BUILDING DRAWING AND SERVICES

LECTURE 1

by
KAMLESH K. MESHRAM

(Ad-hoc Faculty in Civil & Environmental Engineering Department)

VJTI, Mumbai.
 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA (2005)
• Part 0 : Integrated Approach- Prerequisite for applying Provisions of the code
• Part 1 : Definitions
• Part 2 : Administration
• Part 3 : Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements
• Part 4 : Fire and Life Safety
• Part 5 : Building Materials
• Part 6 : Structural Design
• Part 7 : Constructional Practices and Safety
• Part 8 : Building Services
• Part 9 : Plumbing Services
• Part 10 : Landscaping, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY
General Classification: All buildings, whether existing or hereafter erected shall be classified
according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the following groups;

• GROUP A - RESIDENTIAL
• GROUP B - EDUCATIONAL
• GROUP C - INSTITUTIONAL
• GROUP D - ASSEMBLY
• GROUP E - BUSINESS
• GROUP F - MERCANTILE
• GROUP G - INDUSTRIAL
• GROUP H - STORAGE
• GROUP J - HAZARDOUS
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)
Group A Residential Buildings: These shall include any building in which sleeping
accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes with or without cooking or dining
or both facilities, except any building classified under Group C;

• A- 1 LODGING OR ROOMING HOUSES

• A- 2 ONE OR TWO FAMILY PRIVATE DWELLINGS
• A- 3 DORMITORIES
• A- 4 APARTMENT HOUSES (FLATS)
• A- 5 HOTELS
• A- 6 HOTELS (STARRED)
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)
Group B Educational Buildings: These shall include any building used for school, college,
other training institutions for day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education
or recreation for not less than 20 students.

• B- 1 SCHOOLS UPTO SENIOR SECONDARY LEVEL

• B- 2 ALL OTHERS / TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)
Group C Institutional Buildings: These shall include any building or part thereof, which is used
for purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or
mental illness, disease or infirmity; care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal
or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted.
Institutional Buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

• C- 1 HOSPITALS AND SANATORIA

• C- 2 CUSTODIAL INSTITUTIONS
• C- 3 PENAL AND MENTAL INSTITUTIONS
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)
Group D Assembly Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building, where
number of persons not less than 50 congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social,
religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes, for example; theatres, motion picture
houses, assembly halls, auditoria, exhibition halls, museums, skating rinks, gymnasiums,
restaurants, places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminals of air,
surface and marine public transportation services, recreation piers and stadia, etc.

• D- 1 THEATRE / MOTION PICTURE HOUSES ( >1000 seats)

• D- 2 THEATRE / MOTION PICTURE HOUSES (up to 1000 seats)
• D- 3 WITHOUT PERMANENT STAGE AND SEATING ( > 300 seats)
• D- 4 WITHOUT PERMANENT STAGE AND SEATING (up to 300 seats)
• D- 5 OTHER GROUND STRUCTURES (not covered in above 4)
• D- 6 SHOPPING MALLS
• D- 7 OTHER STRUCTURES (elevated or underground not in above 6)
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)

Group E Business Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building which is
used for transaction of business.

• E- 1 OFFICES, BANKS, PROFESSIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS

• E- 2 LABORATORIES, RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS, LIBRARIES
• E- 3 COMPUTER INSTALLATIONS
• E- 4 TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
• E- 5 BROADCASTING STATIONS AND T. V. STATIONS
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)

Group F Mercantile Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building, which is
used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail.

• F- 1 SHOPS, STORES (with area up to 500 square metre)

• F- 2 SHOPS, STORES (with area more than 500 square metre)
• F- 3 UNDERGROUND SHOPPING CENTRES
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)
Group G Industrial Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building, in which
products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or
processed, for example; assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power
plants, generating units, pumping stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, buildings in gas
plants, refineries, dairies and saw mills, etc.

• G- 1 BUILDINGS USED FOR LOW HAZARD INDUSTRIES

• G- 2 BUILDINGS USED FOR MODERATE HAZARD INDUSTRIES
• G- 3 BUILDINGS USED FOR HIGH HAZARD INDUSTRIES
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)

Group H Storage Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building, used
primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, ware or merchandise vehicles or animals, for
example; warehouses, cold storage, freight depots, transit sheds, storehouses, truck and marine
terminals, garages, hangers, grain elevators, barns and stables.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON
OCCUPANCY (contd…)

Group J Hazardous Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building, used for
the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive materials
or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and or which may produce
poisonous fumes or explosions for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which
involve highly corrosive, toxic or noxious alkalis, acids or other liquids or chemicals producing
flame, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases; and for storage, handling or
processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of
matter into fine particles subject to spontaneous ignition.
 MAJOR STAGES IN A BUILDING PROJECT

• LOCATION / SITING
• CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PLANNING
• DESIGNING AND DETAILING
• CONSTRUCTION / EXECUTION
• MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR
 PROFESSIONALS WORKING ON A PROJECT
• ARCHITECT • INTERIOR DESIGNER
• CIVIL ENGINEER • QUANTITY SURVEYOR
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEER • PROJECT / CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
• ELECTRICAL ENGINEER • OTHER SUBJECTS SPECIALIST
• PLUMBING ENGINEER
• FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEER
• HVAC ENGINEER
• ENVIRONMENT SPECIALIST
• TOWN PLANNER
• URBAN DESIGNER
• LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT
• SECURITY SYSTEM SPECIALIST
 ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGIES
• Access:
A clear approach to a plot or a building
• Building Envelope:
The horizontal spatial limits up to which a building may be permitted to be constructed
on a plot.
• Canopy:
A projection over any entrance.
• Carpet Area:
The covered area of the usable rooms at any floor level (excluding the area of the wall).
• Chhajja:
A sloping or horizontal structural overhang usually provided over openings on external
walls to provide protection from sun and rain.
 ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGIES (contd…)
• Chowk or Courtyard:
A space permanently open to the sky, enclosed fully or partially by building and may be
at ground level or any other level within or adjacent to a building.
• Cluster:
Plots or dwelling units or housing grouped around an open space. Ideally housing
cluster should not be very large. In ground and one storeyed structures not more than 20 houses
should be grouped in a cluster. Clusters with more dwelling units will create problems in
identity, encroachments and of maintenance.
• Density:
The residential density expressed in terms of the number of dwelling units per hectare.
• Drain:
A conduit, channel or pipe for the carriage of storm water, sewage, waste water or other
water borne wastes in a building drainage system.
 ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGIES (contd…)
• Dwelling Unit / Tenement:
An independent housing unit with separate facilities for living, cooking and sanitary
requirements.
• Escalator:
A power driven, inclined, continuous stairway used for raising or lowering passengers.
• Fire Separation:
The distance in metres measured from the external wall of the building concerned to the
external wall of any other building on the site, or from other site, or from the opposite side of
the street or other public space for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire.
• Plinth:
The portion of the structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and surface
of the floor, immediately above the ground.
 ESSENTIAL TERMINOLOGIES (contd…)
• Plinth Area:
The built up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement or of any storey.
• Floor Area Ratio (FAR):
The quotient obtained by dividing the total covered area (plinth area) on all floors by
the area of the plot.
Total covered area of the floors
FAR = Plot Area
• Storey:
The portion of a building included between the surface of any floor and the surface of
the floor next above it, or if there be no floor above it, then the space between any floor and the
ceiling next above it.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING

• ASPECT
• PROSPECT
• PRIVACY
• ROOMINESS
• GROUPING
• CIRCULATION
• ELEGANCE
• SANITATION
• ORIENTATION
• ECONOMY
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)

• Aspect:

• The aspect of the house should be such that it enables the family members to live
comfortably.
• Aspect is concerned with the orientation of the building.
• The arrangement of the doors and windows in the outside walls of the house should be
in such a way that plenty of sunrays, breeze can enter into the house.
• All the rooms should be well ventilated and well lighted by the proper placement of
doors and windows.
• Aspects of a building provide comfort, hygiene and pleasant views.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Aspect:
Room Recommendation factor Influencing Factor

Bed NW – W – SE To reduce plentiful of breeze in summer.

Kitchen E and rarely NE To receive morning sun which is germicidal. Purify the
air and maintain coolness throughout the day.
Dining SE – S – SW Proximity of kitchen, it should be cool.

Drawing SE – S – SW – W Adequate natural lighting during winter and obviate

the sun during summer.
Reading N – NW Light from north being diffused and evenly distributed
and cool.
Store NW – N – NE Dark and cool
Aspect Diagram
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)

• Prospect:

• It is the arrangement of windows in the external walls of the building so as to reveal

certain desired views and conceal undesired views from outside.
• This can be done by putting inclined brackets or by providing blind walls.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)

• Privacy:

• Privacy can be of a part or all parts of the building from another building or one room
from another room.
• Privacy of the building can be achieved by providing windows at higher level than the
adjoining road or ground as well as by growing plants and trees around the building. For
example: Privacy of swimming pool.
• Privacy inside the room can be achieved by providing door on one side of the longer
wall so that minimum portion of the room is visible.
• Screen, shelters, shutters, partitions can be provided.
No Privacy Good Privacy
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Roominess:

• It is the “feel of spaciousness” obtained in the room when one enters it.
• This is achieved by adjusting length to breadth ratio between 1.2 to 1.5.
• Light colours and also different colours on each wall depending on light direction can
also improve the roominess.
• Factors affecting roominess are
1. Size of room
2. Shape
3. Furniture Used
4. Position of doors and windows
Roominess Effect due to Shape of Room
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Grouping:

• It means the rooms must be arranged in relation to one another.

• Different activity areas should be separated.
• The public or common rooms such as drawing room, living room, family room and
dining room should be grouped together.
• The bedroom, study room, dressing room and bathroom should be separated from public
areas by a central hall or passage.
• Dinning room should be close to the kitchen. The drawing room should not be near the
kitchen.
• The bathrooms should be accessible to all rooms.
• Children’s room should be near the parent’s room.
Good Grouping Residential Building Bad Grouping Residential Building
 A -Raw Materials Store
B -Foundry
C -Rough Machining
D -Machine Shop
E -Assembly
F -Stores & Dispatch
G -Recreation
H -Sanitary
I -Canteen
J -Offices
K -Watch & Ward

Good Grouping Industrial Building

 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Circulation:

• It means the access or the internal thoroughfare from room to room and from floor to
floor.
• There are two types of circulation;
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical
• Horizontal Circulation means the movement on the same floor such as from room to
room or within same room.
• Horizontal Circulation is provided by verandahs, passages, corridors, lobbies, etc.
• Vertical Circulation means the movement from floor to floor.
• Vertical Circulation is provided by staircase, lifts, elevators, etc.
• Desirable Circulation must be short, easy to access, lighted, ventilated and independent
of other elements of building with proper privacy.
Desirable Undesirable

Horizontal Circulation
Desirable Undesirable

Vertical Circulation
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Elegance:

• A functionally well planned structure may not necessarily invite attention of user due to
lack of elegance.
• Thus the principle of elegance deals with beautifying the structure outwardly.
• Elegance can be improved by combination of the following depending on economy
1. Increasing the plinth height of the structure.
2. Use of arches for windows, doors, etc.
3. Different colouring patterns for wall.
4. Combination of flat and sloped roofing.
5. Use of decorative (building) materials.
6. Integration of structure with surroundings by proper landscaping.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Sanitation:

• It includes provision of light, ventilation, cleanliness, water supply and sanitary

amenities.
• The minimum window area should not be less than 1 / 10th of the floor area to allow
maximum sunlight to enter the room, which destroys the germs.
• The doors and windows should be positioned such a way that hot air, foul odours are
removed from the room and fresh cool air is admitted in the room.
• This is achieved by providing ventilators near the roof in addition to windows. Cross
ventilation should be employed for proper circulation of air.
• The sanitary units should be provided with non-absorbent flooring materials with proper
slopes and continuous water supply.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)

• Orientation:

• It means fixing major axis of the building to achieve maximum natural gifts.
• In India, the long walls should be provided towards North and South and short walls in
East and West direction to reduce the area exposed to sunrays.
• In hot climate, verandahs, chhajjas and sun breakers should be provided to protect the
building from sunrays. Rooms occupied throughout the day should be placed on North.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING (contd…)
• Economy:

• It is the last but not the least principle of planning. All efforts are in vain if the cost is not
considered.
• However, a structure requiring less investment initially may prove to be costlier in the
long run due to high maintenance cost.
• Although one constructs house during his lifetime, a costly structure may not be
practically feasible. Hence an optimum policy should be framed wherein the functional
utility, comfort as well as cost of the structure.
• Simple building plans along with minimum doors and windows with simple designs will
reduce the cost.
• In any case, functional utility, structural stability of the construction should never be
sacrificed.
• Economy can also be achieved by making maximum use of locally available materials to
suit the local environmental conditions and use of locally available labour.
 BUILDING BYE-LAWS

• These are restrictions laid down by municipal, town planning or revenue authorities on
construction and planning of different types of buildings.
• Building Bye-Laws differ from place to place. For example; building Bye-Laws for Mumbai
will not be same as that of some district or taluka place having municipality or a village
having gram panchayat.
• The above mentioned authorities sanction the building plans only after scrutinizing them
regarding the Bye-Laws.
 NECESSITY AND OBJECT OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS
• To control haphazard growth in particular area.
• To facilitate future use of land, widening of roads, to have hygienic
environment.
• To ensure proper air, light, ventilation, parking, sanitation and safety of
structures.
• To give guidelines to architect, designer and engineer.
• To control land development.
• To specify the type of materials to be used.
• To afford safety against fire, noise and smoke, etc.
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS
• Open Space Requirements:
1. Certain open space should be left around the building depending upon the air and light
requirement of the building.
2. It also considers parking, future expansions and good approach or access to other
amenities.
3. Industrial buildings has some other additional points consideration for open space.
4. Open space for front, rear and side yards depends upon the height of the building and
can be calculated by using the following formula;
Width of open space in (m) = W = 3 + (h – 10) / 3
Where h is height of building in (m) < 25 m
5. Open space for rear yard of the building of height less than 10 m should be average 3m
but in no case less than 1.8 m.
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)
• Open Space Requirements:

Minimum space around the building is given in table below;

Height of building in m 5 6 9 12 15 18 20 24
Width of open space in m 3 3.3 4 4.7 5.4 6.1 7.4 9
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Height of Building:
1. Maximum height of building depends upon limitation on
• Width of street on which building fronts
• Minimum width of rear space
• Vicinity to Aerodromes
2. For buildings in vicinity of aerodromes, maximum height of building is decided in
consultation with Civil Aviation Authorities.
3. In city areas, the construction is allowed on fall areas without provision of margins on
any side. For this, a light plane is marked at suitable angle from the edge or road on
other side and the height of the building is suitably curtailed off to allow the light
plane to pass so as to not make the adjacent property lack from natural ventilation.
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Height of Building:

Limits on height of building;

Width of Road Up to 8 m 8 to 12 m Over 12 m

Maximum height of 1.5 x Road Width 12 m Road Width (max up to 21 m)
building
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Building and Control Line:

• Setback Line: It is the front line up to which the building is allowed to extend
as compared to the road there.
• Building Line: In case of Residential Building, setback line is termed as
Building Line.
• Control Line: In case of Industrial Building, setback line is termed as Control
Line.
• Setback Distance: A minimum distance of setback line from the centre of the
occupancy road is set down as the limit by the bye-laws. This
limit is called setback distance.
 Road Centre Line

Setback Distance
Setback Distance
Building Line

Control Line Residential Building

Industrial Building
Road type Minimum Setback distance Minimum Setback distance
from Building Line (m) from Control Line (m)

NH & SH 30 45

MDR 15 24

ODR 9 15

VR 9 15
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Advantages of Setback Distance:

• Can be used for future road widening.

• Keep noise and dust away from the building.
• Improves visibility and safety to traffic
• Better light, air and ventilation for the building.
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Built-up Area:

• Plot Area: It is total area purchased for the proposed building plan.
• Carpet Area: This is the floor area of the usable rooms at any floor level. It is
area of construction excluding the wall thickness area.
• Built-up Area: It is the area of construction of the building including the wall
thickness. It is the sum of the construction areas on all floors of
the building.
Built-up Area is restricted due to open space requirements. It
can be increased to some extent by multi-storeyed construction.
A B

Plot Area (ABCD)

E F
P Q Built-up Area (EFGH)

Carpet Area (PQRS)

Open Space = ABCD – EFGH

S R
H G

D C
 Locality Max. permissible built-up Remark
area covered in percent of
plot area
1. Market Area 75% With sufficient parking

2. Industrial Area 60%

3. Residential Area

a) Plot less than 200 sq m 60%

b) 200 sq m to 500 sq m 50% Up to two Storeyed

Structure
c) 500 sq m to 1000 sq m 40%

d) Plot greater than 1000 sq m 33.33%

 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)

• Floor Space Index (FSI) / FAR:

• It is defined as the ratio of total built-up area of all floors to the plot area.

• Example: An owner have a plot of 500 sq. m. He has constructed 150 sq. m. at ground
level and 100 sq. m. at first floor level. Calculate the FSI.
 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)
• Accommodation Requirements:

Description Minimum Requirements

Habitable room AREA 9.5 sq. m.

Habitable room WIDTH 2.4 m

Room Height 2.75 m

Window area for wall on open side 10% of floor area

Total door and window area 1 / 7th of room area

Total Ventilation area 0.1 sq. m. for 10 cu. m. of room space

 SOME IMPORTANT BUILDING BYE-LAWS (contd…)
• Sanitation Requirements:
Description Minimum Requirements
Single room tenement Nahni or sink area 0.9m x 0.9 m
Kitchen with separate bath & washing place Small area for sink
Residential building for every 5 single rooms 1 WC = 1.2 sq. m.
or every 3 double rooms 1 Bath = 1.8 sq. m.
1 Urinal = 0.9 sq. m.
1 Washing place = 2.4 sq. m.

Industrial Building
For 1 person 5 sq. m. floor area
For every 25 persons 1 WC
For every 100 persons 1 Urinal
For either sex 1 WC & 1 Urinal
THANK YOU
• http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/home-management/planning-a-
residential-house-9-principles/47825
• https://kishanpurohit07.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/0/2/59021063/pri
nciples-of-planning.pdf
• https://www.slideshare.net/rushabhshrishrismal/planning-for-the-
built-environment-ppt
• https://www.slideshare.net/prasadprabhu50/unit-2-building-
planningfinal