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Table 4.1 shows the majority of respondents’ age is 21 years (53.3%).

The smallest age


range is 19 years with a percentage (6.7%) and age 22 as the largest age range with a
percentage (6.7%). Age that is not too far apart is one of the factors considered to maintain
the validity of this study, because it is expected that the close age range will have similarities
in general metabolic processes even though the metabolic variations of each individual
persist.
There were 20 respondents who used sunscreen (66.7%) and 10 of them did not use
sunscreen (33.3%). The number of these two groups that are not the same shows that the
majority of female students have chosen to use sunscreen as an effort to protect their skin
from exposure to ultraviolet light. The use of sunscreen can protect the skin from the adverse
effects of sun exposure so that it has become an obligation to use sunscreen when doing
outdoor activities.(31)

Groups that use sunscreen use SPF that varies according to the sunscreen that each
individual has. The lowest SPF used is SPF 28 with a percentage (3.2%) and the highest
SPF used is SPF 50 with a percentage (16.1%). SPF 30 is the most widely used SPF with a
percentage (32.2%). Other SPFs used were SPF 33 with percentages (6.4%), SPF 35, and
SPF 45 with the same percentages are (3.2%). These results indicate that the majority of
respondents chose to use SPF with high protection, which is 30 as recommended for people
living in tropical or subtropical climates. .
(20)

Figure 1 Comparison of MDA Levels


Figure 1 shows a comparison of MDA levels between groups using sunscreen and groups
that do not use sunscreen. The group using sunscreen had lower MDA levels compared to the
group that did not use sunscreen. However, based on the results of the T test (independent)
obtained a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed or p-value) of 0.444 which is greater than the p value
(0.05), it can be stated that there is no significant difference between the MDA levels of the
group using sunscreen with a group that doesn't use sunscreen.
The results of examination of MDA levels in each group varied greatly. The group that uses
sunscreen has an average MDA level of 2.69 mmol / ml. The lowest MDA level was 2.26 mmol /
ml and the highest MDA level was 3.18 mmol / ml. There were no respondents in this group who
received the same MDA levels between one and another. MDA levels in the group that did not
use sunscreen had an average of 2.78 mmol / ml with the lowest MDA level of 2.17 mmol / ml
and the highest MDA level of 3.53 mmol / ml.respondents in this group
None of them had the same MDA levels as other respondents. Varied results may be due to the
condition of the respondents who are not the same. Each respondent has different activities, so
that the time of exposure to sunlight also varies.
The average results of MDA levels in the two groups had a difference of 0.09 in which the
group using sunscreen had lower MDA levels compared to the group that did not use
sunscreen. This might happen because the group that does not use sunscreen loses protection
to protect themselves from ultraviolet radiation so that the skin will be much easier to be
exposed to free radicals and cause a high process of lipid peroxidation in the body which is
characterized by high levels of MDA. These results are in line with the research conducted by
(32)

Svobodova et al. in 2011 comparing MDA levels between mice given exposure to ultraviolet
radiation with control rats that were not exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The results showed that
MDA levels in rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation were higher than control rats. Ultraviolet light
(8)

itself is sunburn spectrum which can damage the structure and composition of cell membranes.
Continuous damage without repairs can cause oxidative stress conditions. (33)

The statistical results with the T test (independent) give a significant number of 0.444
where the number is greater than the value of p (0.05) so it can be concluded that there is no
significant difference in MDA levels between groups using sunscreens and groups that do not
use sunscreen. This may be due to the group using sunscreen in December, which is known
as rainy season, so the intensity of ultraviolet light entering the earth is not that much and the
effect of using sunscreen is difficult to assess. The research conducted by Yong Dae Kim, et
al. In Korea, 2017,it was proved that the use of sunscreen is quite effective in preventing
oxidative stress. Yong Dae Kim conducted his research in July and August, where ultraviolet
light exposure was very large during that month. (10)

Using sunscreens that are used appropriately every day can make sunscreens function
optimally. The right use is to use sunscreen regularly and pay attention to the SPF content
used. Most people use a small amount of sunscreen. The amount used never reaches more
than 60% of the amount that should be needed so that the SPF can work optimally (11,13)

CONCLUSION

The results of this study can be concluded that there is no effect of using sunscreen on
plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Medical Student that uses motorcycle as their
transportation. Plasma MDA levels in the group using sunscreen were lower than those who did
not use sunscreen.

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