INGLES - Prof: Arijón Vanina

Teoría
 Grammar

Pronombres / Posesivos
Personal (S) Possessives Objectives QuestionWords
I YO MY house MI casa ME A mi / Me WHAT/WHICH QUE/CUAL?
HE EL HIS house SU casa HIM A el / Le WHO QUIEN?
SHE ELLA HER house SU casa HER A ella / Le WHEN CUANDO?
IT EL/ELLA/ESTO ITS house SU casa IT A el/ella WHERE DONDE?
(animales o objetos) Le WHAT TIME A QUE HORA?
YOU VOS / USTEDES YOUR house TU casa YOU A vos/ustedes HOW COMO?
Te/Les
WE NOSOTROS OUR house NUESTRA casa US A nosotros /Nos WHY POR QUE?
THEY ELLOS THEIR house SU casa THEM A ellos / Les HOW MANY CUANTOS?

Conectores / Frases:
At 9:00 And At themoment Yet / already
In the morning After that Now Since / for
In the afternoon Always Yesterday Ever
At night Sometimes Las month/week
Then Never 2 daysago
When But
While

Formas verbales
ENGLISH SPANISH RELATED WORDS

To be I AM Anna. I AM at school. Yo SOY Anna. Yo ESTOY en la escuela.

(SOY O I AM NOT Anna. I AM NOT at school. Yo NO SOY Anna. Yo NO ESTOY en la esc.
ESTOY) AM I Anna? AM I at school? ¿SOY Anna? ¿ESTOY en la escuela?
He/She/It IS Alex. He is at school. Él ES Alex. Él ESTÁ en la escuela
He/She/It IS NOT Alex. He is not at school. ÈlNO ES Alex. Él NO ESTÁ en la escuela
IS he/she/it Alex? ¿El ES Alex?
Yes, he IS. / No, he ISN`T. Si, ES. / No, NO ES.
You/we/they ARE my friends. Ellos SON mis amigos.
You/we/they ARE NOT my friends. Ellos NO SON mis amigos.
ARE you/we/they my friends? ¿Ellos SON mis amigos?
Yes, they ARE. / No, they AREN`T. Si, SON / No, NO SON.
AFF: S + AM/IS/ARE + …
NEG: S + AM NOT/ISN`T/AREN`T + …
INT: AM/IS/ARE + S + …
There is THERE IS a chair in the bedroom. HAY una silla en la pieza. a-some-any-a
There are
(LO QUE
THERE ISN'T a chair in the bedroom. NO HAY una silla en el dormitorio. lot of
HAY) THERE IS SOME sugar on the table. (uncountable) HAY (UN POCO DE) azúcar sobre la mesa. on - in-
THERE ISN'T ANY sugar on the table. (uncountable) NO HAY azúcar sobre la mesa. under- next
IS THERE a chair in the bedroom? ¿HAY una silla en el dormitorio? to-opposite-
-Yes, THERE IS. / No, THERE ISN'T. - Sí, HAY. / No, NO HAY. between
THERE ARE two/some/a lot of restaurants near here. HAY dos/algunos/muchos restaurantes cerca.
THERE AREN'T two/any restaurants near here. NO HAY dos/ningún restaurantes cerca de aquí.
ARE THERE any/two restaurants near here? ¿HAY2/algún restaurante cerca de aquí?
-Yes, THERE ARE. / No, THERE AREN'T. - Sí, HAY. / No, NO HAY.
AFF: THERE IS/THERE ARE + A/NUM/SOME/A LOT OF + …
NEG: THERE IS/THERE ARE + NUM/ANY + …
INT: IS THERE /ARE THERE + A/NUM/ANY + …
Have I/you/we/they HAVE GOT a dog. Yo TENGO un perro
Has I/you/we/they HAVEN`T GOT a dog. / I/you/we/they DON`T HAVE a dog. Ellos no TIENEN un perro.
(lo que HAVEI/you/we/they GOT a dog?/DO you/we/they HAVE a dog? TENÈS un perro?
TENGO) Yes, IHAVE. / No, IHAVEN`T. / Yes, IDO. / No, I DON`T. Si, TENGO. /No, NO TENGO.
He/She/It HAS GOT a dog. Ella TIENE un perro.
He/She/It HASN`T GOT a dog. / He/She/It DOESN`T HAVE a dog. Ella NO TIENE un perro.
HAS he/she/it got a dog? / DOES he/she/it HAVE a dog? ¿TIENE un perro?
Yes, he HAS. / No, he HASN`T. / Yes, he does. / No, he DOESN`T Si, TIENE. / No, NO TIENE.
AFF: S + HAVE GOT/HAS GOT + … /// S + HAVE /HAS + …
NEG: S + HAVEN`T GOT/HASN`T GOT + … /// S + DON`T HAVE/DOESN`T HAVE+ …
INT: HAVE + S + GOT + … /// DO/DOES + S + HAVE + …

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CAN I/you/we/they/He/She/It CAN swim. El PUEDE nadar.
(lo que PUEDO
hacer) I/you/we/they/He/She/It CAN`T swim. Yo NO PUEDO nadar
CAN I/you/we/they/He/She/It swim? ¿PODES nadar?
Where CAN I buy some apples? ¿Donde PUEDO comprar unas manzanas?
AFF: S + CAN + VERB (INF)+ …
NEG: S + CAN`T + VERB (INF)+ …
INT: CAN + S + VERB (INF)+ …
PRESENTE Aff: I/You/We/They PLAY at home Yo JUEGO en casa. And-Always-
SIMPLE
(lo que Neg: I/You/We/They DON`T PLAY at home Nosotros NO JUGAMOS en casa. Sometimes-
hago en mi Wh Q: Where DOI/you/we/they PLAY ? ¿Donde JUEGAN? Never-Then-
Rutina) Y/N Q: DOI/you/we/they PLAY at home? ¿JUGAS en tu casa?
At 8-In the
Ans: Yes, I DO. / No, I DON`T. SI / NO
morning-In
Aff: He/She/It PLAYS at home El JUEGA en casa.
the afternoon
Neg: He/She/It DOESN`T PLAY at home Ella NO JUEGA en casa.
Wh Q: Where DOES he/she/it PLAY ? ¿Donde JUEGA?
Y/N Q: DOES he/she/it PLAY at home? ¿JUEGA en casa?
Ans: Yes, he DOES /No, he DOESN`T SI / NO
AFF: S + VERB + … /// S + VERB(S) + …
NEG: S +DON`T + VERB (INF) + … /// S + DOESN`T + VERB (INF) + …
INT: DO + S +VERB(INF)+ … /// DOES + S +VERB(INF)+ …
I AM READING a book. Yo ESTOY LEYENDO un libro Now,
PRESENTE I AM NOT READING a book. Yo NO ESTOY LEYENDO un libro. At the
CONTINUO
AMI READING a book? ¿ESTOY LEYENDO un libro? moment,
(lo que
estoy He ISREADING a book. Él ESTÁ LEYENDO un libro.
haciendo She IS NOT READING a book Ella NO ESTÁ LEYENDO un libro.
en este What IS he READING? Que ESTÁ LEYENDO?
momento) IS he READING a book? ESTÁ LEYENDO un libro?
Yes, he IS. / No, he ISN`T. Si, ESTÁ./No, NO ESTÁ.
They ARE READING a book. Ellos ESTÁN LEYENDO un libro.
We AREN´T READING a book Nosotros NO ESTAMOS LEYENDO un libro.
Where ARE you READING? Donde ESTAS LEYENDO?
ARE they READING a book? ESTÁN LEYENDO un libro?
Yes, they ARE / No, they AREN`T Si, ESTÁN / No, NO ESTÁN.
AFF: S + AM/IS/ARE + VERB(ING) + …
NEG: S + AM NOT/ISN`T/AREN`T + VERB(ING) + …
INT: AM/IS/ARE + S + VERB(ING) + …
PAST I WAS a teacher. / I WAS in London last year Yo ERA maestra. / Yo ESTUVE en Londres… Yesterday,
SIMPLE She WASN`T a teacher. / She WASN`T in London yesterday. Ella NO ERA maestra. / NO ESTUVO en Londres… Last year,
TO BE WAS she in London? ¿Ella ERA maestra? / ¿ESTUVO en Londres…? Last month,
(ESTABA,
Sarah and Tom WERE in London last year. Ellos ESTUVIERON en Londres el año pasado A week ago,
ERA)
Sarah and Tom WEREN´T in London last year. Ellos NO ESTUVIERON en Londres el año pasado
WERE they in London? ¿ESTUVIERON en Londres el año pasado?
AFF: S + WAS/WERE + …
NEG: S + WASN´T/WEREN´T + …
INT: WAS/WERE + S + …
PAST Regular Verbos regulares (con ED) Yesterday,
SIMPLE I/You/We/They/He/She/It PLAYED tennis yesterday. JUGAMOS al tenis ayer. Last year,
REGULAR/ I DIDN´T PLAY tennis yesterday Yo NO JUGUÉ al tenis ayer Last month,
IRREGULAR
DID you PLAY tennis yesterday? JUGASTE al tenis ayer? A week ago,
VERBS
Yes, I DID / No, I DIDN`T. Si. / No.
(LO QUE
When DID you PLAY tennis? ¿Cúando JUGASTE al tenis?
HICE)
Irregular Verbos irregulares (2da Columna: Pasado)
They WENT to London in 1994. Ellos FUERON a Londres es 1994.
He DIDN´T GO to London. Él NO FUE a Londres.
DID you GO to London? FUISTE a Londres?
Yes, I DID / No, I DIDN`T. Si. / No.
When DID you GO to London? ¿Cúando FUISTE a Londres?
REGULARES /// IRREGULARES
AFF: S + VERB(ED) + … /// S + VERB(2nd Column: Past) + …
NEG: S +DIDN`T + VERB (INF) + … /// S + DIDN`T + VERB (INF) + …
INT: DID + S +VERB(INF)+ … /// DID + S +VERB(INF)+ …
PASADO I/He/She/It WAS RUNNING. ESTABA CORRIENDO. While
CONTINUO
I/He/She/It WAS NOT RUNNING. NO ESTABA CORRIENDO.
(lo que
estaba WAS I/He/She/It RUNNING? ESTABA CORRIENDO?
haciendo You/we/they WERE RUNNING. Ellos ESTABAN CORRIENDO.
en ese You WERE NOT RUNNING. Vos NO ESTABAS CORRIENDO.
momento) WERE you RUNNING? ESTABAS CORRIENDO?
What time WERE you RUNNING? A que hora ESTABAS CORRIENDO?
AFF: S + WAS/WERE + VERB(ING) + …
NEG: S + WASN´T/WEREN´T + VERB(ING) + …
INT: WAS/WERE + S + VERB(ING) + …

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PRESENT Regular REGULARES Yet, since,
PERFECT He/She/It HAS STUDIED for four years. Ella HA ESTUDIADO por 4 años. for, already,
REGULAR/ He/She/It HASN`T STUDIED since 2012. Ella NO HA ESTUDIADO desde el 2012. ever, just
IRREGULAR
VERBS
HAS He/She/It STUDIED for four years? HA ESTUDIADO por 4 años?
(LO QUE Yes, he HAS. / No, he HASN`T. Si. / No.
he hecho) How long HAS He/She/It STUDIED? Por cuanto tiempo ESTUDIÒ?
Experiencia, Irregular IRREGULARES
Actividades
recientes
I/You/we/they HAVE just SEEN him. Ellos lo VIERON recién.
I/You/we/they HAVEN'T SEEN him yet. Aún no lo HE VISTO.
HAVE you ever SEEN him? Lo HAS VISTO alguna vez?
Yes, I HAVE. / No, I HAVEN`T. Si. / No.
How long HAVE you SEEN him? Por cuanto tiempo lo VISTE?
REGULARES /// IRREGULARES
AFF: S + HAS/HAVE + VERB(ED) + … /// S + HAS/HAVE + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
NEG: S + HASN`T/HAVEN´T + VERB (ED) + … /// S + HASN`T/HAVEN´T + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
INT: HAS/HAVE + S +VERB(ED)+ … /// HAS/HAVE + S + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
PAST Regular/irregular verbs
PERFECT
REG/ IRREG
I/You/We/They/He/She/It HAD SPOKEN/HAD FINISHED before she left. Yo HABIA HABLADO/HABIA TERMINADO antes de que…
VERBS I HAD SPOKEN/HAD FINISHED before she left. Yo NO HABIA HABLADO/ NOHABIA TERMINADO antes…
(Lo que había HAD I SPOKEN/FINISHED before she left? HABÍA HABLADO/TERMINADO antes de que se vaya?
hecho) Yes, I HAD/No, I HADN`T Si. No.
REGULARES /// IRREGULARES
AFF: S + HAD + VERB(ED) + … /// S + HAD + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
NEG: S + HADN`T + VERB (ED) + … /// S + HADN`T + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
INT: HAD + S +VERB(ED)+ … /// HAD + S + VERB(3RD Column: Participle) + …
FUTURE I'M GOING TO TRAVEL by plane. Yo VOY A VIAJAR en avion
BE GOING TO
(PLANES,
I'M NOT GOING TO TRAVEL by plane. Yo NO VOY A VIAJAR en avion
INTENCIONES, AMI GOING TO TRAVEL by train? VOY A VIAJAR en avión?
FUTURO
BASADO EN
Yes, I AM. / No, I AM NOT. Si. / No.
EVIDENCIA) How AMI GOING TO TRAVEL? Como VOY A VIAJAR?
He/She/It IS GOING TO JUMP. Ella VA A SALTAR.
He/She/It IS NOT GOING TO JUMP. Ella NO VA A SALTAR.
IS He/She/It GOING TO JUMP? Ella VA A SALTAR?
Yes, he IS./ No, he ISN`T. Si. / No.
When IS He/She/It GOING TO JUMP? Cuando VA A SALTAR?
You/we/they ARE GOING TO VISIT Mar del Plata Ellos VAN A VISITAR Mar del Plata.
You/we/they ARE NOT GOING TO VISIT Mar del Plata Ellos NO VAN A VISITAR Mar del Plata.
ARE you/we/they GOING TO VISIT Mar del Plata? Ellos VAN A VISITAR Mar del Plata?
Yes, they ARE/ No, they AREN`T Si. / No.
When ARE you/we/they GOING TO VISIT Mar del Plata? Cuando VAN A VISITAR Mar del Plata?
AFF: S + AM/IS/ARE + GOING TO + VERB(INF) + …
NEG: S + AM NOT/ISN`T/AREN`T +GOING TO + VERB(INF) + …
INT: AM/IS/ARE + S + GOING TO + VERB(INF) + …
FUTURE I/You/We/They/He/She/It WILL VISIT the city. El presidente VISITARÁ la ciudad.
BE GOING TO
(INTENCION,
I WON'T COME tomorrow. Yo NO VOY A VENIR mañana.
PREDICCION WILL you GO to France? ¿IRÁS a Francia?
NO BASADA
EN
Yes, I WILL. / No, I WON'T. Si. / No.
EVIDENCIA)
AFF: S + WILL + VERB(INF) + …
NEG: S + WILL + VERB(INF) + …
INT: WILL + S + VERB(INF) + …

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VERBOS MODALES (Modal Verbs)

MODAL USE ENGLISH SPANISH

SHOULD DEBERIAS You SHOULD SEE a doctor. DEBERÍAS VER a un médico.
(CONSEJOS) You SHOULDN'T EAT so much. NO DEBERÍAS COMER tanto.
FORM: S + SHOULD + VERB(INF)
MUST OBLIGACION I MUST SWIM. TENGO QUE NADAR.
(TENES QUE) I MUSTN`T SWIM. NO DEBO NADAR.
FORM: S + MUST + VERB(INF)
HAVE TO OBLIGACION I HAVE TO STUDY for the test. TENGO QUE ESTUDIAR para la prueba.
(TENES QUE) I MUSTN`T SWIM. NO DEBO ESTUDIAR para la prueba
FORM: S + HAVE TO + VERB(INF)
DON`T HAVE TO NO ES NECESARIO I DON`T HAVE TO STUDY for the test. NO ES NECESARIO QUE ESTUDIE para la
QUE FORM: S + DON`T HAVE TO + VERB(INF) prueba.
CAN HABILIDAD I CAN/CAN`T PLAY tennis. PUEDO/NO PUEDO JUGAR al tenis.
PERMISO I CAN/CAN`T GO to the cinema. PUEDO/NO PUEDO IR al cine.
POSIBILIDAD It CAN/CAN`T RAIN tomorrow PUEDE/NO PUEDE LLOVER mañana.
FORM: S + CAN + VERB(INF)
WOULD HIPOTESIS (LO I WOULD LIKE a sandwich ME COMERÍA un sandwich
QUE PASARIA) What WOULD you LIKE to drink? ¿Qué le GUSTARÍA TOMAR?
FORM: S + WOULD + VERB(INF)
USED TO SOLIA I USED TO PLAY football. SOLÍA JUGAR al futbol.
I DIDN`T USE TO PLAY football NO SOLÍA JUGAR al futbol.
FORM: S + USED TO + VERB(INF)

MODAL USE (POSSIBILITY /PROBABILITY) ENGLISH SPANISH

GOING TO Planes, futuro con evidencia I AM GOING TO TRAVEL to Europe. VOY A VIAJAR a Europa.
WILL Predicción, futuro sin evidencia, decisión I WILL TAKE an aspirin. VOY A TOMAR una aspirina.
espontanea
MAY Predicción con poca certeza (quizá) I MAY SWIM. QUIZA NADE
I MAY NOT SWIM. QUIZA NO NADE
MIGHT Predicción con muy poca certeza (quizá) I MIGHT SWIM. QUIZA NADE
I MIGHTN`T SWIM. QUIZA NO NADE

PATRONES VERBALES

Verb + He WANTS TO SWIM. El QUIERE NADAR.

To Agree-ask-attempt-be able-beg-choose-Decide-forget-hope-
infinitive
Intend-offer-plan-promise-Propose-refuse-try-want-wish-ETC
Verb + I FINISHED COOKING. TERMINÈ DE COCINAR.
ING Admit-advise-avoid-can't help-consider-deny-enjoy-finish-mind-
practice-resist-spend (time)-suggest-waste (time), etc.
Verb + I MAKE her FEEL happy. Yo la HAGO SENTIRSE feliz
infinitive MAKE-LET

Verb + I STARTED PLAYING/ STARTED TO PLAY football Yo EMPECÉ A JUGAR al futbol.

To Remember-forget-try-stop-start
infinitive
/ ING

CONDICIONALES

1er It is possible and IF + S + VERB (PRESENT) + …, + S + WILL+VERB (INF) + …

condi also very likely that If I HAVE a headache, I WILL TAKE an aspirin. Si TENGO dolor de cabeza, TOMARÉ una aspirina.
cional the condition will If the computer DOESN'T WORK, I WILL CALL a technician. Si la computadora NO FUNCIONA, LLAMARÉ a un
be fulfilled. técnico.
2do It is possible IF + S + VERB (PAST) + …, + S + WOULD+VERB(INF) + …
condi but very unlikely, If I WON the lottery, I WOULD BUY a house Si GANARA la lotería, COMPRARÍA una casa.
cional that the condition If you DIDN'T EAT so much, you WOULD BE slim. Si NO COMIERAS tanto, ESTARÍAS en forma.
will be fulfilled. What WOULD you DO, if you WON the lottery? ¿Qué HARÍAS, si GANARAS la lotería?
3er It is impossible that IF + S + VERB (PAST PERFECT) + …, + S + WOULD+HAVE+VERB(3 rd Col) + …
condi the condition will If I HAD FOUND her address, I WOULD HAVE SENT her an Si HUBIESE ENCONTRADO su dirección, HABRÍA
cional be fulfilled because invitation. ENVIADO la invitación.
it refers to the past.

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VOZ PASIVA

Simple Active: Rita writes a letter.

Present Passive: A letter IS WRITTEN BY Rita. Una carta ES ESCRITA POR Rita.
Active Pl: Rita writes many letters.
Passive Pl: Many letters ARE WRITTEN BY Rita. Muchas cartas SON ESCRITAS POR Rita
PASSIVE FORM: S + IS/ARE + VERB (3RD C: PARTICIPLE) + BY + …
Simple Active S: Rita wrote a letter.
Past Passive S: A letter WAS WRITTEN BY Rita. Una carta FUE ESCRITA POR Rita.
Active Pl: Rita wrote Many letters.
Passive Pl: Many letters WERE WRITTEN by Rita. Muchas cartas FUERON ESCRITAS POR Rita
PASSIVE FORM: S + WAS/WERE + VERB (3RD C: PARTICIPLE) + BY + …
Present Active S:Rita has written a letter.
Perfect Passive S: A letter HAS BEEN WRITTEN BY Rita. Una carta HA SIDO ESCRITA POR Rita.
Active Pl: Rita has written Many letters.
Passive Pl: Many letters HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY Rita. Muchas cartas HAN SIDO ESCRITAS POR Rita
PASSIVE FORM: S + HAVE BEEN/HAS BEEN + VERB (3RD C: PARTICIPLE) + BY…
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter WILL BE WRITTEN BY Rita. Una carta VA A SER ESCRITA POR Rita.
PASSIVE FORM: S + WILL BE + VERB (3RD C: PARTICIPLE) + BY + …
Other Active: Rita can write a letter.
modals Passive: A letter CAN BE WRITTEN BY Rita. Una carta PUEDE SER ESCRITA POR Rita.
PASSIVE FORM: S + CAN BE + VERB (3RD C: PARTICIPLE) + BY + …
SUMMARY Football IS PLAYED in many countries. El futbol ES JUGADO en muchos paises
(REGULAR Many sports ARE PLAYED Muchos deportes SON JUGADOS en el mundo.
VERBS) The boy WAS RESCUED BY the police. El chico FUE RESCATADO por la policía.
The boys WERE RESCUED BY the police. Los chicos FUERON RESCATADOS por la policía.
The cell HAS BEEN STUDIED for many years. La célula HA SIDO INVESTIGADA por muchos años.
The cells HAVE BEEN STUDIED for many years. Las células HAN SIDO INVESTIGADAS por muchos años.
The I-phone 10 WILL BE INVENTED in the future. El i-phone 10 VA A SER INVENTADO en el futuro.
PASSIVE FORM: S + TO BE+ VERB(ED) + BY + O.

REPORTE DIRECTO/INDIRECTO

Statemen DS (Statement): “I speak English”, Tom said.

ts RS (Statement): HE SAID THAT HE SPOKE English. EL DIJO QUE EL HABLABA ingles.
HE TOLD ME THAT HE… EL ME CONTO QUE EL…
FORM: S + TOLD + O + THAT + S + VERB…
Yes/no DS (Statement): “Are you speaking English?” he asked
questions RS (Statement): HE ASKED ME IF I was speaking English. EL ME PREGUNTO SI YOESTABA HABLANDO ingles.
FORM: S + ASKED + O + IF + S + VERB…
Wh DS (Statement): “Why DIDN`T you speak English?”, he asked
questions RS (Statement): HE ASKED ME WHY I HADN`T SPOKEN English. EL ME PREGUNTO PORQUE YO NO HABIA HABLADO ingles.
FORM: S + ASKED + O + WH + S + VERB…
commands DS (Statement): “Carol, speak English” he ordered
RS (Statement): HE TOLD HER TO SPEAK English. EL LE DIJO QUE HABLARA ingles.
FORM: S + TOLD + O + TO + VERB (INF)…
Summary DS: SIMPLE PRESENT --- RS: SIMPLE PRESENT OR PAST
Tense DS: PRESENT CONTINUOUS --- RS: PAST CONTINUOUS
DS: PRESENT PERFECT,PAST OR PAST PERFECT --- RS: PAST PERFECT
shift: DS: WILL --- RS: WOULD
DS: CAN --- RS: COULD