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• Market
• GSM
• DECT
• TETRA
• UMTS/IMT-2000
2009:
1400 >4 bn!
1200
Subscribers [million]
GSM total
1000 TDMA total
CDMA total
800 PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
600
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
400
200
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year
CT0/1
AMPS
NMT CT2
IMT-FT
IS-136 DECT
TDMA
TDMA
EDGE IMT-SC
D-AMPS
IS-136HS
GSM GPRS
UWC-136
PDC
IMT-DS
UTRA FDD / W-CDMA
IMT-TC HSPA
UTRA TDD / TD-CDMA
CDMA
IMT-TC
TD-SCDMA
IS-95 IMT-MC
cdma2000 1X
cdmaOne cdma2000 1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1G 2G 2.5G 3G (3X)
bearer services
MS
transit source/
TE MT GSM-PLMN network destination TE
R, S Um (PSTN, ISDN) network (U, S, R)
tele services
Cabling
Microwave links
Management
Data bases
Switching units
Monitoring
BSC
BSC
RSS
radio cell
BSS
MS MS
Um radio cell
RSS BTS MS
BTS
Abis
BSC BSC
A
MSC MSC
NSS signaling
VLR VLR
ISDN, PSTN
HLR GMSC
PDN
IWF
O
OSS
EIR AUC OMC
MS MS
ISDN
PSTN
Um MSC
BTS Abis
BSC EIR
BTS
SS7
HLR
BTS VLR
BSC ISDN
BTS MSC PSTN
A
BSS IWF
PSPDN
CSPDN
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2009 4.21
System architecture: radio subsystem
radio network and switching
subsystem subsystem • Components
• MS (Mobile Station)
MS MS • BSS (Base Station
Subsystem):
consisting of
Um
• BTS (Base Transceiver
BTS Abis Station):
sender and receiver
BSC MSC
BTS • BSC (Base Station Controller):
controlling several
transceivers
• Interfaces
• Um : radio interface
A • Abis : standardized, open
BTS
MSC
interface with
BTS
BSC 16 kbit/s user channels
BSS
• A: standardized, open
interface with
64 kbit/s user channels
HLR
Data Net.)
•Databases
VLR • HLR (Home Location Register)
MSC
ISDN • VLR (Visitor Location Register)
IWF
PSTN • EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
PSPDN
CSPDN
TE TA MT
Um
R S
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2009 4.29
Network and switching subsystem
• NSS is the main component of the public mobile network
GSM
• switching, mobility management, interconnection to other
networks, system control
• Components
• Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)
controls all connections via a separated network to/from a
mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC
can belong to a MSC
• Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay)
• Home Location Register (HLR)
central master database containing user data, permanent and
semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR
(one provider can have several HLRs)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
local database for a subset of user data, including data about all
user currently in the domain of the VLR
890-915 MHz
124 channels (200 kHz)
uplink
higher GSM frame structures
time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4.615 ms
superframe
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50
6.12 s
0 1 ... 24 25
multiframe
0 1 ... 24 25 120 ms
0 1 2 ... 48 49 50 235.4 ms
frame
0 1 ... 6 7 4.615 ms
slot
burst 577 µs
Um Abis A
MS BTS BSC MSC
CM CM
MM MM
BSSAP
BSSAP
RR RR’
RR’ BTSM BTSM
SS7 SS7
LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD
1
2 3 4
MS MS MS MS
MSC MSC
HO_MARGIN
MS MS
BTSold BTSnew
HO decision
HO required HO request
resource allocation
ch. activation
HO complete HO complete
clear command clear command
clear complete clear complete
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
A3 A3
SIM
SRES* 32 bit SRES 32 bit
SRES
MSC SRES* =? SRES SRES
32 bit
RAND
Ki RAND RAND Ki
AC 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit 128 bit SIM
A8 A8
cipher Kc
key 64 bit Kc
64 bit
data encrypted SRES
data
BSS
data MS
A5 A5
SGSN
Gn
Um Gb Gn Gi
MSC HLR/
GR
VLR EIR
IP/X.25 IP/X.25
SNDCP GTP
SNDCP GTP
LLC LLC UDP/TCP UDP/TCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
RLC BSSGP
MAC MAC
FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2
radio radio
D4 D3
D2 VDB
PA PT
FT
local HDB
network
PA PT D1
global
FT network
local
network
layer
OSI layer 3
U(ser)-plane
data link data link
control control
OSI layer 2
medium access control
1 frame = 10 ms
GAP
• DECT/GSM Interworking Profile (GIP): connection to GSM
• ISDN Interworking Profiles (IAP, IIP): connection to ISDN
• Radio Local Loop Access Profile (RAP): public telephone service
• CTM Access Profile (CAP): support for user mobility
others; 6
Industrial; 1
Military; 6
Government; 7
Utilities; 8
Transportation
; 24
TETRA infrastructure
switch switch
BS
other
TETRA
BS networks
BS
AI: Air Interface
BS: Base Station
DMO: Direct Mode Operation
ISI: Inter-System Interface
NMS: Network Management
System
PEI: Peripheral Equipment
Interface
network
network
Authorizing
mobile station
Group Call Managed Direct Mode
network
network network
Authorizing
Repeater
• Frequencies
• Duplex: FDD, Modulation: DQPSK
• Europe (in MHz, not all available yet)
• 380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL, 450-460
UL / 460-470 DL; 870-876 UL / 915-921 DL
• Other countries
• 380-390 UL / 390-400 DL; 410-420 UL / 420-430 DL, 806-821
UL / 851-866 DL
hyperframe
0 1 2 ... 57 58 59 61.2 s
multiframe
0 1 2 ... 15 16 17 1.02 s
CF
frame
0 1 2 3 56.67 ms Control Frame
0 slot 509
14.17 ms
T T
GSM DE UTRA MSS UTRA MSS
Europe D D
1800 CT D FDD ↑ ↑ D FDD ↓ ↓
MSS MSS
North PCS rsv.
↑ ↓
America
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Interface
for Internetworking
IMT-2000
GSM ANSI-41
Core Network IP-Network
(MAP) (IS-634)
ITU-T
• Note Rel-6
Rel-5
6.x.y
5.x.y
December 2004 - March 2005
March - June 2002
• "Release 2000" was used only Rel-4 4.x.y March 2001
temporarily and was eventually R00 4.x.y see note 1 below
replaced by "Release 4" and 9.x.y
"Release 5" R99 3.x.y March 2000
UE UTRAN CN
Home
Network
Domain
Zu
Cu Uu Iu Yu
Mobile Access Serving Transit
USIM
Equipment Network Network Network
Domain
Domain Domain Domain Domain
scrambling scrambling
code1 code2
sender1 sender2
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1 ...
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1
1,1
1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
1,1,-1,-1 ...
X,X
1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1
X 1
1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1
X,-X 1,-1,1,-1 ...
1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1
SF=n SF=2n 1,-1
1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1
1,-1,-1,1 ...
1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1
DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
Time slot
666.7 µs Data Midample Data Traffic burst
GP
1104 chips 256 chips 1104 chips
GP: guard period
2560 chips 96 chips
TD-CDMA
• 2560 chips per slot
• spreading: 1-16
• symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL (min. 1 per direction)
• tight synchronization needed
• simpler power control (100-800 power control cycles/s)
RNC CN
UE2
• UTRAN comprises
Node B
several RNSs
UE3
• Node B can support
Iur FDD or TDD or both
Node B
Iub • RNC is responsible for
handover decisions
Node B
RNC requiring signaling to
the UE
Node B
• Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNS
PSTN/
MSC GMSC
GSM-CS ISDN
RNS
backbone
HLR
RNS
UTRAN CN
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2009 4.83
Core network: architecture
VLR
BSS
BTS Abis Iu
GR
Node B
Iub
Node B
RNC SGSN GGSN
Gn Gi
Node B IuPS
RNS CN
UE Uu UTRAN IuCS 3G
MSC
apps. &
protocols
Circuit RLC
RLC SAR
SAR
switched MAC MAC AAL2 AAL2
UE Uu UTRAN IuPS 3G Gn 3G
apps. & SGSN GGSN
protocols
IP, PPP, IP tunnel IP, PPP,
… …
Packet PDCP GTP
PDCP GTP GTP GTP
switched RLC RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP
MAC MAC AAL5 AAL5 L2 L2
radio radio ATM ATM L1 L1
Node B SRNC CN
Iub Iu
UE Iur
Node B DRNC
Iub
UE1
Node B1 RNC1 3G MSC1
Iu
UE2
Node B2 Iub Iur
UE4
BTS BSC 2G MSC3
Abis A
• UMTS
• Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity
• Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity
• Noise is generated by interference from
• other cells
• other users of the same cell
• Interference increases noise level
• Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output
power (max. power limit) and thus drop out of the cell
no more communication possible
• Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required
Orange/UK
Vodafone/Germany
• UMTS
• HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
• initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO-
(Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas
• can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s)
• user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s
• HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
• initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplink
• user rates e.g. 1.45 Mbit/s