Disadvantages of DBMS:

 When database is accessed by two or more users or two or more users can
execute the commands in DB, then the problem occurs in front of database is
which command can be executed first.
 Problem of Resource: For accessing a database it needs a different
environment, by which database users needs extra hardware and software
which can store data differently on different locations by which hardware
and software costs increases immediately.

DATA MODELS:
 Data Models are used to describe the structure of the database.
 Database Structure includes data types, relationships and constraints by
which we can store data very easily.
 By using some data models, data structure includes definition of basic
operations on data structures.
 Logical Data Model: It is defined as how the table, relation etc are logically
stored in database. Logical Data Model is generally of three types:
1.) Hierarchical Data Model
2.) Relational Data Model
3.) Network Data Model
 Hierarchical Data Model: In Hierarchical data model, all elements are
linked via tree structures in which top is called Root Node and others are
called as Branch Nodes. In this data model, all the data elements are
connected in parent-child relationships in which upper element is called as
Parent and other one called as Child. One Child element consists of many
childrens. In Hierarchical model, two relations contains a relation between
two record types. This relation is either one-to-one or one-to-many.

 Characterstics of Hierarchical Data Model:

1.) Every Hierarchical model contains one parent record type which does not
contain any parent type.
2.) Root record type contains a parent record type and every structure of the
record type works like a sub tree on the root.
3.) Every child record type contains only one parent record type that’s why
hierarchical model isn’t a type of many-to-many relationship.
4.) Parent record type data is used by every child type record.
5.) Child record is only then possible if it contains a parent record type.
6.) If parent record type is deleted, then all of the child record types are
deleted.

Relational Data Model: represents the collection of relations. A Relation

is nothing but a table of values. Every row in the table represents as a
collection of related data values. The Rows in the table denotes a real-world
entity or relationship.

Relational Model terms:

Attributes: Each Column in a table. Attributes are the properties which

defines a relation. For eg.: Student_Roll No., Name, etc.

Tables: In the relational model the relations are saved in the table
format. It is stored along with its entities. A table has two properties i.e
rows and colum