ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

HOME ASSIGNMENT
DAM DESIGN

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

PROF.M.ATHAR ALAM MOHD ZAID

013-CVB-620

S.NO:-18
EARTHEN
DAMS IN
INDIA
 1. TEHRI DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Tehri Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Bhagirathi river.
 STATE NAME: Uttrakhnad, near tehri in india
 TYPES OF DAM: It is a multipurpose rock and earth-fill embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: storage capacity (MCM) 3540
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: height-260.5 M.
Length-575 M.

The Tehri Dam is the tallest dam in India and one of the tallest in the world. It is a multi-purpose rock
and earth-fill embankment dam on the Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India. It is the
primary dam of the THDC India Ltd. and the Tehri hydroelectric complex. Phase 1 was completed in
2006, the Tehri Dam withholds a reservoir for irrigation, municipal water supply and the generation of
1,000 megawatts (1,300,000 hp) of hydroelectricity. The dam's 1,000 MW pumped-storage scheme is
currently under construction
The dam is a 260.5 metres (855 ft) high rock and earth-fill embankment dam. Its length is 575 metres
(1,886 ft), crest width 20 metres (66 ft), and base width 1,128 metres (3,701 ft). The dam creates a
reservoir of 4.0 cubic kilometres (3,200,000 acre·ft) with a surface area of 52 square kilometres (20 sq
mi). The installed hydrocapacity is 1,000 MW along with an additional 1,000 MW of pumped storage
hydroelectricity. The lower reservoir for the pumped-storage plant is created by the Koteshwar Dam
downstream.

The Tehri Dam and the Tehri Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant are part of the Tehri
Hydropower Complex which also includes the 400 MW Koteshwar Dam.[1] Power is distributed to Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh, Rajasthan and Himachal
Pradesh. The complex will afford irrigation to an area of 270,000 hectares (670,000 acres), irrigation
stabilization to an area of 600,000 hectares (1,500,000 acres), and a supply of 270 million imperial
gallons (1.2×106 m3) of drinking water per day to the industrialized areas of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and
Uttarakhand. The total expenditure for this project was 1 billion U.S. dollars. The Indian National Trust
for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH),a cost benefit analysis was commissioned and was concluded that
the construction cost of the dam twice the projected benefits
 2. SRISAILAM DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Srisailam Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Krishna river.
 STATE NAME: Andhra pradesh, near Mahabubnagar district in India.
 TYPES OF DAM: Earth-fill & Gravity
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity (MW) 1670
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: height- 145.10m
Length-512m

 The 3rd largest capacity hydroelectric project in the country.

 The Srisailam project began in 1960, initially as a power project, across the
Krishna, near Srisailam.
 The Srisailam Dam is a manmade marvel that has become one of the main
tourist attractions of the area.
 This is not only because of the structure of the dam but also the effort that
was put in into making the dam.
 3. BANASURA SAGAR DAM

 NAME OF DAM : Banasura sagar Dam

 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Krishna river.( Kabini River)
 STATE NAME: Wayanad, Kerala, India
 TYPES OF DAM: Earthen Dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity (MW) 1670
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: length:

 It is the largest earth dam in India and the second largest of its kind in Asia.
 The dam is made up of massive stacks of stones and boulders.
 Banasura Sagar Dam consisting of a dam and a canal began operating as part
of the Indian Banasura Sagar Project.
 It aims at supporting the Kakkayam Hydro electric power project and also
contributes to the irrigation and drinking water requirements of the people
during summer, if there is water shortage.
 4. RANJIT SAGAR DAM

 NAME OF DAM : Ranjit sagar Dam

 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Ravi river.
 STATE NAME: Punjab, near Pathankot district in India.
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment, earth-fill
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity (MW) 1670
Storage capacity-3280mcm
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-160m,
Length-617m,

 The Ranjit Sagar Dam, also known as the Thein Dam, is part of a hydroelectric project
constructed by the Government of Punjab on the Ravi River in the state of Punjab.
 The project is situated near Pathankot city in Pathankot district of the state of Punjab.
 The project is the largest hydroelectric dam in the state of Punjab.
 The dam has potentially increased the tourism.
 The dam serves as a great tourist attraction with amazing water spots and fisheries.
 5. RAM GANGA DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Ramganga Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Ramganga river.
 STATE NAME: Uttrakhand, in india
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: storage capacity (MCM) 2448, ,
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height-128m
Length-715m

The dam is part of the Ramganga Multipurpose Project — an irrigation and

hydroelectric project. It supports a 198 MW power station and provides water for the irrigation
of 57,500 ha (142,086 acres) of farmland. In addition, it provides for flood control and
recreation. Construction on the dam began in 1961 and it was completed in 1974. The three
generators in the power station were commissioned in December 1975, November 1976 and
March 1977.
EARTHEN
DAMS IN
THE
WORLD
 1. GARDINER DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Gardiner Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on South Saskatchewan River
 COUNTRY NAME: Saskatchewan IN CANADA
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Total capacity 9.4km cube.
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-64m,
Length-5000m,

The Gardiner Dam on the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan is the third
largest embankment dam in Canada and one of the largest embankment dams in the world.
Construction on Gardiner Dam and the smaller Qu'Appelle River Dam was started in 1959
and completed in 1967, creating Lake Diefenbaker upstream and diverting a considerable
portion of the South Saskatchewan's flow into the Qu'Appelle River. The dam rises 64
metres (209 feet) in height, is almost 5 km (3.1 mi) long and has a width of 1.5 km (0.93 mi)
at its base with a volume of 65,000,000 cubic meters.
 2. SAN LUIS DAM
 NAME OF DAM : San luis Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on San Luis Reservoir,
 COUNTRY NAME: Merced County, California,USA
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity-424MW
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-93M,

San Luis Dam is a dam that creates San Luis Reservoir, which serves as an off-
stream reservoir for the California State Water Project and the Central Valley Project. It is also
known as the B.F. Sisk Dam, after Bernie Sisk. The earth-fill gravity embankment dam is 305
feet (93 m) tall and was completed in 1967. It is located between Los Banos,
California and Gilroy, California, United States along Pacheco Pass. San Luis Reservoir is the
largest off-stream reservoir in the United States, with a capacity of 2,041,000 acre
feet (2,518,000 dam3). San Luis Creek is a small stream that flows through the area and it is
sometimes listed as the dam's watershed, even though it is an off-stream reservoir.
 3. NUREK DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Nurek Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Vakhsh River
 COUNTRY NAME: Tajikistan
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Total capacity 10,500km cube.
Installed capacity-3015MW
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-300m,
Length-700m,

The Nurek Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Vakhsh River in Tajikistan. Its primary
purpose is hydroelectric power generation and its power station has an installed capacity of
3,015 MW. Construction of the dam began in 1961 and the power station's first generator was
commissioned in 1972. The last generator was commissioned in 1979 and the entire project
was completed in 1980 when Tajikistan was still a republic within the Soviet Union. At 300 m
(984 ft), it is currently the second tallest man-made dam in the world.
 4. ZHIGULI DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Zhiguli Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Volga River
 COUNTRY NAME: Tolyatti in Samara Oblast of Russia.
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Total capacity 57.3 km cube.
Installed capacity-2372.5MW
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-52m,
Length-2800m,
The Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station or Zhigulyovskaya Hydroelectric Station ( formerly known
as Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Station is a largedam and hydroelectric station on the Volga River,
located near Zhigulyovsk and Tolyatti in Samara Oblast of Russia.
Construction started in 1950 and was completed in 1957. The complex consists of earth-fill dam,
2800 m long, 750 m wide and 52 m high, concrete spillway dam, 980 m long, power plant house,
700 m long, and two-lane navigable locks. Installed power is 2372,5 MW, average annual production
is 11,700 GWh. The power house has 20 generator units with Kaplan turbines, 11 of 115 MW, 4 of
120 MW and 5 of 125.5 MW at 22.5 m head.
 5. W.A.C.BENNETT DAM
 NAME OF DAM : W.A.C.BENNETT Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Peace River
 COUNTRY NAME: Northern Columbia of Canada.
 TYPES OF DAM: Embankment dam
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Total capacity 74 km cube.
Installed capacity-2876MW
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-186m,
Length-2068m,
The W. A. C. Bennett Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Peace River in northern British
Columbia, Canada. At 183 m (660 ft) high, it is one of the world’s highest earth fill dams.
Construction of the dam began in 1961 and culminated in 1968.[1] At the dam, the Finlay,
the Parsnip and the Peace Rivers feed into Williston Lake, also referred to as Williston Reservoir. It
is the third largest artificial lake in North America (after theSmallwood Reservoir and Manicouagan)
as well as the largest body of fresh water in British Columbia.[2] Williston Lake runs 250 kilometres
north-south and 150 kilometres east-west.
 ARCH &
BUTTRESS
DAMS
 1. BARTLETT DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Bartlett dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Verde river.
 COUNTRY NAME: Phoenix,Arizona in U.S
 TYPES OF DAM: Multiple archand Buttress.
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Spillway capacity-8140m.cube/sec
Total capacity – 219789000meter cube
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: height-94 M.
Length-251 M.

The Bartlett Dam is a concrete multiple-arch buttress dam on the Verde River, located 50 km
northeast of Phoenix, Arizona. The dam creates Bartlett Lake and its primary purpose
is irrigation water supply. It was the first dam constructed on the Verde River and the first of its type
constructed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
The Bartlett dam consists of 10 arches, 9 buttresses, and is flanked by 2 gravity wing dams. Before
being modified, the Bartlett Dam was 287 ft (87 m) tall and contained 182,000 cu yd (139,000 m3) of
concrete. After the mid-1990s modification, the dam is 308.5 ft (94.0 m) tall, made of 223,773 cu yd
(171,087 m3) of concrete, and has a length of 823 ft (251 m). The width of the dam arch's ranges
from 7.5 ft (2.3 m) at its base and 4.5 ft (1.4 m) at its crest. The reservoir created by the
dam, Bartlett Lake, has a 178,186 acre feet (219,789,000 m3) capacity at the normal surface water
elevation of 1,798 ft (548 m). It drains an area of 6,160 sq mi (16,000 km2) and has a surface area of
2,700 acres (11 km2). The dam's outlet workshave a discharge capacity of 2,400 cu ft/s (68 m3/s).
When the reservoir is at the maximum water elevation of 1,821 ft (555 m), the service spillway has a
287,500 cu ft/s (8,140 m3/s) capacity while the auxiliary spillway can discharge up to 261,700 cu ft/s
(7,410 m3/s).
 2. ANDIJAN DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Andijan dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Kara darya river.
 COUNTRY NAME: Andijan in Uzbekistan.
 TYPES OF DAM: Buttress
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity-190 (MW)
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: height- 115m
Length-1115m

The Andijan Dam is a buttress dam on the Kara Darya River near Andijan in Andijan
Region, Uzbekistan. Its reservoir covers 57.28 m (187.9 ft) and stretches into neighboring Osh
Region, Kyrgyzstan. The dam serves several purposes to include irrigation in the Fergana
Valley and hydroelectric power production. Water released from the dam can enter a canal on
either side of the river downstream. The dam has two power stations located at its base, Andijan 1
and Andijan 2. The former contains four 35 MW turbine-generators and the latter contains two 25
MW Francis turbine-generators for a total installed capacity of 190 MW. Construction on the dam
began in 1969 and the generators in Andijan 1 were commissioned between 1974 and 1984.
 3. ALCANTARA DAM

 NAME OF DAM : Alcantara Dam

 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Tagus river.
 COUNTRY NAME: Extremadura in spain.
 TYPES OF DAM: Buttress.
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity-915 (MW)
Storage capacity-3160mcm
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-130m,
Length-570m,
The Alcántara Dam, also known as the José María de Oriol Dam, is a buttress dam on the Tagus
River near Alcántara in the province of Cáceres, Spain. It is named after the politician and captain of the
Spanish electricity industry José María de Oriol y Urquijo. The dam regulates much of the flow of the
Tagus River, the longest of the Iberian Peninsula. It was built in 1969 and is the second largest reservoir
in Europe.

The Roman Alcántara Bridge is located 600 m downstream from the dam.
 4. ROSE LEND DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Rose lend Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on R Isère river.
 COUNTRY NAME: Beaufort in France.
 TYPES OF DAM: Arch and Buttress dam.
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Installed capacity-546 (MCM),
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height-150m
Length-804m
The Roselend Dam is an arch-buttress dam located 5 km (3 mi) east of Beaufort in
the Savoie department of the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is located just west and
below the Cormet de Roselendmountain pass. The dam was designed by Coyne et Bellier and
construction began in 1955. The reservoir began to fill in 1960, the power station was operational in
1961 and the dam complete in 1962. It was constructed for the primary purpose of hydroelectric power
generation and supports the 546 MW La Bâthie Power Station.

The dam has a maximum height of 150 m (492 ft) and a length of 804 m (2,638 ft). It is 3 m (10 ft) wide
at its crest and 22 m (72 ft) wide at its base. The dam has a structural volume of
945,000 m3 (1,236,013 cu yd). Its reservoir, Lac de Roselend, can store 187,000,000 m3 (151,603 acre·ft)
of water and has a surface area of 3.2 km2 (1 sq mi). Directly over the river bed is the dam's concrete
arch with a 215 m (705 ft) radius.

5. ALMENDRA DAM
 NAME OF DAM : Almendra Dam
 RIVER NAME: It is situated on Tormes River.
 COUNTRY NAME: Salamanca ,in Spain
 TYPES OF DAM: Arch with buttress section.
 HYDRAULIC PARAMETER: Total capacity -2500(MCM)
 STRUCTURAL PARAMETER: Height.-202m,
Length-567m,

The Almendra Dam, also known as Villarino Dam, in Salamanca, Spain, interrupts the course of
the River Tormes five kilometres from the village from which it takes its
name: Almendra (literally, almond). It was constructed between 1964 and 1970. The reservoir that
backs up behind the dam covers 86.5 square kilometres and contains 2.5 billion cubic metres
of water as well as several drowned villages, among them Argusinos. The dam is more than half a
kilometre wide and, at a height of 202 metres, one of Spain's tallest structures. The dam supplies
the Villarino Power Station with water via a tunnel for hydroelectric power generation. It is located
underground about 14 km (8.7 mi) west of the dam. Water discharged from the power station
enters the Douro River.
EQUIPMENS
USED IN
EARTHEN
DAMS
1.POWER SHOWEL
A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a
bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or
fragmented rock and for mineral extraction

DESIGN-
Shovels normally consist of a revolving deck with a power plant, driving and controlling
mechanisms, usually a counterweight, and a front attachment, such as a crane ("boom") which
supports a handle ("dipper" or "dipper stick") with a digger ("bucket") at the end. "Dipper" is also
sometimes used to refer to the handle and digger combined. The machinery is mounted on a
base platform with tracks or wheels.[3] Modern bucket capacities range from 8 m3 to nearly 80
m3.

USE-
Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut
mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern
equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.

OPERATIONS-
The shovel operates using several main motions:

 hoist - pulling the bucket up through the bank (i.e. the bank of material being dug)
 crowd - moving the dipper handle out or in to control the depth of cut and when positioning
to dump
 swing - rotating the shovel between digging and dumping
 propel - moving the shovel unit to different locations or dig positions

A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases:

 digging
 swinging
 dumping
 returning

The digging phase consists of crowding the dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it,
then retracting the full dipper from the bank. The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is
clear of the bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls the dipper through a
planned swing path and dump height until it is suitably positioned over the haul unit (e.g.
truck). Dumping involves opening the dipper door to dump the load, while maintaining the
correct dump height. Returning is when the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves
lowering the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.
 2.VIBRATOR
A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is often generated by
an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft.

DESIGN & USES-

Vibrators are used in many different industrial applications both as components and as individual
pieces of equipment.

Vibratory feeders and vibrating hoppers are used extensively in the food, pharmaceutical, and
chemical industries to move and position bulk material or small component parts. The application of
vibration working with the force of gravity can often move materials through a process more
effectively than other methods. Vibration is often used to position small components so that they can
be gripped mechanically by automated equipment as required for assembly etc.

Vibrating screens are used to separate bulk materials in a mixture of different sized particles. For
example, sand, gravel, river rock and crushed rock, and other aggregates are often separated by
size using vibrating screens.

Vibrating compactors are used for soil compaction especially in foundations for roads, railways, and
buildings.

Concrete vibrators consolidate freshly poured concrete so that trapped air and excess water are
released and the concrete settles firmly in place in the formwork. Improper consolidation of concrete
can cause product defects, compromise the concrete strength, and produce surface blemishes such
as bug holes and honeycombing. An internal concrete vibrator is a steel cylinder about the size of
the handle of a baseball bat, with a hose or electrical cord attached to one end. The vibrator head is
immersed in the wet concrete.

External concrete vibrators attach, via a bracket or clamp system, to the concrete forms. There are a
wide variety of external concrete vibrators available and some vibrator manufacturers have bracket
or clamp systems designed to fit the major brands of concrete forms. External concrete vibrators are
available in hydraulic, pneumatic or electric power.

Vibrating tables or shake tables are sometimes used to test products to determine or demonstrate
their ability to withstand vibration. Testing of this type is commonly done in the automotive,
aerospace, and defense industries. These machines are capable of producing three different types
of vibration profile sine sweep, random vibration, and synthesized shock. In all three of these
applications, the part under test will typically be instrumented with one or more accelerometers to
measure component response to the vibration input. A sine sweep vibration profile typically starts
vibrating at low frequency and increases in frequency at a set rate (measured in hertz per second or
hertz per minute). The vibratory amplitude as measured in gs may increase or decrease as well. A
sine sweep will find resonant frequencies in the part. A random vibration profile will excite different
frequencies along a spectrum at different times. Significant calculation goes into making sure that all
frequencies get excited to within an acceptable tolerance band. A random vibration test suite may
range anywhere from 30 seconds up to several hours. It is intended to synthesize the effect of, for
example, a car driving over rough terrain or a rocket taking off. A synthesized shock pulse is a short
duration high level vibration calculated as a sum of many half-sine waves covering a range of
frequencies. It is intended to simulate the effects of an impact or explosion. A shock pulse test
typically lasts less than a second. Vibrating tables can also be used in the packaging process in
material handling industries to shake or settle a container so it can hold more product.
 3.DUMPER TRUCKS
A dump truck (or, UK, dumper/tipper truck) is a truck used for transporting loose material (such
as sand, gravel, or dirt) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed,
which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the
material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of
delivery. In the UK and Australia the term applies to off-road construction plant only, and the
road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry.

TYPES-
Standard dump truck

A modern Unimog 405/UGN dump truck

A standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised
by a vertical hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the body, or a horizontal hydraulic ram and
lever arrangement between the frame rails, and the back of the bed is hinged at the back of the
truck. The tailgate can be configured to swing up on top hinges (and sometimes also to fold down on
lower hinges) or it can be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic rams lift the
gate open and up above the dump body.

Transfer dump truck

Example of a transfer truck and trailer

A transfer dump is a standard dump truck pulling a separate trailer with a movable cargo container,
which can also be loaded with construction aggregate — gravel, sand, asphalt, klinkers, snow, wood
chips, triple mix, etc.

Truck and pup

Truck and pup dump truck

A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer dump. It consists of a standard dump truck pulling a
dump trailer. The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own hydraulic ram and is capable of self-
unloading

The second aggregate container on the trailer ("B" box),[12] is powered by an electric motor, a
pneumatic motor or a hydraulic line. It rolls on small wheels, riding on rails from the trailer's frame
into the empty main dump container ("A" box). This maximizes payload capacity without sacrificing
the maneuverability of the standard dump truck. Transfer dump trucks are typically seen in the
western United States due to the peculiar weight restrictions on highways there.

Superdump truck
A Superdump is a straight dump truck equipped with a trailing axle, a liftable, load-bearing axle rated
as high as 13,000 pounds (5,897 kg). Trailing 11 to 13 feet (3.35 to 3.96 m) behind the rear tandem,
the trailing axle stretches the outer "bridge" measurement—the distance between the first and last
axles—to the maximum overall length allowed. This increases the gross weight allowed under the
federal bridge formula, which sets standards for truck size and weight. Depending on the vehicle
length and axle configuration, Superdumps can be rated as high as 80,000 pounds (36,287 kg).
GVW and carry 26 short tons (23.6 t; 23.2 long tons) of payload or more.

4.SHOVELS
A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such
as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are used extensively in agriculture, construction,
and gardening.

Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel
blades are usually made of sheet steel or hard plastics and are very strong. Shovel handles are
usually made of wood (especially specific varieties such as ash or maple) or glass-reinforced plastic.

Types

Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)
 Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)

Typically has a wide, flat blade with steeply turned

sides, a flat face and a short D-shaped handle. Over
coal shovel
the years, various sizes for different kinds or grades
of coal have sometimes been used.

Often has a very wide sideless blade that curves

upward attached to a long handle. A variety of styles
are available. Some are designed mostly for pushing
snow shovel
the snow, others for lifting it. The blade can be metal
or plastic, but the latter is used to offer a lighter tool.
Some have one or more wheels.
 Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)

large and deep hopper-like implement fitted with a

snow sled shovel
wide handle and designed to scoop up a load of
snow scoop
snow and slide it on any slippery surface to another
sleigh shovel
location without lifting.

snow pusher

Has a wide aluminium or plastic blade that is

attached to a short hardwood handle with "D" top.
grain shovel
This shovel has been designed to offer a lighter tool
barn shovel
that does not damage the grain. Early models were
made from timber.

A long handle with a small, oval, cupped, inclined

blade at the end, used in excavating deep, narrow
spoon shovel
holes. Its name comes from its resemblance to
a spoon.

A trowel in general is a small, single-hand implement

for digging, scooping, spreading, or otherwise
gardening trowel manipulating dirt or other bulk materials (such
as mortar). In gardening and horticulture, they are
useful in planting and potting for digging holes and
breaking up clumps of soil. Gardening trowels
 Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)

typically have strong, narrow blades with sharp

points. They are a [small] type of spade.

A specialized prying tool which evolved from the use

roofing shovel of spading forks and pitchforks to remove old roof
shingles and underlayment as part of roof repair.

A general category of shovels tailored to digging hard

ground that must be broken with substantial force
before it can be moved. Most spades have sharp or
nearly sharp edges, often shaped as triangular
points. (The typographical spade symbol, ♠, is a
stylized icon derived from this idea.) Some spades
lack triangular points but are fairly narrow. They are
tailored to lawn cutting and to transplanting of bushes
spade and small trees. In fact, their modern mechanized
equivalent is also called a tree spade.

Some usage prescriptions prescribe that the words

"spade" and "shovel" should be held in
contradistinction (piercing and digging [spade] versus
scooping and moving [shovel]). Natural
language does not widely follow these prescriptions;
it more often treats "spade" and "scoop" as
contradistinguished subsets under "shovel".
 Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)

A general category of shovel that includes many

types with a generally square outline (rather than
square shovel being pointed like many spades are). But there is no
rigorous, always-enforced distinction between square
shovels and spades.

A general category of shovel that includes many

types with a generally dished or cupped shape, and
typically a fairly square edge, tailored to scooping up
Scoop
dirt or other materials that are already fairly loose
and do not need the groundbreaking force of a
spade's point.

fireplace shovel
One of the fire irons used in a fireplace. It is used to
(see middle tool in
tend to the ashes.
image)

Common plaything on sandy beaches, in sandboxes,

toy shovel
or in yards, gardens, lawns, and fields.
 Name
Image (andsynonyms Description
if any)

trenching shovel
Generally a long thin blade with pronounced
trenching spade
upturned side flanges. Used for digging trenches.
drain spade

A smaller and sometimes collapsible shovel for

entrenching tool
creating and maintaining defensive fighting positions.
 5.WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPPER
The scraper is a large piece of equipment used in mining, construction, agriculture and other
earthmoving applications. The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl)
with a sharp horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulicallylowered and raised.

DESIGN-
When the hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.
When the hopper is full (8 to 34 m3 or 10 to 44 cu yd heaped, depending on type) it is raised, and
closed with a vertical blade (known as the apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill area
where the blade is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is hydraulically pushed
forward and the load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the
cycle.

Caterpillar 613C elevating scraper

On the 'elevating scraper' the bowl is filled by a type of conveyor arrangement fitted with horizontal
flights to move the material engaged by the cutting edge into the bowl as the machine moves
forward. Elevating scrapers do not require assistance from push-tractors. The pioneer developer of
the elevating scraper was Hancock Manufacturing Company of Lubbock, Texas USA. Self-propelled
scrapers were invented by R. G. LeTourneau in the 1930s.[1]His company called them
Tournahoppers. This concept was further developed by LeTourneau Westinghouse
Company.[2] Most current scrapers have two axles, although historically tri-axle configurations were
dominant.

Scrapers can be very efficient on short hauls where the cut and fill areas are close together and
have sufficient length to fill the hopper. The heavier scraper types have two engines ("tandem
powered"), one driving the front wheels, one driving the rear wheels, with engines up to
400 kW (536 hp). Multiple scrapers can work together in a push-pull fashion but this requires a long
cut area

6.BULLDOZERS
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate
(known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material
during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device
(known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.

DESCRIPTIONS-
Most often bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give them
excellent ground holding capability and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help
distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area (decreasing ground pressure), thus
preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Extra wide tracks are known as swamp
tracks or LGP (low ground pressure) tracks. Bulldozers have transmission systems designed to
take advantage of the track system and provide excellent tractive force.

MODIFICATIONS-
Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new machines which can work in
ways that the original bulldozer cannot.

One example is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large
volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus making it useful for
scooping up earth and loading it into trucks, these are often known as a Drott.
 7.PNEWMATIC ROAD ROLLER
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is
a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in
the construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in
agriculture.

USES-
Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled (static) or use
mechanical advantage (vibrating). Initial compaction of the substrate on a road project is done using
a padfoot drum roller, which achieves higher compaction density due to the pads having less surface
area. On large freeways a four wheel compactor with padfoot drum and a blade, such as a
Caterpillar 815/825 series machine, would be used due to its high weight, speed and the powerful
pushing force to spread bulk material. On regional roads a smaller single padfoot drum machine may
be used. The next machine is usually a single smooth drum compactor that compacts the high spots
down until the soil is smooth, and this is usually done in combination with a motor grader to get a
level surface. Sometimes at this stage a pneumatic tyre roller would be used.

ROLLER TYPES-

 Rammer (bounce up and down)

 Walk-behind plate compactor/light
 Walk-behind plate compactor/heavy (with reverse)
 Trench roller (manual unit or radio-frequency remote control)
 Walk-behind roller/light (single drum)
 Walk-behind roller/heavy (double drum)

8.TRACTOR
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used
in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that
provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and
originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed
behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the
implement is mechanised.

OPERATIONS-
Pedals
Modern farm tractors usually have four or five foot-pedals for the operator on the floor of the tractor.

The pedal on the left is the clutch. The operator presses on this pedal to disengage
the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Some modern tractors have (or as
optional equipment) a button on the gear stick for controlling the clutch, in addition to the standard
pedal.
Levers and switches
Many functions once controlled with levers have been replaced with some model of electrical switch
with the rise of indirect computer controlling of functions in modern tractors.

Until the beginning of the 1960s, tractors had a single register of gears, hence one gear stick, often
with three to five forward gears and 1 reverse. Then, group gears were introduced, and another gear
stick was added. Later, control of the forward-reverse direction was moved to a special stick
attached at the side of the steering wheel, which allowed forward or reverse travel in any gear.
Nowadays, with CVTs or other clutch-free gear types, fewer sticks control the transmission, and
some are replaced with electrical switches or are totally computer-controlled.

Engineering tractors

Ebro farm tractor with steel wheel extensions. This arrangement is often used in muddy conditions that are
found in paddy farming of rice.

The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering tasks. Tractors
can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blades, buckets, hoes, rippers, etc. The most
common attachments for the front of a tractor are dozer blades or buckets. When attached to
engineering tools, the tractor is called an engineering vehicle.

A bulldozer is a track-type tractor with a blade attached in the front and a rope-winch behind.
Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their main tasks are to
push or drag.
 9.SHEEP FOOT ROLLER
The sheepsfoot roller has evolved into a wide variety of forms. This shows the Allis Chalmers roller,
designed by Paul Baumann (above left), which introduced replaceable “hammerhead tips” in the late
1930s, during construction of the San Gabriel Dam by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District.

Left: Spike rollers are a sheepsfoot variant that can be employed to help break up and disaggregate
soft or fissile bedrock materials, increasing the bulk density of the fill mixture
Right: A common variant is the flat head tamping roller, which employs tapered ‘box heads.’ This
variant places three tips normal to the ground surface at any given time.

Light standard sheepsfoot roller, with 42-inch diameter drums weigh between 8000 and 16000 lbs per 8
ft width and exert contact pressures from 1000 to 300 psi, with spike contact area of 5 to 8 square
inches. The spikes compact a zone 2 to 8 inches beneath their tips. This roller first appeared in California
around 1930.

10.WATER TANKER
A tank truck or tanker truck[1] (United States usage) or petrol tanker (United Kingdom usage,
both commonly shortened to tanker) is a motor vehicle designed to carry liquefied loads, dry
bulk cargo or gases on roads. The largest such vehicles are similar to railroad tank cars which
are also designed to carry liquefied loads. Many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids
that can be transported. Tank trucks tend to be large; they may beinsulated or non-
insulated; pressurized or non-pressurized; and designed for single or multiple loads (often by
means of internal divisions in their tank). Some are semi-trailer trucks. They are difficult to drive
due to their high center of gravity.

SIZE & VOLUME-

Tank trucks are described by their size or volume capacity. Large trucks typically have capacities
ranging from 5,500 to 11,600 US gallons (20,800 to 43,900 L; 4,580 to 9,660 imp gal). In
Australia, road trains up to three cars long (known as A-Triple tankers) carry loads in excess of
100,000 L. Longer road trains transporting liquids are also in use.