Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Full length article

Analysis of welding residual stress formation behavior during T

circumferential TIG welding of a pipe
⁎
Chunbiao Wua, Jae-Woong Kimb,
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The objective of this study is to analyze the formation behavior of welding residual stresses during the cir-
3D finite element analysis cumferential TIG butt welding of pipes. A three-dimensional thermo-elastic-plastic numerical model has been
Thermo-elastic-plastic numerical model developed by using MSC-Marc software to predict welding residual stress distributions during single-pass
Welding residual stress welding of pipes. Using a numerical computational approach, the mechanisms of the changes in stress and strain
Circumferential butt welding
throughout the pipe welding process is described. Compared with the features of butt welded plate joints, the
Weld stop location
distribution of welding residual stress in butt welded pipe structures is obviously different. Considering the
deformation effect on the plastic strain distribution, the calculation results indicate that the axial and hoop
compressive plastic strain at the inner surface of welded pipes is much larger than that at the outer surface. As a
result, the tensile axial and hoop residual stress is generated at the inner surface due to the thermal contracting
deformation. Consequently, compressive axial residual stress occurs at the outer surface because of the inward
contracting deformation and internal stress self-balance. Moreover, it is investigated and explained the phe-
nomenon in which both axial and hoop residual stresses have sharp gradients near the weld stop location at the
overlapped weld line of pipe. Because of redistribution of axial residual stresses and hoop plastic flow behaviors,
residual stresses near the weld stop location could be changed.

1. Introduction
Pipe welding structures are commonly used in a various engineering
applications such as oil and gas industries, nuclear and thermal power
plants and chemical plants and pressurized piping systems, etc.
Circumferential TIG butt welding is a common welding process used in
pipe systems.
However weld residual stresses are usually concentrated near the
weld bead, which are attributed to the localized heating and subsequent
rapid cooling during circumferential welding. Tensile welding residual
stress is a major factor that contributes to fatigue damage, stress cor-
rosion cracking and brittle fracture [1]. Therefore, it is important to
accurately predict and control weld residual stresses during design and
manufacturing processes.
Because of the complexity of the welding process, it is difficult to
accurately predict the weld residual stresses. As computer simulation
power and storage have improved, numerical simulation technologies
based on finite element method (FEM) have become useful for pre-
dicting weld residual stresses, an application that was first observed in
the 1940s [2].
Over the last two decades, a number of FEM numerical models have
developed to predict weld residual stress and simulate welding pro-
cesses in circumferential butt-welded pipes [3–9]. Mochizuki et al. [10]
presented a two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric thermo-elastic-plastic
finite element simulation model to predict weld residual stress in butt-
welded pipe joints. Simulation results show that the 2D axisymmetric
FE model can provide a reasonable prediction of the residual stress in
welded pipes. However, inherent limitations still exist in the 2D ax-
isymmetric FE model, because of the axisymmetric assumption, which
can reduce the computational demand. Deng et al. [11] developed a 3D
finite element model to analyze temperature fields and welding residual
stresses in welded stainless steel pipes. Additionally, experiments were
also carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed 3D numerical
models. Dar et al. [12] predicted the temperature profile and residual
stress using 3D FEM in GTA circumferential welded thin-walled cylin-
ders of lower carbon steel. Abid et al. [13] presented 3D non-linear
transient thermo-mechanical FE models to investigate the effect of tack
weld positions and root gap on welding distortions and residual stresses
in a pipe-flange joint. Deng et al. [14] developed a 3D finite element
approach to investigating the welding residual stress distribution in a

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: jaekim@ynu.ac.kr (J.-W. Kim).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.09.020
Received 26 April 2018; Received in revised form 1 August 2018; Accepted 5 September 2018
0263-8231/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Wu, J.-W. Kim
Fig. 1. Residual stress distribution along weld line on upper and bottom sides of
welded plate.
girth-welded SUS304 pipe. Additionally, research has focused on ex-
amining welding residual stress distributions near the weld stop loca-
tions along the weld line. These results from 3D finite element models
show good agreement with experimental measurements.
Plate and pipe butt welding are two common welding joints in the
production of engineering and structural components. Compared with
the features of butt welded plate joints, the magnitudes and distribu-
tions of welding residual stress in butt welded pipe structures is sig-
nificantly different under the same welding conditions. The features of
welding residual stress in each structural component are described
below. However, there have been a limited number of investigations for
the formation of welding residual stress distributions in welded pipes,
and yet they just focused mainly on the magnitude and distribution of
compressive or tensile stress itself without explaining the reason.
The residual stress distribution along the weld line in a butt welded
plate is shown in Fig. 1. In the figure, the maximum tensile stress is
generated in the longitudinal residual stress distribution that occurs on
the upper and bottom sides of the welded plate. The characteristics of
the longitudinal residual stress along the weld line in welded plate are
similar. Tensile transverse residual stresses are produced on the upper
side and are balanced by compressive stresses on the bottom in the mid-
position of the weld bead.
On the other hand, the weld-induced residual stress distribution at
the circumferential direction in butt welded pipes is shown in Fig. 2.
The features of welding residual stress in welded pipe joints are ob-
viously different from those of plate joints. There are two important
Fig. 2. Residual stress distribution in hoop direction on inner and outer surfaces
of 360° welded pipe.
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Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430
Fig. 3. Residual stress distribution in hoop direction on inner and outer surface
of 420° welded pipes.
distinctions in the welded pipe structures. First, the axial residual stress
in the outer surface is compressive stress; tensile axial residual stress
appears in the inner surface of pipe joint. Second, both the axial and
hoop residual stresses near the weld stop location (0–60° position in
Fig. 2) in the welded pipes have sharp gradients and are definitely
different from those in the steady range. These distributions have an
important effect on the point of endurance limit or rigidity of the
welded joints. This phenomenon is also observed in the case of overlap
welding, which is usually applied to the pipe welding for proof of
welding quality at the weld start point. When the welding torch (arc) is
over the start point, the sharp gradient continues to move. Fig. 3 shows
that the position of residual stress changes significantly at 420° in butt
welded pipes, torch (arc) moving 60°.
In this study, first, we have developed a three-dimensional thermo-
elastic plastic numerical model using MSC-Marc software to predict the
welding residual stress distribution during single-pass pipe welding.
The experimental and numerical results are compared to verify the
accuracy of the FE analysis models. Then, using a numerical compu-
tational approach, we verified the mechanisms of the changes in stress
and strain throughout the welding process to analyze the formation
behavior of welding residual stress in the circumferential TIG butt
welded pipes. Finally, we provide a logical explanation for this phe-
nomenon, in which both the axial and hoop residual stresses have sharp
gradients near the weld stop location of welded pipes in the weld line.
2. FE simulation
In this section, a 3D thermo-elastic-plastic numerical FE model
based on MSC-Marc code is developed to accurately obtain the tem-
perature fields and the residual stresses during the circumferential TIG
butt welding process. The solution procedure consists of two steps.
First, the temperature distribution and its history in the welding model
are computed using transient heat transfer analysis. Second, the tem-
perature history is employed as a thermal load in the subsequent me-
chanical elastic plastic calculation of the residual stress field.
2.1. Finite element model
This study develops a finite element model of single-pass cir-
cumferential butt welding of two pipes, as shown in Fig. 4. The total
length of the two pipes is 300 mm. The outer diameter is 300 mm. The
thickness is 3 mm. Because of anticipated high temperature and stress
gradients in and around the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone
(HAZ), a relatively fine mesh is used within a distance of 10 mm on both
sides of the weld center line (WL). Away from the FZ and HAZ, the
C. Wu, J.-W. Kim Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430

Fig. 4. FEM model.

element size increases with an increase in the distance from weld line.
In the weld direction, the element size is kept constant at 1.96 mm. A
minimum element size of 1 mm is used in the axial direction within the
area of anticipated FZ and HAZ. The element size away from the weld
region increases with the increasing distance. In the thickness direction,
there are 3 elements of 1 mm each. It has been tried to examine the
effect of mesh size on the calculation accuracy. The stress values cal-
culated with 3 elements in the thickness direction are almost same with
6 and 9 elements cases. Thus total 3 elements in thickness direction was
selected to the FE model in this study for saving the calculating time.
The same model can also be observed in the study by Malik et al. [5]
The material used here is AH36 low carbon steel for circumferential
butt welding joint. The temperature-dependent thermo-physical prop-
erties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and temperature-
dependent thermo-mechanical properties (including Young's modulus,
Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient, and yield strength) are
shown in Fig. 5 [15]. For the weld material, only the yield strength is
larger than of the base material; the other properties are the same as
those of base material. Fig. 5. Properties of AH36 low carbon steel.

2.2. Thermal analysis

6 3 fr Q (−3x 2 / a2) (−3y 2 / b2) (−3z2 / c 2)
qr (x , y, z ) = e e e r
abcr π π (4)
A high non-uniform temperature field is generated during the
welding process resulting in residual stresses in the welds. A thermal Where x, y, and z are the local coordinates of the heat source and f f and
analysis was conducted to obtain temperature distributions during the fr are parameters that give the fraction of the heat deposited in the front
TIG butt welding process. The governing equation for transient heat and the rear parts, respectively. Note that f f + fr = 2. Q is the power of
transfer analysis during welding is shown in Eq. (1). the welding heat source, which can be obtained from Eq. (5).
∂T Q = ηUI
ρc (x , y, z , t ) = −∇⋅q (x , y, z , t ) + Q (x , y, z , t ) (5)
∂t (1)
Where U , I , and η are the arc voltage, welding current, and arc effi-
Where ρ is the density of the materials [g/mm3]; c is the specific heat
ciency, respectively. The arc efficiency is assumed to be 80% for the TIG
[J/(g °C)]; T is the current temperature [℃]; Q is the internal heat
welding process. The parameters a, b, cf and cr define the characteristics
generation rate [W/mm3]; x, y and z are the coordinates in the re-
of the welding heat source and can be adjusted to create a desired weld
ference system [mm]; t is the time [s]; and ∇ is the gradient operator.
bead for the given welding conditions. The welding parameters and
The non-linear isotropic Fourier heat flux constitutive equation
numerical heat source parameters used in this study are presented in
given by Eq. (2) uses the thermal conductivity, k:
Tables 1 and 2, respectively, which can also be observed in the study by
q = − k ∇T (2) Malik et al. [5]. The same welding parameters were used in the finite
Where q is the heat flux vector [W/mm ]. 2 element simulation.
In this study, the double ellipsoidal heat source model suggested by Throughout the TIG welding process, heat losses including thermal
Goldak et al. [16] was used to model the circumferential TIG butt convection and radiation were considered. Radiation losses are domi-
welding process. The Goldak heat source distribution can be expressed nant at higher temperatures within the weld zone; convection losses are
by Eqs. (3) and (4).
For the front heat source: Table 1
Welding condition [5].
6 3 ff Q 2 / a2) (−3y 2 / b2) (−3z 2 / c 2)
qf (x , y, z ) = e (−3x e e f Parameter Welding voltage Welding current Welding speed Efficiency
abcf π π (3)
Value 12.5 V 200 A 3 mm/s 80%
For the rear heat source:

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Table 2
Heat source parameters [5].
Heat source parameter (mm)

a b cf cr

10 3 5 15

dominant at lower temperatures away from the weld zone [11].

Therefore, the researchers have been usually adopted the combined
heat transfer coefficient for convection and radiation varied with tem-
perature for the thermo-mechanical analysis of welded structures
[8,11]. The combined total heat transfer coefficient can be calculated
using Eq. (6).
2
⎧ htotal = 0.0668T (W / m ) 0<T < 500℃
2
⎩ htoatl = 0.231T −82.1 (W / m ) T ≥500℃
⎨ (6)
Fig. 6. Axial residual stress on the outer surface of pipes in the axial direction.
Where htotal is the combined total heat transfer coefficient. T is the
temperature.

2.3. Mechanical analysis

The mechanical analyses are conducted using the temperature his-

tories computed via the previous heat transfer analysis method for each
time increment as an input (thermal loading) for the calculation of
thermal strains and stresses.
The total strain during the heating and cooling cycle of the welding
process consists of not only the elastic, plastic and thermal strains, but
also the creep strain and strain that produced by phase transformation.
However, phase transformation has insignificant influence on the re-
sidual stress and deformation in the low carbon steel [17,18]. In ad-
dition, because the period with high temperature during the entire
thermal cycle was very short (only a few seconds), the creep behavior
was also ignored [19]. Therefore, the total strain ε total in the model can
be calculated using Eq. (7).
Fig. 7. Hoop residual stress on the outer surface of pipes in the axial direction.
ε total = εT + ε E + ε P (7)

where εT ?ε E ?ε P in this equation stand for the thermal strain, elastic

strain, and plastic strain, respectively.
In the mechanical simulation, the elastic strain is modeled using the
isotropic Hook's law with the temperature-dependent Young modulus
and Poisson ratio. The thermal strain is computed using the tempera-
ture-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion. In addition, the tem-
perature-dependent yield strength with the Von Mises yield criteria was
used in the material model to calculate the plastic strain, coupled to a
kinematic hardening rule.
In this study, the mechanical boundary conditions are constrained
only to prevent rigid body motion.

3. Verification

To confirm the accuracy of the present finite element model, the

results of the numerical simulation analysis were compared with the
experimentally measured data presented by Malik et al. [5]. For re-
sidual stress analysis, a center hole drilling strain gauge method is used Fig. 8. Residual stress on the outer surface of pipes in circumferential direction.
to measure the residual hoop and axial stresses at several specified lo-
cations. The specific details of the experiment can be found in the lit-
Small differences between FEM and experimental results may be
erature [5].
due to measurement error and the lack of enough accurate material
Figs. 6 and 7 show the axial and hoop residual stresses on the outer
properties data for the welding, especially at high temperature.
surface at a section 30° from the weld start position and 10 mm,15 mm,
Therefore, it is considered that small differences between calculation
and 20 mm location from weld line, respectively.
and measurement are inevitable in the stress distribution analysis.
Fig. 8 shows the axial and hoop residual stresses on the outer surface
Anyway, comparing with other researcher's results [5], it is considered
at 45°,135°, and 225° location, respectively, 10 mm from weld line.

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C. Wu, J.-W. Kim Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430

Fig. 11. Evolution of plastic strain at 180° location on the inner and outer
surface.
Fig. 9. Axial residual stress distribution in axial direction on the outer and inner
surfaces.

Fig. 12. Evolution of elastic strain at the 7.5° front point of weld stop position.

4. Results and discussion

Fig. 10. Deformed shape of pipe during welding (welding arc is on 180° loca-
tion). 4.1. Characteristics of residual stress in welded pipes

there's a good coincidence between the FEM results and experimental In this section, the characteristic of welding residual stress of pipes
ones. Thus the developed finite element model could predict the is described and discussed. The variations of the axial residual stresses
welding residual stresses well. on both inner and outer surfaces of pipes at locations with 0°, 90°, 180°,

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C. Wu, J.-W. Kim Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430

Fig. 13. Evolution process of axial compressive elastic strain at the inside surface of pipes after welding (No color: tensional area).

and 270° are shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 14. Feature of final axial residual stress near the weld stop position.
The simulation results in Fig. 9 indicate that the axial residual stress
is compressive on the outer surface and tensile on the inner surface near
the weld line. Tensile axial residual stresses are formed on the outer
surface, away from the weld centerline, and compressive axial residual
stresses are formed on the inner surface. Compared with the features of
plate butt welding (in which transverse residual stress is tensile on the
upper side and compressive on the lower side at the middle position of
weld line, as shown in Fig. 1), the behavior of axial residual stress in
circumferential butt welding of pipes is completely different.
To investigate the reason for the different features of welding re-
sidual stress in welded pipes, the formation behavior of plastic strain in
butt welded pipe joint are discussed.
For thin-walled pipes, the heat density during the circumferential
butt welding is high enough to generate almost same welding thermal
cycle along the pipe thickness at the weld line. Therefore, the welding
deformation of thin-walled pipes are developed by the radial expansion
and contraction during the whole welding process. The deformation of
welded pipe due to the thermal expansion is outward as shown in
Fig. 10 (a) and the thickness increases as shown in Fig. 10 (b). As ap-
proaching the arc to a point, the axial expansion generates a com-
pressive axial strain dominantly and this results in expansion hoop
strain as shown in Fig. 11 (a) and (b) until the center of arc arrives at
the 180° point (weld time 157 s). After that time, the hoop plastic strain
is changing to compressive until the temperature reaches at the max-
imum (weld time 160 s), in which the compressive strain at inner

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C. Wu, J.-W. Kim
Fig. 15. Evolution process of hoop compressive elastic strain in the inside surface of a pipe after welding (No color: tensional area).
Fig. 16. Hoop residual stress distribution in axial direction on the inner sur-
faces.
surface is much bigger than that of outer. That is considered due to the
deformation shape and pattern of welded pipe as shown in Fig. 10. The
internal restraint intensity at the inner surface is larger than that of
outer surface in hoop direction. During the cooling stage (after 160 s)
the hoop plastic strain increases dramatically due to the thermal con-
traction. In other hand, the axial plastic strain at inner surface increases
gently, furthermore the strain at outer surface decreases slowly even
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Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430
though the cooling cycle of inner and outer surface is almost the same.
That is due to the fact that thermal contracting deformation is inward
and decreasing the thickness, which makes the strain at outer surface be
compressive. As a result, the tensile axial and hoop residual stress is
generated at the inner surface due to the thermal contracting de-
formation. And consequently, compressive axial residual stress occurs
at the outer surface because of the inward contracting deformation and
internal stress self-balance.
4.2. Characteristics of residual stress at weld stop location of welded pipes
There are tensile axial residual stresses at the inner surface on the
steady zone, however, the stresses changed to be compressive in front of
weld stop position, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. There is the maximum
compressive axial residual stress at 7.5° location in the case of this study
as shown in Fig. 2. This distinctive stress distribution can also be seen in
the overlap welding of pipe as shown in Fig. 3. Large restraint of hoop
direction usually results in tensile residual stress, however, there's also
compressive residual stress in the hoop direction. For finding the reason
of compressive stress, the evolutions of axial and hoop elastic strains at
the inner surface are investigated. As shown in Fig. 12, the axial elastic
strain is more dramatically changed from tensile to compressive as the
welding arc approaches to the stop (360°) position (weld time 314 s).
After the end time, the axial elastic strain goes to more compressive
than that of hoop. From the investigation, it is considered that the axial
strain causes the hoop strain compressive. If it wasn’t for that, hoop
strain has to be tensile due to the restraint in hoop direction. Thus the
C. Wu, J.-W. Kim Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430

Fig. 17. Plastic strain changes in the inner surface of a pipe vs. time.

According to Hooke's law, the ratio of the change in axial elastic

Fig. 18. Hoop plastic strain distribution along the weld line on the inner sur-
face.
axial residual stress is explained first, and then the hoop residual stress
secondly in this paper.
(1) Axial residual stress
The axial elastic strain distribution and evolution in the cir-
cumferential direction near the weld centerline on the inner surface of
pipes after welding are shown in Fig. 13
stress and strain is constant. Fig. 13 also indicates the evolution process
of axial residual stress at the inner surface. To distinguish between
tensile and compressive stress and strain, the area with color is set to
axial compressive strain (or stress); the area with no color is axial
tensile strain (or stress). Fig. 13 shows that when the welding has just
finished, compressive stress occurs at the stop location due to the high
temperature. As the temperature decreases, compressive stress gradu-
ally becomes tensile stress.
This tensile axial stress occurs throughout the area along the weld
center line that the torch (arc) has already passed. However, the com-
pressive axial stress is generated in front of the weld stop position
during the cooling process. The start and end of the pipe welding is
located at the same position; therefore, the weld stop position has been
heated again.
During the second heating process, because the fusion zone and its
vicinity are heated to a very high temperature, the materials are sof-
tened and the stresses induced by previous welding are completely
cancelled. After the second heating and corresponding cooling cycle of
welding process, the features of the final axial residual stress of the
inner surface at the front of weld stop position becomes a large com-
pressive stress due to welding residual stress redistribution and the
internal stress balance, as shown in Fig. 14.
(2) Hoop residual stress
The hoop elastic strain distribution and evolution in the cir-
cumferential direction near the weld center line on the inner surface of

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C. Wu, J.-W. Kim
Fig. 19. Hoop plastic strain rate distribution in the inner surface of welded pipes after welding.
pipes after welding are shown in Fig. 15. To distinguish between tensile
and compressive stress and strain, the area with color is set to hoop
compressive strain (or stress); the area with no color is hoop tensile
strain (or stress).
As shown in Fig. 15, tensile hoop stress occurs throughout the area
near the weld center line that the torch (arc) has already passed. The
variations of the hoop residual stresses at inner surface of welded pipes
at locations with 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° are shown in Fig. 16. The
Fig. 16 indicates that the hoop residual stress is tensile on the inner
surface near the weld line.
However, the compressive hoop stress is generated in front of the
weld stop position during the cooling process. In this section, we in-
vestigate the reason for this phenomenon.
Figs. 13 and 14 show that a large axial compressive residual stress is
produced near the weld stop position on the inner surface. The hoop
residual stress magnitudes and features are influenced by the axial re-
sidual stresses. The behaviors of hoop plastic flow in the inner surface
arise because of axial compressive stress. As a result, the expanding
hoop plastic flow causes the hoop tensile stress to be reduced, such that
the compressive residual stress is produced.
Fig. 17 (a), (b), (c), and (d) show the transient plastic strain cycles
experienced by various points at 0°, 3°, 6°, and 9°, respectively, from the
weld stop position at the inner surface of the pipe. The plastic strain
cycles show that the axial plastic strain decreases sharply (compressive
plastic strain increases); hoop plastic strain is increasing (expanding
plastic strain increase) at the 0° point from the weld stop position in the
inner surface of pipes. The trend of change of plastic strain is the same
at 3° and 6°. However, there is almost no change of plastic strain at 9°,
because the thermal stress increase is insufficient.
In addition, there is an interesting phenomenon to explain the
Fig. 17. Generally, hoop compressive plastic strain is comparatively
small in the weld line. However, in the Fig. 17a, very large initial
compressive hoop plastic strain is seen at the inner surface of welded
pipes. The reasons for this contradiction are described below. The hoop
plastic strain at inner surface decreases as the weld comes to the steady
zone (around 9° point) as shown in Fig. 18. However, only at the start
point, the hoop strain is large around maximum value. This is con-
sidered due to that the weld start position is on the bi-axial stress dis-
tribution, while the steady zone is on the uni-axial. Thus the initial
hoop plastic strains at inner surface, as shown in Fig. 17, are the re-
mained strains at the weld line which are just coincide with the values
at Fig. 18.
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Thin-Walled Structures 132 (2018) 421–430
Fig. 19 shows that the hoop expanding plastic strain due to the axial
compressive strain in the inner surface is generated near the weld stop
position. Therefore, the tensile hoop stress is turned into a compressive
stress at the inner surface because of the hoop plastic flow.
5. Conclusions
In this study, three-dimensional thermo-elastic–plastic finite ele-
ment analysis is carried out to predict welding-induced residual stresses
and elastic-plastic strain distributions in circumferentially butt-welded
thin-walled pipe. The characteristics and formation behavior of welding
residual stress near the weld stop location was analyzed using a nu-
merical simulation method. Based on the results in this work, we can
draw the following conclusions
• The simulation results show that within and near the weld area of
the pipe, the predicted axial residual stresses are tensile at the inner
surface and compressive on the outer surface. The characteristics of
welding residual stresses distribution of a pipe structure is sig-
nificantly different from that of plate structure.
• Considering the deformation effect on the plastic strain distribution,
the calculation results indicate that the axial and hoop compressive
plastic strain at the inner surface of welded pipes is much larger than
that at the outer surface. As a result, the tensile axial and hoop re-
sidual stress is generated at the inner surface due to the thermal
contracting deformation. And consequently, compressive axial re-
sidual stress occurs at the outer surface because of the inward
contracting deformation and internal stress self-balance.
• After reheating and the corresponding cooling process at the weld
stop location, the final axial residual stress in front of the weld stop
position becomes a large compressive stress according to the sec-
ondary residual stress distribution and the internal stress balance.
• Because of the growth of compressive plastic strain in the axial di-
rection, the plastic flow in the hoop direction at the weld stop po-
sition is produced. Therefore, compressive hoop residual stress oc-
curs in the inner surface of the pipe.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the 2018 Yeungnam University
Research Grant.
C. Wu, J.-W. Kim
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