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Archimedes’ Principle
Physics Investigatory Project
Contents
Contents ............................................................................................ 1
CERTIFICATE .................................................................................. 2
Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 3
Introduction...................................................................................... 4
Density .............................................................................................. 5
Buoyant Force .................................................................................. 7
Archimedes’ Principle ..................................................................... 9
Explanation..................................................................................... 10
Formula ........................................................................................... 13
Problems ......................................................................................... 16
Principle of Floatation ................................................................... 18
Fluid Mechanics ............................................................................. 20
Uses of Archimedes’ Principle ..................................................... 22
Future Scope ................................................................................... 25
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 27
Bibliography ................................................................................... 28
Contents 1
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project Report entitled
Archimedes’ Principle
Has been successfully completed by the following students
Mast. Viraj Rajendra Sanap
Mast. Raunaq Singh Kalsi
In partial fulfilment of physics practical examination
conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE)
CERTIFICATE 2
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Acknowledgements
We together provided the primary incentive in completing
this project titled “Archimedes’ Principle”. Our ideas, difficulties, and
our hard work shaped this project completed.
However, several personalities have directly or indirectly
contributed to the completion of the project and also preparing the
report.
It gives us immense pleasure in expressing our deep sense of
gratitude to Mr. K.V. Shetty (Physics Professor), and our Physics Lab
Assistant. The project would not have been completed without their
able guidance.
Last but not the least we would like to thank the L.I.S. Senior Sec.
Library where we were able to collect the reference material with
respect to the project topic.
We once again thank all our superiors, colleagues, parents,
friends, and all those who were directly or indirectly involved in the
completion of the project.
Acknowledgements 3
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Introduction
A
rchimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant
force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether
fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the
fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the
center of mass of the displaced fluid.
Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid
mechanics.
In this project, we will be talking about:
• Density
• Buoyant Force
• Archimedes’ Principle
• Explanation
• Formula
• Problems
• Principle of Floatation
• Fluid Mechanics
• Uses of Archimedes’ Principle
Introduction 4
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Density
T
he density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of
a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often
used for density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although
the Latin letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined
as mass divided by volume:
Density 5
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Density 6
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force 7
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Buoyant Force 8
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Archimedes’
Principle
rchimedes’ principle, physical law of The Story of
A buoyancy, discovered by the ancient
Greek mathematician and
inventor Archimedes, stating that anybody
Archimedes
…
There is a famous
completely or partially submerged in
story that a crown
a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an was once made for
upward, or buoyant, force the magnitude of King Hiero and he
which is equal to the weight of the fluid wanted to know if
displaced by the body. The volume of displaced there was a way to
fluid is equivalent to the volume of an object know if it was of
fully immersed in a fluid or to that fraction of pure gold or silver
the volume below the surface for an object had been mixed in
partially submerged in a liquid. The weight of it. He approached
the displaced portion of the fluid is equivalent his cousin
to the magnitude of the buoyant force. The Archimedes who
got a brainwave
buoyant force on a body floating in a liquid or
when he was in a
gas is also equivalent in magnitude to the
bath and ran on the
weight of the floating object and is opposite in
streets shouting
direction; the object neither rises nor sinks.
Eureka! (I’ve found
it!).
Archimedes’ Principle 9
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Explanation
P
ractically, Archimedes' principle allows the buoyancy of an
object partially or fully immersed in a liquid to be calculated.
The downward force on the object is simply its weight. The
upward, or buoyant, force on the object is that stated by Archimedes'
principle, above. Thus, the net upward force on the object is the
difference between the buoyant force and its weight. If this net force is
positive, the object rises; if negative, the object sinks; and if zero, the
object is neutrally buoyant - that is, it remains in place without either
rising or sinking. In simple words, Archimedes' principle states that,
when a body is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it
experiences an apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced by the immersed part of the body.
Explanation 10
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Explanation 11
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
The weight of the water to fill up the hull of the ship weighs the
same as the ship, so the water applies a buoyant force up on the ship
with this much force. Therefore, the ship made of steel floats!
For example, a ship that is launched sinks into the ocean until the
weight of the water it displaces is just equal to its own weight. As the
ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the
magnitude of the buoyant force continuously matches the weight of
the ship and its cargo.
Explanation 12
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Formula
C
onsider a cube immersed in a fluid, with its sides parallel to
the direction of gravity. The fluid will exert a normal force on
each face, and therefore only the forces on the top and bottom
faces will contribute to buoyancy. The pressure difference between the
bottom and the top face is directly proportional to the height
(difference in depth). Multiplying the pressure difference by the area
of a face gives the net force on the cube – the buoyancy, or the weight
of the fluid displaced. By extending this reasoning to irregular shapes,
we can see that, whatever the shape of the submerged body, the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Formula 13
Archimedes’ Principle
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Formula 14
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
yields the formula below. The density of the immersed object relative
to the density of the fluid can easily be calculated without measuring
any volume is
Formula 15
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Problems
Problem 1: A ball of mass 2 kg that has a diameter of 50 cm falls in the
pool. Compute its buoyant force and volume of water displaced.
Answer:
Known:
Problems 16
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
F = mg
= 0.25 ×× 9.8
= 2.45 N.
Problems 17
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Principle of Floatation
W
hen the buoyant force equals 1 ton, it will sink no farther.
When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its
own weight, it floats. This is often called the "principle of
flotation". A floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own
weight.
Principle of Floatation 18
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Principle of Floatation 19
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Fluid Mechanics
F
luid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with
the mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and
the forces on them. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of
applications, including mechanical engineering, civil
engineering, chemical engineering, biomedical
engineering, geophysics, astrophysics, and biology. Fluid mechanics
can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid
dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a
branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter
without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it
models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than
from microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an
active field of research with many problems that are partly or wholly
unsolved. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can
best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A
modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is
devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems. Particle
image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and
analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature
of fluid flow.
Fluid Mechanics 20
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Fluid Mechanics 21
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Uses of Archimedes’
Principle
1. Submarine:
A submarine has a large ballast
tank, which is used to control
its position and depth from the
surface of the sea. A submarine
submerges by letting water into
the ballast tank so that its
weight becomes greater than the buoyant force. Conversely, it floats
by reducing water in the ballast tank. Thus its weight is less than the
buoyant force.
2. Hot-air balloon:
Th e atmosphere is filled with air
that exerts buoyant force on any
object. A hot air balloon rises and
floats due to the buoyant force
(when the surrounding air is
greater than its weight). It
descends when the balloon's weight is higher than the buoyant
force. It becomes stationary when the weight equals the buoyant
force. The weight of the Hot-air balloon can be controlled by varying
the quantity of hot air in the balloon.
3. Hydrometer:
A hydrometer is an instrument to measure the relative
density of liquids. It consists of a tube with a bulb at one
end. Lead shots are placed in the bulb to weigh it down
and enable the hydrometer to float vertically in the
liquid. In a liquid of lesser density, a greater volume of
liquid must be displaced for the buoyant force to equal
to the weight of the hydrometer so it sinks lower.
Hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density.
Density is measured in the unit of g cm-3.
4. Ship:
A ship floats on the surface of
the sea because the volume of
water displaced by the ship is
enough to have a weight
equal to the weight of the
ship.A ship is constructed in
a way so that the shape is hollow, to make the overall density of the
ship lesser than the sea water. Therefore, the buoyant force acting on
the ship is large enough to support its weight. The density of sea
water varies with location. The PLIMSOLL LINE marked on the
body of the ship acts as a guideline to ensure that the ship is loaded
within the safety limit. A ship submerge lower in fresh water as
fresh water density is lesser than sea water. Ships will float higher in
cold water as cold water has a relatively higher density than warm
water.
5. Fishes:
Certain group of fishes uses
Archimedes’ principles to go up
and down the water. To go up to
the surface, the fishes will fill its
swim bladder (air sacs) with
gases. The gases diffuse from its
own body to the bladder and thus
making its body lighter. This enables the fishes to go up. To go
down, the fishes will empty their bladder, this increases its density
and therefore the fish will sink.
Future Scope
T
oday CFD simulations are becoming more and more
computationally demanding. In many areas of science and
industry there is a need to guarantee short turnaround times
and fast time-to-market. Such goals can be fulfilled only with huge
investments in hardware and software licenses.
Future Scope 25
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Future Scope 26
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Conclusion
A
s the project comes to an end, we have realized that some of
our views and concepts were wrong about Archimedes’
principle and fluid mechanics.
This project was very much educational and enlightening for us.
We could conclude from this project that the Archimedes’ principle
has a wide range of applications and we see its instances in day to day
life as well.
Conclusion 27
Archimedes’ Principle
•••
Bibliography
1. References from the internet
• www.britannica.com
• www.prezi.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.slideshare.net
• www.khanacademy.org
• www.byjus.com
• www.study.com
• www.mycbseguide.com
• www.sciencefare.com
• www.studymode.com
• www.sciencebuddies.org
• www.designmaths.weebly.com
• www.reference.com
• www.meritnation.com
Bibliography 28