variables or how the independent variables will affect the

dependent variables. If Theoretical Framework, enumerate the findings or

conclusions of recent related studies that can be the basis of your proposed

study and a synthesis at the end.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study will determine the DLSU-D SHS student’s perception on

time management as a solution to procrastination and their perception

towards it’s effectivity.

Specifically, the study will answer the following questions

1. How often do DLSU-D SHS students manage their time wisely

1.1 Is there a significant association between managing time and

maintaining a stress-free mindset?

2. How often DLSU-D SHS students procrastinate

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3. What is/are the general perception of DLSU-D SHS students

about time management as a solution to procastination

1.3 Scope and Limitations

The study will focus on the…, you may enumerate here the different

levels of the independent variables to the dependent variables. This

paragraph is all about the scope or the inclusions of the study. The scope

sets the boundaries of your research. You may also include here the

duration of the experimental procedure.

It is not the intention of the study to identify the other components of

the study. This paragraph is all about the limitations or the exclusions of

the study.

1.4 Significance of the Study

By developing an accurate and reliable understanding of your topic

here... You may write here the expected outcome of your study, your

contribution to the field of study.

You may include here some of the expected results or contribution

to the field of knowledge of your study.

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You may cite some of the groups or beneficiaries from your study

and explain also how your findings would give them some benefits. The

beneficiaries should be arranged in deductive order, i.e. from larger group

down to smaller group of beneficiaries.

1.5 Definition of Terms

The following important terms (arranged in alphabetical order) are

defined based on context or how they were used in the study:

Term 1. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

Term 3. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Literature

2.2 Related Studies

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The Correlational Research Design/Method is used in gathering the

needed information for this study. This method enables the researchers to

establish a relationship between two closely related variables by evaluating

a relationship between two different variables and using statistical analysis

techniques to calculate the relationship between them. Specifically the

researchers utilized archival data and also a questionnaire type of

descriptive research which enables the researchers to gather information

from the respondents without the respondents having any difficulties in

answering the questions required for the researchers to have information

regarding the effects of carbon emissions on commuter’s health on

Dasmarinas-Bayan, Philippines.

The descriptive research method is used in gathering the needed

information for this study. This method enables the researchers to interpret

the theoretical meaning of the findings and hypothesis development for

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further studies. Specifically the researchers utilized a questionnaire type of

descriptive research which enables the researchers to gather information

from the respondents without the respondents having any difficulties in

answering the questions required for the researchers to have information

regarding the effects of carbon emissions on commuter’s health on

Dasmarinas-Bayan, Philippines.

3.2 Sampling Technique

The researchers applied the Quota sampling, is a non-probability

sampling where subjects are selected of some pre-set standard until exact

proportions of certain types of data is obtained or sufficient data in different

categories is collected. The subjects are selected based on the pre-set

standard of [Insert pre-set standard or kung ilan yung kailangan na

respondents and include kung yung standard ba 5 students and 5 workers

etc.] dictated by the researcher’s research adviser.

3.2 Research Setting

The researchers gathered information from the respondents through

the use of google forms, online, and did not make use of any outside or real

location.
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3.3 Research Procedure

Explain here how you will be doing this particular step in a way that

your reader can replicate your work by just following this particular part.

Therefore, each step should be written in detail. Remember also that the

arrangement of steps should be on how you actually conducted your study.

3.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis

Enumerate here all dependent variables that you observed or

measured. Explain also how and when (including the frequency) you

observed or measured those variables.

This paragraph should contain the specific statistical tool that you

employed in the analysis and interpretation of results. This includes the

post-statistical tool, if any. You should also include the formula for those

tools that are not common in research. Mention also the probability level

used in the analysis, like this: All statistical analyses were done at 5%

probability level.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Subtitle of the first topic or problem

Write here short details about how you obtained your data. The last

statement should introduce the data (table or chart) below. Soil samples

collected from the dumpsite were found to contain significantly (p<0.05)

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more metals than those collected from a farm land. Table 1 shows the

concentrations of heavy metals analyzed for both the dumpsite and

farmland (control site).

Table 1. Metal Concentrations in Dumpsite and Farm Soils

Concentration (ppm)
Collection Sites
Cu Zn Cd Pb

Farmland 4.271X 3.464X 0.076X 1.764X

Dumpsite 15.184AY 53.283AY 0.167BY 15.465AY

Letters XY show the significant difference between rows (farm and dumpsite). Letters
AB show the significant differences between columns (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb). Different
letters indicate significant statistical (p<0.05)

Write only the highlights of your results without the need to justify or

to explain why you obtain such. You may also mention the trends or

patterns of your results. Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite

recorded higher metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their

corresponding levels at the normal farmland.

Write here the discussion about your first topic or objective.

Discussion should explain and justify why you obtained such results based

on the findings of previous related studies. You may compare your own

findings to the findings of related literatures. Do not forget to always cite or

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acknowledge your source using the CSE format for in-text citation.

Discussion should be comprehensive, in detail, and complete.

4.2 Subtitle of the second topic or problem

Write here short details about how you obtained your data for your

second problem or objective. The last statement should introduce the data

(table or chart) below. Following is an example. Heavy metal

concentrations in different parts of collected plant from the Smokey

mountain dumpsite and control soils are given in the figure below.

Fig. 1 Bioconcentration factor of Zn on studied plants and their parts

collected in farmland and dumpsite

Again write here only the highlights of your results without the need

to justify or to explain why you obtain such. You may also mention the

trends or patterns of your results. Results obtained show that soils from

dumpsite recorded higher metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their

corresponding levels at the normal farmland. All heavy metals investigated

in the dumpsite have significant differences from those obtained in the

control.
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Discussion should explain and justify why you obtained such results

based on the findings of previous related studies. You may compare your

own findings to the findings of related literatures. Do not forget to always

cite or acknowledge your source using the CSE format for in-text citation.

Remember that, ideally, this portion of your paper should contain the

most number of pages. Thus, your discussion should be comprehensive,

in detail, and complete.

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Write here a summary of your major findings. But you may start first

with a very short narration of your methodology like this: Collection of soil

and plants in the dumpsite of Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila was done

on September 2010. Heavy metal analysis for both soil and plants were
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done. Results were compared with soil and plants collected from farmland

in Cavite which served as the control.

You may include the most important quantitative values of your

results and a brief justification like this. Heavy metals found in the soil of

the dumpsite were significantly higher than the control. Zn (53.283 ppm)

was recorded in highest concentration and Cd (0.1668 ppm) in lowest. This

indicated the high heavy metal content in soils of the dumpsite.

Muntingia calabur (aratiles), Zea mays (corn) and Corchorus

olitorious (saluyot) were the common plants found in the dumpsite and were

investigated. Plant parts differed in traced metal concentrations in each

species. Leaves, stem and seeds of all plants showed significant

differences within their metal concentrations. Plant accumulation of heavy

metals differed in the kind of metal and plant species.

5.2 Conclusions

Conclusion should be the direct answer to each of the specific

questions or objectives or the study. Each conclusion should be qualitative

statement or without the use of the quantitative values of your findings.

The investigated dumpsite soil of Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila

were found to have higher levels of metal concentrations compared to the

control. It further revealed that generally, plants grown on dumpsite soils

can accumulate more of toxic metals than plants grown in normal

agricultural soil.
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Heavy metal accumulation varies on the variety of plant and the

heavy metal contents of the soil. Muntingia calabura (tree), Zea mays (food

crop) and Corchorus olitorious (shrub) were studied and it was revealed that

parts of these plants have the capacity to accumulate heavy metals from

soil, specifically, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb.

Furthermore, the result obtained in this study showed the potential

of the investigated plants for phytoremediation of polluted sites as shown

by their bioconcentration factors (BCF).

5.3 Recommendations

The following recommendations were drawn based on the results

and conclusions of the study:

1. Further study of other metals present in the dumpsite is suggested.

Studies may also be done in different seasons to see if weather or

temperature may affect the availability of heavy metal contents in

dumpsite soil.

2. Investigation on the plants studied to support the findings of its

capability as bioaccumulator, specifically, the Muntingia calabura

(tree).

3. Effects of eating plants cultivated in the dumpsite may also be taken

into consideration by the next studies.

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CITED REFERENCES

Allen C, Prior P, Hayward AC. 2005. Bacterial wilt: the disease and

the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. St. Paul (MN): APS

Press 508 p. (Book)

Flores-Cruz Z, Allen C. 2011. Necessity of OxyR for the hydrogen peroxide

stress response and full virulence in Ralstonia solanacearum. Appl

Environ Microbiol. 77(18):6426-6432. (Printed journal article)

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Oliver SS. 2012. Context dependent protein interpretation of the histone

language [dissertation]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 238 p.

(Thesis or dissertation)

Otegui MS. 2007. Endosperm: development and molecular biology. In:

Olson OA, editor. Endosperm cell walls: formation, composition, and

functions. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer-Verlag. p. 159-178.

(Book chapter)

Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee. 2009. University of Wisconsin-

Madison policy for multisite research studies using human

pluripotent stem cells [Internet]. Madison (WI): University of

Wisconsin-Madison; [cited 2013 Sep 12]. Available from

http://www.grad.wisc.edu/admin/committees/scro/documents/Multisi

teresearchpolicyFinal.pdf (Internet source)

Vierstra R. 2011. Atomic perspectives on phytochrome photoactivation and

signaling. Paper presented at: Steenbock 35. Proceedings of the

35th Steenbock Symposium on Advances in Biomolecular NMR;

Madison, WI. (Conference presentation or lecture)

Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. 2012. Multi-predator

effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey

density. J Insect Sci [Internet]. [cited 12 Sep 2013];12(30). Available

from: insectscience.org/12.30 (On-line journal article)

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

MAP OF THE STUDY SITE

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Write here some explanations or legend about the symbols used (if any) in

the map.

APPENDIX B

STANDARD PROCEDURE

Title of the procedure (Citation 2008)

Write here the basis of your methodology or the standard procedure

followed in your study. Do not forget to acknowledge your source.

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APPENDIX C

TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Research
activity
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Procedure
1
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Procedure
2

Procedure
3

Procedure
4

Procedure
5

Procedure
6

Procedure
7

APPENDIX D

BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

Items Amount Total

2 Cages 200/cage PhP 400

72 albino rats 100/rat 7,200

Feeds 20/100 g 40
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Vitamin supplements 200 200

Blood glucose kit 6,000 6,000

Blood cholesterol kit 300/kit 900

Histology preparation 500 500

Heavy metal analysis 800 800

Total PhP 16,040.00

APPENDIX E

RAW DATA

1. Uptake and distribution of Cu in the three studied plants

Concentration (ppm)
Collection Aratiles Corn Saluyot
sites tree corn corn corn saluyot saluyot saluyot
leaves roots leaves seeds roots stems leaves
1.2180 3.0774 0.9553 0.9622 2.3101 0.9830 1.5498
Cu landfill 1.2387 3.0843 0.9622 0.9208 2.3309 1.0175 1.5705
1.2529 3.0981 0.9277 0.9069 2.3447 1.0106 1.5152
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1.3424 3.4990 1.1143 0.9415 2.3309 1.1281 1.0866

1.3770 3.5267 1.1350 0.9899 2.3516 1.1350 1.1143
0.4440 2.6783 0.0587 0.1691 1.0682 0.0842 0.1365
0.3916 2.6910 0.0010 0.1654 1.0610 0.0806 0.1021
Cu farm 0.3391 2.6892 0.0716 0.1691 1.0610 0.0842 0.0913
0.3084 2.5499 0.3699 0.1365 0.6250 0.0860 0.4006
0.3066 2.5444 0.3464 0.1021 0.6177 0.0951 0.3862

2. One-way ANOVA of Copper in Leaves of Plants

Anova: Single Factor Copper

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Aratiles 6.0000 7.7852 1.2975 0.0047
Corn 6.0000 6.1881 1.0314 0.0086
Saluyot 6.0000 7.9576 1.3263 0.0579

ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between
Groups 0.3173 2.0000 0.1587 6.6832 0.0084 3.6823
Within Groups 0.3561 15.0000 0.0237

Total 0.6734 17.0000

APPENDIX F

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
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(Cite here the photo credits)

Plate 1. Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano)

Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Origanum
Species: O. vulgare

A small perennial sub-shrub, perennial ground covers with many forms.

Most have stems that can get very woody. Leaves are oval, dark green and
in opposite pairs. Some varieties have fuzzy leaves, others not. The flowers
stalks are spiky and may be white, pink or purple. Oregano starts out as a
ground hugging rosette of leaves, but it can easily grow to about 40-50 cm
tall.

CURRICULUM VITAE
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In paragraph form, write here all pertinent information about the

researcher.