ASSIGNMENT IN PHARDOSE

Disperse Systems

1. Differentiate phase, dispersion medium and dispersed system.

Phase – substance distributed
Dispersion medium – vehicle
Dispersed system – phase + dispersion medium
2. What are the particle sizes for coarse and fine dispersion? Give examples.
Coarse – 10um-50um
Fine - .5um-10um
3. What are suspensions?
Is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The finely divided particles are
also referred to as ‘Suspensoids” .
4. Give reasons for preparing suspensions.
- Certain drugs are chemically unstable when in solution but stable when suspended.
- Suspension insures chemical stability while permitting liquid therapy.
- Many patients prefer liquid form than solid forms for swallowing.
- Convenience in administration of usually large doses
- Safety and convenience of liquid doses for infants and children.
- Disagreeable taste of certain drugs when given in solution is negligible when the drug is administered as
undissolved particles of a suspension, e.g chloramphenicol
5. What are desirable features of suspensions?
- A properly prepared suspension should settle slowly and should be readily re-dispersed upon gentle shaking of the
container.
- The characteristics of the suspension should be such that the particles size of the suspensoid remains fairly constant
throughout long periods of undisturbed standing.
- The suspension should pour readily and evenly from its container
6. How will viscosity influence sedimentation rate?
viscosity which prevents the immediate sedimentation
7. How are suspensions prepared extemporaneously in a community pharmacy?
8. How should suspension be packaged?
All suspensions should be packaged in containers having:
a) Adequate airspace above the liquid to permit adequate shaking.
b) Should be provided in wide mouth containers to permit the prompt and ease of removal of the suspension.
c) Store in tight containers protected from freezing, excessive heat and light.
d) Suspensions should be shaken before use.
9. Give examples of oral suspensions by category.

Antacids Alumina, Magnesia and Simethicone - Mylanta liquid

Magaldrate Oral Suspension - Riopan Oral Suspension
Magnesia and Alumina Oral - Maalox Suspension
Aluminum Hydroxide and Magnesium Carbonate - Gaviscon liquid

Anthelminitics Pyrantel Pamoate - Antiminth Oral Suspension

Thiabenzadole Oral Suspension - Mintezol Oral Suspension

Antibacterial (Antibiotics) Chloramphenicol Palmitate - Chloromycetin Palmitae Oral Suspen.

Ertythromycin Estolate - Ilosone Oral Suspension
 ASSIGNMENT IN PHARDOSE
Disperse Systems

Antibacterial (non-antibiotic Anti-infectives) Methenamine Mandelate - Mandelamine Suspension/Forte

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim - Bactrim, Septra Suspension
Sulfamethoxazole - Gantanol Suspension
Sulfisoxazole Acetyl Oral Suspension- Gantrisin Syrup/Pedia

Anticonvulsants Pimidone Oral Suspension - Mysoline Suspension

Antidiarrheal Bismuth Subsalicylate - Pepto-Bismol liquid

Antiflatulent Simethicone Oral Suspension - Mylicone Drop

Antifungals Nystatin Oral Suspension - Nystatin Oral Suspension

Griseofulvin Oral Suspension -Grifulvin Oral Suspension

Antihypertensive Methyldopa Oral Suspension - Aldomet Oral Suspension

Antipsychotics, Sedatives, Antiemetic Hydroxyzine Pamoate Oral Suspension - Vistaril Oral Suspension
Thioridazine Oral Suspension - Mellaril-S Oral Suspension

Diuretic Chlorothiazide Oral Suspension - Diuril Oral Suspension

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Indomethacin Oral Suspension - Indocin Oral Suspension

10. Define emulsions and differentiate “o/w” emulsion from “w/o” emulsion.
“o/w ” - emulsions having an oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase
“w/o” - emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase
11. What are the purposes of emulsion or emulsification?
1. Pharmaceutically
a. The pharmacist can prepare relatively stable and homogenous mixture of 2 immiscible liquids
b. Emulsification can permit the administration of liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk
2. Therapeutically
a. Beneficial to the rate and degree of absorption of the drug after administration by any of the usual route
b. O/W emulsions may also be useful as vehicle to develop the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs
c. For orally administered emulsion the O/W type permits the palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful
oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored vehicle.
d. The reduced particle size of the oil globules may render the oil more digestible and more readily absorbed and
therefore more effective
e. Emulsion to be applied externally can be made such that the medicinal agent that are irritating to the skin
surface may be incorporated in the internal phase than in the external phase since the latter is in direct contact
with the skin
f. On the unbroken skin, a W/O emulsion can usually be applied more evenly since the skin is covered with a thin
film sebum, and this surface is more readily wetted by oil than by water. On the other hand, if it is easily
removed from the skin, O/W is preferred.
12. Discuss the three theories of emulsification.
a. Surface Tension Theory
b. 2. Oriented-Wedge Theory
c. 3. Plastic or Internal Film Theory
d. 4. Viscosity Theory
 ASSIGNMENT IN PHARDOSE
Disperse Systems

13. What is the role of emulsifying agent and name some of its desirable qualities.
- These materials form hydrophilic colloids when added to water and generally produced O/W emulsions. Acacia is
most frequently use. Tragacanth and Agar - thickening agents in Acacia emulsified products.
- These substances produce O/W emulsions. The disadvantage of gelatin is that the emulsion prepared from it are
too fluid.
- Compatible with other ingredients in the formula
- Not interfere with the stability and efficacy of the therapeutic agent
- Stable to microorganisms
- Non-toxic
- Possess little or no odor, taste or color
- Promote emulsification and maintain stability of the emulsion for intended shelf-life
14. What are HLB values and its meaning?
An HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) is assigned to indicate the substances polarity. Materials that are highly polar or
hydrophilic have assigned higher numbers than materials that are less polar and were lipophilic.
15. Name 3 methods of preparing emulsions. How do they differ from one another?
Auxiliary Method - An emulsion by either the wet gum or dry gum methods can generally be increased in quality by
passing it through a hand homogenizer.
In this apparatus, the pumping action of the handle forces the emulsion through a very small orifices which reduces the
globules of the internal phase to about 5 um and sometime less
SITU Soap Method - Two types of soap developed by this method are Calcium soaps and Soft soaps.
Calcium soaps
water - in - oil emulsions which contain certain vegetable oil (e.g. Oleic acid) in combination with lime water (Syn:
Calcium Hydroxide Solution USP) and prepared by mixing equal volumes of the oil and lime water
Continental or Dry gum method - The method is also referred to as the “4:2:1” method because for every 4 parts
(volumes) of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum are added in preparing the initial or primary emulsion.
16. What are microemulsions and its advatages?
Thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with
surfactants.
Advantages:
More rapid and efficient oral absorption of drugs than through solid dosage forms
Enhance transdermal drug delivery through increased drug diffusion into the skin
The technique potential application of microemulsion in the development of artificial red blood cells and in the targeting
of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells
17. What are the characteristics of an unstable emulsion?
- The internal or dispersed phase upon standing tends to form aggregates of globules.
- Large globules or aggregates of globules rise to the top or fall to the bottom of the emulsion to form concentrated
layer of the internal phase.
- If all or part of the liquid of the internal phase becomes “unemulsified” and forms a distinct layer on the top or
bottom of the emulsion as result of the coalescing of the globules of the internal phase
18. Differentiate gels from magmas.
GELS – a semisolid system consisting of either a suspension of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules
interpenetrated by a liquid
MAGMAS - Are aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended
particles are larger. When prepared, they are thick and viscous, so need of a suspending agent.
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Disperse Systems

19. Define:
a. Xerogel - is formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only the framewok remains. Examples: gelatin sheet,
tragacanth ribbons and acacia tears
b. Swelling - is the taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume. Only those liquid that solvate a gel can
cause swelling. The swelling of protein gels is influenced by pH and thepresence of electrolytes.
c. Synersis - is when the interaction between particles of the dispersed phase becomes so great than on standing, the
dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks. Syneresis is a form of instability in aqueous and
nonaqueous gels
d. Thixotrope - is a reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or temperature-a type of non-Newtonian
flow.