International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications,
Volume XII, Special Issue, April 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AUDITING OF
EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
Pranjal Wagh
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s, College of Engineering and
Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
pranjalwagh94@gmail.com
Abstract: As electrical demand is increasing day by day,
electrical energy consumption is an important issue all
over the world. In this study electrical energy
consumption of an educational building is carried out.
Energy audit techniques were applied to identify energy
conservation opportunities to save energy. Based on the
analysis of auditing exercise, some recommendations were
suggested. It observed that electrical energy
consumptions can reduced up to 24%. In addition to this,
a cost analysis for the energy conservation opportunities
was performed. It results into a pay-back period of 3.5
years. Although energy efficiency measure is a multi-
objective optimization problem however results show that
the selection of the satisfactory energy savings can be
achieved through simple changes.
Keywords: Energy audit, energy conservation
opportunities, Energy saving, Energy consumption,
Payback period.
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Mangesh S. Thakare
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s, College of Engineering and
Technology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
msthakare@yahoo.com
Energy Audit (EA) is the key to a systematic approach
for decision-making in the area of energy management.
In order to achieve and maintain optimum energy
procurement and utilisation, throughout the
organization energy management is necessary. The
fundamental goal of energy management is to produce
goods and provide services with the least cost and least
environmental effect. In any organisation, the three top
operating expenses are often found to be energy (both
electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we
relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost
savings in each of the above components, energy
would invariably emerge as a top ranker, and thus
energy management function constitutes a strategic
area for cost reduction. The EA has given a positive
orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive
maintenance and quality control programmes which are
vital for production and utility activities. Such an audit
programme helps us to keep focus on variations which
occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of
supply of energy, decide on appropriate energy mix,
 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AUDITING OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

identify energy conservation opportunities, retrofit for

energy conservation equipment etc. In general, Energy
Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into
realities, by lending technically feasible solutions with
economic and other organizational considerations
within a specified time frame [1]. In this paper, case
study of educational building is undertaken. The
building is having total floor area of 109850 sq. m. EA
of this building illustrated the ways energy and fuel
used in. It also helped in identifying the areas where
excess energy consumption can be reduced.
II. ENERGY AUDIT PROCESS
Fig. 3. Month wise variation in demand
A. Study of Connected Load
The first and foremost step of energy audit is to study
the connected load of the premises under
consideration.Fig.1 shows the total load of the institute
in the form of pie chart.

Fig. 4. Month wise variation in power factor

Fig. 1. Pie chart of total connected load

B. Historical Data Analysis

In this one need go through the monthly electricity
bills of the institute for 12 months. The information
gathers from the electricity bill includes monthly units
consumed (Fig.2), maximum demand (Fig.3), power
factor (Fig.4) and month wise cost of energy (Fig.5).
The monthly variations in all these parameters are as
shown in the form of graphs below.
Fig. 5. Month wise variation in electricity bill

C. Electrical Measurements
This section gives information about the electrical
measurements carried out at LT side of the transformer
with the help of 3-phase power analyser. As the
transformer in institute premises is of 11kV/440V,
electrical measurements were carried at 440V side of
transformer with the help of 3- phase power analyser
by NanoVIP3 [2].All electrical parameters such as
frequency, voltage, current, power factor, harmonic
distortion were measured with power analyser.
Fig. 2. Month wise units consumption
a) Frequency measurement:
It was observed that according to supply norms
frequency was almost within limits i.e. 50 Hz. Fig.6
shows the frequency variations in the premises.

2
 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications,
Volume XII, Special Issue, April 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469

d) Power variation:
54.0

45.0

52.0
40.0

35.0

Hz 50.0
30.0

kW 25.0
kvar
48.0 kVA 20.0

15.0

46.0 10.0

5.00

12-01-2016 3:58:20 (h:min:s) 12-01-2016

12:08:00.000 47 min/Div 16:06:20.000 0.00

12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:min:s ) 12-01-2016

Fig. 6. Frequency variation 12:08:00.000 47 min/Div 16:06:40.000

b) Line voltage variation: Fig. 9. Power variation

The average line voltage was well within the limits i.e. e) Current total harmonic distortion (ATHD):
440V as shown in fig.7 [3].
The current total harmonic distortion (ATHD) [4] was on
higher side as shown in fig.10. The same can be
reduced by proper balancing the load on all 3-phases or
480 by adding harmonic filters.
40.0

460

35.0

V 440
30.0

%
420 25.0

20.0
400

15.0
12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:min:s) 12-01-2016
12:08:00.000 47 min/Div 16:06:40.000

12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:m in:s ) 12-01-2016

Fig. 7. Line voltage variation 12:08:00.000 47 m in/Div 16:06:40.000

c) Current and power variation: Fig. 10. Current total harmonic distortion

It was observed that current on all 3-phases was not f) Voltage total harmonic distortion (VTHD):
equal due to improper balancing of load on all 3- The voltage total harmonic distortion (VTHD) was well
phases.The figs. 8 and 9 show the observed current and within the limits [4] i.e. 5% as shown in Table no.8 and
power variations at the place. graphical representation is as shown in fig.11.

2.20

75.0 2.15

2.10
70.0
2.05
65.0
2.00

60.0 1.95

1.90
55.0
1.85
50.0
1.80
A %
45.0 1.75

1.70
40.0
1.65
35.0
1.60

30.0 1.55

1.50
25.0
1.45
20.0
1.40

1.35
12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:m in:s ) 12-01-2016
12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:min:s) 12-01-2016
12:08:00.000 47 m in/Div 16:06:40.000
12:08:00.000 47 min/Div 16:06:40.000

Fig. 8. Current variation Fig. 11. Voltage total harmonic distortion

g) Power factor variation:

3
 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AUDITING OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

Consumption of W/
As the P.F. was maintained above 0.95 as shown in New LED Tube 22 Uni
fig12; hence institute was enjoying incentive for better 3 Light t
power factor. W/
Saving per 30 Uni
4 Fitting t
1.05
Total reduction
6.9 kW
5 in demand
1.00
Daily working
8 Hrs
6 hours
0.95
55. kW
P 7 Daily saving 2 h
F 0.90
16
kW
56
h
0.85
8 Annual saving 0
12-01-2016 3:58:40 (h:min:s) 12-01-2016 Rs/
12:08:00.000 47 min/Div 16:06:40.000
Present Rate of 9.5 kW
9 Energy h
Fig. 12. Power factor variation
Annual 15
D. Energy Conservation Opportunities 1 monetary 73 Rs
0 saving 20
a) Replacement of total old 230 Fluorescent Tube 25
Lights with new 22 W LED Fittings: 1 Investment 78 Rs
During the Audit, it was revealed that there are about 1 required 30
total 230 Tube Lights fittings are old and with 1 Simple payback Mo
20
magnetic chokes. It needs to be replaced by New 2 period nths
Energy Efficient Fittings. Table I presents the saving
potential new energy efficient fittings. b) Replacement of 26 old ACs with new STAR Rated
ACs:
TABLE I
Replacement of Old Tube Lights During the audit, it was revealed that there are about 26
N Va Uni spilt/window AC units in the institute which are very
o Particulars lue t old to 15 years. The actual capacity has degraded due
Present Qty of 23 to runs for longer period. It is proposed to change the
Nos
1 Old FTLs 0 existing AC units by new 5 STAR AC unit of window
Present type. The cost benefit analysis is as shown in Table II.
W/
consumption of TABLE II
52 Uni
FTL with Replacement of Old ACs
t
2 magnetic ballast
Consumption of W/
c) Replacement of 82 old Ceiling Fans with new STAR 3 New Energy 55 Uni
Rated Fans: Efficient Fan t
During the Audit, it was revealed that there are about W/
82 old Ceiling Fans, which consume approximately 72 Uni
W per unit. It is recommended that to use New Five 4 Saving per Fitting 17 t
STAR Rated Ceiling Fans at all these locations which Total reduction in
consume less than 50 W. Table III shows the savings 5 demand 1.4 kW
potential with this option. Daily working
6 hours 10 Hrs
TABLE III
Replacement of Fans kW
N Va Uni 7 Daily saving 14 h
o Particulars lue t Annual working 30
Present Qty of 8 days 0 Nos
1 Existing Fans 82 Nos 42 kW
Present W/ 9 Annual saving 00 h
consumption of Uni Rs/
2 Existing Fan 72 t 1 Present Rate of kW
0 Energy 9.5 h

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 International Journal of Computer Engineering and Applications,
Volume XII, Special Issue, April 18, www.ijcea.com ISSN 2321-3469
39
1 Annual monetary 90
1 saving 0 Rs
15
k
1 Investment 82
2 required 60 Rs g
1 Simple payback Mo
3 period 48 nths

E. Carbon Footprinting

No Particulars Value Unit

Present number of Fig. 13. Monthwise CO2 emissions
1 26 Nos
Old ACs
On completion of energy audit it is revealed
Present Specific that there is saving of 44160 kWh a year. This
2 1.55 kW/TR
Power Consumption will reduce CO2 emissions by 35328 kg a
Specific Power year.
3 Consumption of 1.25 kW/TR
STAR Rated AC F. Saving to Investment Ratio (SIR):
Reduction in
The savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) method
4 Specific Power 0.3 kW/TR
is the ratio of the present value of savings to
Consumption
the present value of investments. SIR is used
Total reduction in
5 7.8 kW to analyse the relative profitability of
Demand
Daily Average projects. When “SIR>1,”the profitability of
6 10 Hrs
usage the project is accepted [5].
Daily saving in
7 78 kWh The SIR is calculated using following
Energy
equation.
Annual working
8 300 Nos
days n
St
Annual saving in  1  r  t
9 23400 kWh SIR  t 0
Energy n
It
10
Present Rate of
9.5 Rs/kWh
 1  r 
t 0
t
Energy
Annual monetary
11 222300 Rs
saving
(1)
12 Investment required 1003314 Rs
13 Simple payback 54 Months Where, St the savings in year t. It is the
period investment in year t. The r is the real discount
A Carbon Foot print is defined as the Total Greenhouse rate, and n is the life cycle analysis period.
Gas emissions, emitted due to various activities. In this The analysis period for life cycle cost should be set.
section the emissions of Carbon-Di-Oxide, by usage of The standard service life of tube light is considered as
the various forms of Energy used by the College for 5 years and that of fan and ACs is 7 years and 15 years
performing its day to day activities are calculated. respectively. By considering the cost of all these
Basis for computation of CO2 Emissions: 1 Unit (kWh) equipment by various manufactures, SIR is calculated
of Electrical Energy releases 0.8 Kg of CO2 into as shown in Table IV. Accordingly, the manufacturer
atmosphere. price of equipment which gives higher value of SIR
should be selected for financial feasibility of the
Based on the above Data the CO2 emissions which are project.
being released in to the atmosphere by the College due
to its Day to Day operations are computed which are as TABLE IV
SIR Calculations for Equipment Rates by Various Manufactures.
shown in fig13.
Representation of Month wise CO2 emissions:

5
 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND AUDITING OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING

Tube lights The energy audit is an effective tool to evaluate,

PWD Philips Syska analyse, diagnose the energy consumption of the
1.47 0.75 0.82 building and help to propose energy conservation
ACs solutions and retrofitting. The suggested modifications
PWD Panasonic Samsung can be evaluated using the simple payback method. In
0.59 0.56 0.55 this work an educational building was selected and
Fans analysed its energy consumption. In this study, energy
PWD Havells Bajaj audit identified many opportunities to save energy. The
0.64 0.62 0.61 work suggested remedies to lower the existing energy
consumption using lower and higher SIR values. It
shows 24% of the annual energy consumption can be
Table V presented recommendations with investment saved with a payback period of 3.5 year for higher
and simple payback period considering annual saving to investment ratio. The CO2 emission resulting
monetary saving given in Table I, II and III for lower from the building’s electricity use can also be reduced
and higher values of SIR. A total Investment of by 35328 kg per year. It shows an opportunity of
Rs.1476180/- is estimated for the energy efficiency selling tradable Renewable energy certificate and can
improvement project in Government Polytechnic, help in reducing payback period of the retrofits.
Pune. In Table V, A- represent supplying & erecting (Acknowledgement: First author wish to thanks Prof. Mrs. J.D.Naik
ready to use T8 retrofit LED 18W-20W tube light with for providing necessary support, encouragement and valuable
heat sink, integrated HF electronic driver & guidance during completion of the project.)
Compatible with existing T8(36W) / T12 (40W)
Luminaries by removing starter & ballast and with
warranty of free replacement for min. 3 years. B – References
represents supplying and erecting split type room Air [1] Handbook on Energy Management and Audit by Bureau of
Conditioning unit 1 TR 5 star capacity 250V, 50 Energy Efficiency (BEE).
cycles, A.C. supply having 1 No of air handling unit [2] Power Analyser (Nano VIP3) available at-
hi-wall / floor mounting type complete at position as
www.elcontrol-energy.net>nanovip-3
per specification no. AP-AC/SAC. And C- represents
supplying and erecting Five Star Rated Energy Saving [3]IEC 60947-2:2016 standard Low voltage switchgear and
Ceiling Fan 230 V A.C. 50 cycles 1200 mm complete controller – Part 2: Circuit-breakers, Voltage tolerance limits.
erected in position as per specification no. FG-FN/CF. [4] IEEE Std 519-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power systems,”
TABLE V Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 1993.
Recommendations with investments, payback for lower and higher
sir values. [5] Taehoon Hong, Choongwan Koo, Taehyun Kwak, HyoSeon
Park, “An economic and environmental assessment for selecting the
High optimum new renewable energy system for educational facility”.
Lowe Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 29(2014)286–300.
Parameters er
r SIR
SIR
Investment - A 50600 2578
(Rs) 0 30
Investment - B 10768 1003
(Rs) 68 314
Investment - C 16785 1582
(Rs) 4 60
17507 1419
Capital cost (Rs)
22 404
Contingency cost 5678
70028
4% (Rs) 8
Total Investment 18207 1476
(Rs) 50 180
Payback period
4.34 3.5
(Years)

III. CONCLUSIONS