Minhaj Report

Modelling and simulation of power system of battery, solar 2019
and fuel cell powered Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Abstract
To meet the never ending fuel demand of the vehicle, Hybrid Vehicle was introduced in
the research. Generally a hybrid vehicle is the combination of an internal combustion engine
(ICE) and electrical drive system. The performance of the vehicle is largely dependent on the
accuracy and efficiency of the electrical system of the vehicle powertrain. This paper analyzed
an electrical system for the powertrain of Hybrid Electric vehicle which is powered by Fuel
cell, Battery and PV panel. A Simulink model is prepared and simulated successfully.
Permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system is used in the Simulink model. The
simulation results like rotor speed, electromagnetic torque, current, DC-DC converter current,
voltage, state of charging, grid charger performance, photovoltaic panel performance and
mechanical torque are discussed and compared with the state of the art methods. Including this
the research also compared the performance of energy storage system with the reference which
is frequently used in the electrical system of the HEV.
DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 1

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
According to the centre of solar energy and hydrogen research a total number of 550,000 new
hybrid electric vehicle registered till 2015. Based on the use of energy storage system electric
vehicle can be classified into battery electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle. The key factor behind the revolution of Hybrid Electric Vehicle is the
improved performance of power electronics and performance oriented motor drives. The
performance of the powertrain of HEV is solely dependent on the performance of motor drives.
The demand of hybrid electric vehicle are increasing day by day due to immense Fuel cell
technology specifically proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMC) used vastly to utilize
hydrogen as major fuel source of the vehicle. As an environmentally safe and efficient fuel
hydrogen is the vital choice for the manufacturer in case electric vehicle.
The main advantage of hybrid electric vehicle beside the improved fuel economy, is the
reduction of carbon-di-oxide emission. The carbon dioxide emission rate on May 2016 was
near 407.70 ppm and it is simultaneously increasing. Hybrid electric vehicle uses many state
of the art environment friendly technologies like regenerative braking system, fuel cell etc.
which will greatly reduce the emission of harmful elements whose are responsible for
environment pollution. Along with this green technologies use of efficient power electronics
and lighting system will greatly improve the overall performance of hybrid electric vehicles

1. 1 WHAT IS HYBRID
 Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power.
 Hybrid vehicles are all around us. most of the locomotive we see pulling trains are
diesel-electric hybrids. We have diesel-electric trains-these can draw electric power
from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires.
 The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that -a cross between a gasoline-powered
car and an electric car

Chapter2
DESIGN

2.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
A PMSM is the first choice for the HEV system, because a PMSM has the advantages of high
torque density and efficiency. The high energy permanent magnets, such as rare earth or
samarium cobalt, used for exciting the magnetic field of a PMSM, enable the PMSM to be
significantly smaller than the IM and SRM in size and weight. The PMSM also has better
efficiency because of the absence of a rotor winding and the small size of the rotor.
Additionally, since the PMSM is efficient at low speed, the HEV using a PMSM is attractive
in the city mode in which the vehicle is required to frequently start and stop.
However, the PMSM has some drawbacks caused by its permanent magnets. For operation
above its base speed, the permanent magnets produce a significant back electromotive force
(emf) that must be reduced for its field weakening capability; a direct axis demagnetization
current produces magnetic flux to oppose the flux from the permanent magnets, and then
reduces the flux linked through the stator wires. For this field weakening operation, the fixed
huge magnetic flux from the highly energized permanent magnets prevents the direct axis
current coming to the stator wires and limits the constant power speed region

A salient pole permanent magnet synchronous machine is used in the Simulink model where
back emf waveform will be Sinusoidal. According to the above Figure when the simulation
is done electromagnetic torque of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is varied from -
100 Nm to 300 Nm at t=16 sec. Rotor speed is simultaneously increasing and increase till the
speed goes to 7000 rpm and tends to follow the expected. The mechanical power is varied
according to the reference within the range 0 W to 15*104 W. There are some distortion found
in case of electro-magnetic torque and mechanical power with the reference output. However
this performance fluctuation is for a small period of time and can be neglected as overall rotor
speed is continuously increasing. The stable output of rotor speed ensures that this two slightly
fluctuated value has a very low impact on the overall stability of the entire system.

2.2 Grid Charger

A grid charger is an electronic device that can charge the battery pack of hybrid electric vehicle
at a very low current. In near future vehicle to grid charge concept can be seen where electric
vehicles can be charged directly from the gird .Its name implying that it will use AC power for
charging. During parking electric vehicle can be recharged and by vehicle to grid technology
a vehicle can recharge its battery pack anywhere. This will be a great improvement as battery
electric vehicles are struggling with their battery packs. Widespread implementation of vehicle
to grid technology will remove the driving range limitations of electric vehicle.
Batteries have a finite number of charging cycles, as well as a shelf-life, therefore using
vehicles as grid storage can impact battery longevity. Studies that cycle batteries two or more
times per day have shown large decreases in capacity and greatly shortened life. However,
battery capacity is a complex function of factors such as battery chemistry, charging and
discharging rate, temperature, state of charge and age. Most studies with slower discharge rates
show only a few percent of additional degradation while one study has suggested that using
vehicles for grid storage could improve longevity.

Parameter Value
Peak amplitude 312 V
Frequency 50 Hz
Phase 0˚
Transformer Primary 312 V
Transformer Secondary 280 V
Diode Parameters
Snubber resistance 500 ohm
Forward voltage 0.8 V
Resistance Ron .001 ohm
According to the below Figure the output voltage of the grid charger varies within the 255 V
to 280 V at t=16 sec which meets the desired system requirement of 280 V.

2.3 Photovoltaic Panel
Commercial photovoltaic panels cannot provide equal performance due to average thermal
conductivity of substrate material. Here eighteen photovoltaic cells are used to complete the
model of photovoltaic panel.
It is mentioned earlier that photovoltaic panel will support the auxiliary battery of the vehicle
which is typically contains the rating of 12 V. From the simulation result it is seen that initially
the panel generating 11.929 V however the generation is slightly reduced in course of time
which remains till 15.95s. In 16th second and onwards a constant supply of 11.928 V is achieved
which is very close to recharge a 12 V battery. That means photovoltaic panel successfully
meets the system requirements.


2.4 Fuel Cell

Fuel cell is an integral part of the proposed hybrid electric vehicle power system. The use of
fuel cell was initiated by NASA as supporting power source to meet the power demand of their
space shuttle. Overall performance of the vehicle specifically the fuel economy of the vehicle
depends on the vehicle energy management system where the power distribution between the
fuel cell and battery is done panel so power produced from the fuel cell will be used completely
for the propulsion of the vehicle. The relation between stack voltage vs. current and stack power
vs. stack current reflects the accurate power production from fuel cell.
That means to improve the fuel economy of the vehicle it is equally important to improve
energy management system. To measure the performance of the fuel cell system generally the
initial state of charging and final state of charging are considered.
Total number of fuel cell stack used in this Simulink model is 400 where stack efficiency is
57%. Operating temperature plays important role in case of fuel cell. In this system the system
temperature kept 95˚C. Vehicle fuel cell system can be classified into four sub-system and the
air flow sub-system plays important role with having greater impact on fuel cell overall
performance. Air flow system is generally consists of cooler, compressor, valve and pipes etc.
To maintain the stable and reliable performance air flow control is an impressive method for
fuel cell system. Here nominal air flow rate is 1698 Ipm.
Parameter Value
Number of cell 400
Stack efficiency 57%
Operating 95˚
temperature
Nominal air flow rate 1698 Ipm


2.5 Battery
In any energy management system (EMS), energy storage system as well as battery play the
key role. Lithium-ion battery is used in this Simulink model. Detail specification of the battery
used in the Simulink model are visualized below
Parameter Value
Battery type Lithium-ion
Nominal voltage 288 V
Rated capacity 13.9 Ah
Initial state of charge 40.32%
Fully charged voltage 335.2283 V
Battery response time 30 sec

2.6 OVERALL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Above Figure represents an overall electrical measurement of the HEV power system. Here
the voltage through DC-DC converter varies within 0 V to 400 V. From output response it is
seen that the converter output failed to follow the reference waveform accurately though
conversion in different time period are done successfully. If the focus can be given on the
battery and fuel cell voltage, some distortion in the battery performance can be found though
fluctuation for a very small period of time so this fluctuation can be neglected. Though
optimum voltage for the propulsion is 288V but the voltage production from fuel cell varies
within the range of 300-450 V which is quite satisfactory for the smooth operation of the
system. Current production of fuel cell is varies within the range 0 A to 400 A which is within
the desired range of the system. According to the figure the state of charge (SOC) lies between
the range 39.8% to 40.8% where system requirement is 40.32% so the output response of state
of charge (SOC) clearly satisfies the demand.

Chapter 3
3.1 ADVANTAGES
Environmentally Friendly:
1. One of the biggest advantage of hybrid car over gasoline powered car is that it runs
cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes it environmentally friendly. A hybrid
vehicle runs on twin powered engine (gasoline engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel
consumption and conserves energy.
2. Financial Benefits:
Hybrid cars are supported by many credits and incentives that help to make them
affordable. Lower annual tax bills and exemption from congestion charges comes in the
form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.
3. Less dependence on Fossil Fuels:
A Hybrid car is much cleaner and requires less fuel to run which means less emissions
and less dependence on fossil fuels. This in turn also helps to reduce the price of
gasoline in domestic market.
4. Regenerative Braking System;
Each time you apply brake while driving a hybrid vehicle helps you to recharge your
battery a little. An internal mechanism kicks in that captures the energy released and
uses it to charge the battery which in turn eliminates the amount of time and need for
stopping to recharge the battery periodically.

5. Built From Light Materials:
Hybrid vehicles are made up of lighter materials which means less energy is required
to run. The engine is also smaller and lighter which also saves much energy.
6. Higher Resale Value:
With continuous increase in price of gasoline, more and more people are turning
towards hybrid cars. The result is that these green vehicles have started commanding
higher than average resale values. So, in case you are not satisfied with your vehicle,
you can always sell it at a premium price to buyers looking for it.

3.1 DISADVANTAGES
1.Less Power:
Hybrid cars are twin powered engine. The gasoline engine which is primary source of
power is much smaller as compared to what you get in single engine powered car and
electric motor is low power. The combined power of both is often less than that of gas
powered engine. It is therefore suited for city driving and not for speed and acceleration.
2. Can be Expensive:
The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car is that it can burn a hole in your pocket.
Hybrid cars are comparatively expensive than a regular petrol car and can cost $5000
to $10000 more than a standard version. However, that extra amount can be offset with
lower running cost and tax exemptions.
3.Poorer Handling:
A hybrid car houses an gasoline powered engine, a lighter electric engine and a pack
of powerful batteries. This adds weight and eats up the extra space in the car. Extra
weight results in fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cut down weight which has
resulted in motor and battery downsizing and less support in the suspension and body.

4. Higher Maintenance Costs:
The presence of dual engine, continuous improvement in technology, and higher
maintenance cost can make it difficult for mechanics to repair the car. It is also difficult
to find a mechanic with such an expertise.

CONCLUSION
In this paper mainly discussed modelling and simulation of HEV power system. More
specifically performance of various electrical components of HEV power system are closely
observed and analyzed. Comparison of the performance of various components of HEV power
system with the state of the art methods are done. The growth of market potential of hybrid
electric vehicle can be kept up by keeping the uninterrupted supply of power. That means the
long lasting success of HEV is largely dependent on the sustainability and flexibility of its
power system. Automotive market is currently struggling with the high price of the fuel and
the most convenient way to face this is to rely on hybrid electric vehicle. Beside this a major
advantage of hybrid electric vehicle is the lower emission of CO2 which ensures the safety of
environment. This paper represented a complete Simulink model of hybrid electric vehicle
power system which is powered by PEM fuel cell, Lithium-ion battery and photovoltaic panel.

REFERENCE
[1] Number of electric car worldwide can be acccessed at:

https://evannex.com/blogs/news/77801925-number-of-electric-carsworldwide-climbs-
to-1-3-million-tesla-model-s-takes-top-spot-amongnew-ev-registrations [August
21,2016].
[2] M. Anderman, “Status and trends in the HEV/PHEC/EV battery industry,” Rocky
Mountain Institute, 2008.
[3] Subotic, Ivan, and Emil Levi. "A review of single-phase on-board integrated battery
charging topologies for electric vehicles." Electrical Machines Design, Control and
Diagnosis (WEMDCD), 2015 IEEE Workshop on. IEEE, 2015

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Modelling and simulation of power system of battery, solar 2019

and fuel cell powered Hybrid Electric Vehicle

is frequently used in the electrical system of the HEV.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 1

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 2

 Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power.

diesel-electric hybrids. We have diesel-electric trains-these can draw electric power

 The gasoline-electric hybrid car is just that -a cross between a gasoline-powered

car and an electric car

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 3

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 4

2.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 5

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 6

2.2 Grid Charger

vehicles for grid storage could improve longevity.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 7

Peak amplitude 312 V

Transformer Primary 312 V

Transformer Secondary 280 V

Snubber resistance 500 ohm

Forward voltage 0.8 V

Resistance Ron .001 ohm

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 8

2.3 Photovoltaic Panel

model of photovoltaic panel.

meets the system requirements.

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2.4 Fuel Cell

initial state of charging and final state of charging are considered.

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used in the Simulink model are visualized below

Battery type Lithium-ion

Nominal voltage 288 V

Rated capacity 13.9 Ah

Initial state of charge 40.32%

Fully charged voltage 335.2283 V

Battery response time 30 sec

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 13

2.6 OVERALL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

of charge (SOC) clearly satisfies the demand.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 14

consumption and conserves energy.

form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.

3. Less dependence on Fossil Fuels:

gasoline in domestic market.

4. Regenerative Braking System;

stopping to recharge the battery periodically.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 15

5. Built From Light Materials:

6. Higher Resale Value:

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 16

lower running cost and tax exemptions.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 17

4. Higher Maintenance Costs:

The presence of dual engine, continuous improvement in technology, and higher

to find a mechanic with such an expertise.

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 18

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 19

[1] Number of electric car worldwide can be acccessed at:

DEPT OF EEE, P A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 20