CON TENT

 ABSTRACT

 INTRODUCTION

 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 BLOCK DIAGAM

 NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

 COMPONENTS & DESCRIPTIONS

 DC MOTOR

 ADVANTAGES

 APPLICATIONS

 CONCLUSIONS

 REFERENCES

 ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

 Nowadays energy and power are the one of the basic need in this
modern world.

 Energy demand is increasing day by day. On the other hand, the

many energy resources are getting exhausted and wasted.

 Proposal for utilization of waste energy of foot power with

human locomotion is very relevant in populated countries like
India where roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are
overcrowded and millions of people move around.

 This whole energy is wasted. If this energy made possible for

utilization it will be a great invention.

 In this project we are converting non-conventional from just

walking foot step into electrical energy.

 This project uses simple drive mechanism such as rack and

pinion assembly.

 The control mechanism carries the rack & pinion; D.C generator,
battery and LED strip to show output.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

 In this project the weight which acts on the foot step is used to
generate electrical energy.

 When a person walks over the foot step, a force acts on the step.

 One can simply be amazed by knowing how much energy a

person can have just by walking on the floor with normal speed.

 Whenever a person walks, manages to lose energy towards the

floor by means excess weight to the floor.

 That energy may be used and converted into electrical energy.

 The Mechanical energy(weight)is converted into electrical

energy using drive mechanism, in this case rack and pinion.

 Generated energy can be stored in batteries.

 Then the output of the battery is used to lighten the lamps in the
room
PROBLEM STATEMENT
PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Design and fabrication the model of Stair case power generation.

 Also to fabricate the model of the same which would able to

show the characteristics of the systems and working according to
need.

OBJECTIVES

 To design and develop the model of foot step power generation

BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 NEED FOR NON-
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020Fuel

scarcity will be maximum. Country like India may not have the
chance to use petroleum products. Keeping this dangerous situation in
mind we tried to make use of non-pollutant natural resource of petrol
energy.
The creation of new source of perennial environmentally
acceptable, low cost electrical energy as a replacement for energy
from rapidly depleting resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental
need for the survival of mankind.
We have only about 25 years of oil reserves and 75 to 100 years
of coal reserves. Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal
electric stations to serve the population would result in global
elemental change in leading to worldwide drought and decertification.
The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now
electric power beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite.
Solar power stations (s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even
though work on solar photo voltaic and solar thermo electric energy
sources has been extensively pursued by many countries. Earth based
solar stations suffer certain basic limitations.
It is not possible to consider such systems and meeting
continuous uninterrupted concentrated base load electric power
requirements.
INTRODUCTION

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his
sustenance and well being ever since he came on the earth a few
million years ago. Primitive man required energy primarily in the
form of food.

He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he hunted.

Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he
started to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy
needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm.

With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for

agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of energy by
domesticating and training animals to work for him.

With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for
sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water
to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force
of falling water toturn water wheels.

Till this time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was
supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and
that man was using only renewable sources of energy.

FOOT STEP ARRANGEMENT

This is made up of mild steel. The complete set up is fixed in this

model FOOT STEP. The two L-shapes frame is fixed in the above
two ends of the track. Bellow this l-shapes window, the actual power
generation arrangement is constructed. This L-shapes window pushes
the rack when the time of train wheel moving on these arrangement.
COMPONENTS &
DESCRIPTIONS
COMPONENTS & DESCRIPTIONS:

COMPONENTS:

 SHAFT

 BEARINGS

 RACK & PINION

 GEAR ARRANGEMENT

 SPRING

 HEX NUT

 BOLT

 DC MOT
DESCRIPTIONS:
SHAFTS

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit

power from one place to another. The various members such as
pulleys, bearing, etc are mounted on the shaft to transfer the power
from one shaft to another.
These members along with forces exerted upon them causes the
shaft to bending.
It is made up of mild steel. It is a straight rod, having a step. It is
supported by the bearing. A shaft is a rotating machine element which
is used to transmit power.
BEARING

A bearing is machine element which supports another moving

machine element. The moving machine element is known as journal.
Bearing permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the
members, while carrying the load. The lubricant used is usually a
mineral oil refined from petroleum. The bearing block is used to hold
the bearings. It is made up of cast iron. All the bearings are fitted on
the machine frame. A bearing is machine element which supports
another moving machine element.
RACK-AND-PINION

Units convert a cylinder’s linear motion to angular rotation that

can exceed 360°. The rotary actuators with the rack mounted on the
rod are often used in process industries to operate quarter-turn valves.
In addition to rod-type cylinders, other designs included.

SPRING:

It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when

loaded and to recover its original shape when load is removed. It
absorbs or control energy either due to shocks or due to vibrations.

BOLT:

A screw, or bolt, is a type of fastener, typically made of metal,

and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a male thread (external
thread) or just thread, wrapped around a cylinder.
Some screw threadbare designed to mate with a complementary
thread, known as a female thread (internal thread), often in the form
of a nut or an object that haste internal thread formed into it.
 Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a
softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of
screws are to hold objects together and to position objects.
A screw will almost always have a head on one end which
contains especially formed shape that allows it to be turned, or driven,
with a tool. Common tools for driving screws include screwdrivers
and wrenches.

HEX NUT

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost

always used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together.
The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads'
friction, as light stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose,
various locking mechanisms may be employed: Adhesives, safety
pins or lock wire, nylon inserts, or slightly oval-shaped threads.
The most common shapes hexagonal, for similar reasons as the
bolt head - 6 sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to
approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners
would be vulnerable to being rounded off.
 Also It takes only 1/6th of a rotation to obtain the next side of the
hexagon and grip is optimal. However polygons with more than 6
sides do not give the requisite grip and polygons with less than 6 sides
take more time to be given a complete rotation.
Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing
nuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas.
Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their
respective bolts; for example, an ISO property class 10 nut will be
able to support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class
10.9 bolt with outstripping.
Likewise, an SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of
answer class 5 bolt, and so on. A wide variety of nuts exists, from
household hardware versions to specialized industry-specific designs
that are engineered to meet various technical standards.
DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR

DC motors are fairly simple to understand. They are also simple

to make and only require a battery or dc supply to make them run.
The brushed DC motor will generate torque directly from DC
power applied to the motor leads. Brushed DC motors require a
significant amount of maintenance to work properly.
This involves replacing the brushes and springs which carry the
electric current as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator.
Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due
to the need for brushes to press against the commutator.
This creates friction. At higher speeds, brushes have increasing
difficulty in maintaining contact.
Brushes may bounce off the irregularities in the commutator
surface, creating sparks. This limits the maximum speed of the
machine.
The current density per unit area of the brushes limits the output
of the motor. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement,
and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance.
The commutator assembly on a large machine is a costly
element, requiring precision assembly of many parts.

Brushless DC motor
 In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator/
brush gear assembly is replaced by an external electronic switch
synchronized to the rotor's position.
Brushless motors are typically 85-90% efficient, whereas DC
motors with brush gear are typically 75-80% efficient.
Synchronous types, like the brushless DC motor and the stepper
motor will lock up on DC power, and require external commutation to
generate torque.
Advantages of the brushless motor include long life span, little or
no maintenance, and good efficiency.
Disadvantages include high cost and more complicated motor
speed controllers.
Brushless motors use a rotating permanent magnet and with
stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing.
This eliminates the complication of getting power to a rotating
system.

It has a permanent magnet external rotor, three phases of driving

coils, one or more Hall effect sensors to sense the position of the
rotor, and the associated drive electronics.
 The coils are activated, one phase after the other, by the drive
electronics as cued by the signals from the Hall effect sensors. In
effect, they act as three-phase synchronous motors containing their
own variable-frequency drive electronics.
A specialized class of brushless DC motor controllers utilize
EMF feedback through the main phase connections instead of Hall
effect sensors to determine position and velocity.
In a BLDC motor, the electromagnets do not move, instead, the
permanent magnets rotate and the armature remains static. The brush-
system/commutator assembly is replaced by an electronic controller.
The controller performs the same power distribution found in a
brushed DC motor, but using a solid-state circuit rather than a
commutator/brush system.
BLDC motors are often more efficient at converting electricity
into mechanical power than brushed DC motors. This improvement is
largely due to the absence of electrical and friction losses due to
brushes. The enhanced efficiency is greatest in the no-load and low-
load region of the motor's performance curve.


➢ Compared to AC fans using shaded-pole motors, they are very

efficient, running much cooler than the equivalent AC motors. This
cool operation leads to much-improved life of the fan's bearings.

➢Without a commutator to wear out, the life of a DC brushless motor

can be significantly longer compared to a DC motor using brushes
and a commutator. Commutation also tends to cause a great deal of
electrical and RF noise; without a commutator or brushes, a brushless
motor may be used in electrically sensitive devices like audio
equipment or computers.
➢The same Hall effect sensors that provide the commutation can also
provide a convenient tachometer signal for closed-loop control
(servo-controlled) 
➢ The motor can be easily synchronized to an internal or external
clock, leading to precise speed control.

➢ Brushless motors have no chance of sparking, unlike brushed

motors, making them better suited to environments with volatile
chemicals and fuels.
FEATURES BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR

➢Long life span and no maintenance

➢High efficiency(85-90)

➢High reliability

➢Noise reduction and elimination of commutator losses

➢High cost

➢Complexity of motor speed control

➢Require external communication like controller to generate torque

➢Transferring of power from driver to rotor is easy

➢It consists of permanent magnets external to rotor

➢3-phase driving coils

➢One or more hall effect sensor

➢Uses where exact speed control is necessary

 MANUFACTURING
PROCESS USED IN THE
PROJECT
MANUFACTURING PROCESS USED IN THE PROJECT

WELDING

Cast iron can be welded perfectly well using a stick welder and
nickel rods, or with preheating by a gas welder using cast iron rod.
Welding cast iron is a precision task that requires high heat, and often
expensive equipment. You should not attempt it on the strength of
reading a brief Internet article, no matter how informative. However,
understanding the basics can help you prepare for a qualification
course, or to make better decisions for welding projects run by
qualified personnel under your supervision.
TIPS
Always preheat or precook cast iron using the same method
throughout. Changing methods can cause stress and fractures in the
cast iron. These may ruin your project, or be small enough to go
unnoticed until the iron fails catastrophically during normal operation.

Cast iron is typically higher in carbon than steel. This makes the
iron brittle, and more difficult to weld than other industrial metals.
Welding Principle

The welding process is used to weld the base frame of the

project, which is made up by the cast iron 1inches square tubes

WORKING

A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or

washer) is a machine to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets.
The term is mostly applied only to machines that use water as
opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is
performed by specialist businesses) or ultrasonic cleaners.
Washing entails immersing, dipping, rubbing, or scrubbing in
water usually accompanied by detergent, or bleach.
The simplest machines may simply agitate clothes in water while
switched on; automatic machines may fill, empty, wash, spin, and
heat in a cycle.
Most washing machines remove substantial amounts of water
from the laundry at the end of a wash cycle, but do not completely dry
it.
In our project the rotation of drum is possible through wheel
rotation.Wheel is rotated by chain drive.
When a person start peddling, the gear connected through sprocket by
chain start to transmit power, the rotation of drum is dependent on
man power.
In our project the complete process is depend on chain drive. Chain
drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to
another.
It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle,
particularly bicycles and motorcycles. It is also used in a wide variety
of machines besides vehicles.
Most often, the power is conveyed by a roller chain, known as
the drive chain or transmission chain, passing over a sprocket gear,
with the teeth of the gear meshing with the holes in the links of the
chain.
The gear is turned, and this pulls the chain putting mechanical
force into the system.
Another type of drive chain is the Morse chain, invented by the
Morse Chain Company of Ithaca, New York, USA.
This has inverted teeth. Sometimes the power is output by simply
rotating the chain, which can be used to lift or drag objects.
In other situations, a second gear is placed and the power is
recovered by attaching shafts or hubs to this gear.
Though drive chains are often simple oval loops, they can also
go around corners by placing more than two gears along the chain;
gears that do not put power into the system or transmit it out are
generally known as idler-wheels.
By varying the diameter of the input and output gears with
respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered, so that, for
example, the foots of a bicycle can spin all the way around more than
once for every rotation of the gear that drives the wheels.
ADVANTAGES &
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES
 Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.

 Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.

 Excellent linearity over their dynamic range

 Wide frequency range, high frequencies can be measured

 Compact yet highly sensitive

 No moving parts - long service life

 Self-generating - no external power required

 Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose

 Integration of the output signal provides velocity and

displacement.

APPLICATIONS

 Foot step generated power can be used for agricultural, home

applications, street-lighting.

 Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power

failure situations.

 Metros, Rural Applications etc.,

CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS

In concluding the words of our project, since the power

generation using foot step get its energy requirements from the Non-
renewable source of energy.
There is no need of power from the mains and there is less
pollution in this source of energy.
It is very useful to the places all roads and as well as all kind of
foot step which is used to generate then on conventional energy like
electricity.
It is able to extend this project by using same arrangement and
construct in the footsteps/speed breaker so that increase the power
production rate by fixing school and colleges, highways etc.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES

[1] S. Whaley, D. English, E. Hu, P. Barbara, and A. Belcher,

“Nature”, pp 665, 2000.

[2] Tom krupenkin and J. Ashley Taylor ”Reverse electrowetting as a

new approach to high power energy harvesting” Nature
Communication, pp 1-7, August 2011.

[3] Tom Jose V, Binoy Boban, Sijo M T, “Electricity Generation from

foot steps; A generative Energy Resources” International Journal of
Scien tific and research publication, pp 1-3, March 2013

[4] Marc A. Rose, “Engineering Health and Safety Module.