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Review Article
Article history: Background: There are different anatomical situations inside the nasal cavity leading to
Received 11 June 2016 rhinogenic contact point headache (RCPH), where each contact point has its own character-
Accepted 4 August 2016 istics. The precise excision of contact points by endoscopic approach in patients with RCPH
Available online 21 August 2016 is very effective and could be done carefully in selected patients. This review presents an
overview of the current aspects in pathophysiology, clinical profile, and management of
Keywords: RCPH.
Anatomical variations Method: Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Science direct, and Scopus data-
Headache bases.
Contact point headache Results: Headache is a common clinical entity and is nearly universal in the course of
Computed tomography everyone's life. Pressure of two opposing mucosa in the nasal cavity without evidence of
inflammation can be a cause of headache or facial pain. Minor intranasal anatomical
variation leading to mucosal contact point may be an etiological factor for causing headache
and often misdiagnosed and forgotten by clinician during evaluation of headache patients
and sometimes considered as headache of unknown etiology.
# 2016 Indraprastha Medical Corporation Ltd. All rights reserved.
Table 1 – Anatomic variations noted on diagnostic nasal nervous system causes the pain sensation, which is almost
endoscopy and CT scan anatomic variations. similar to migraine without aura. The duration and onset of
Serial no. Anatomical variations of nose pain coincide with duration and beginning of the nasal cycle.6
The middle turbinate is covered with mucosa on the lateral
1 Deviated nasal septum
nasal wall. Its anterior wall and nasal septum are supplied by
2 Septal spur
3 Concha bullosa anterior ethmoidal nerve. RCPH is usually a referred pain
4 Hypertrophied superior turbinate where two different afferent sensory neurons, one with its
5 Overpneumatised ethmoidal bulla receptor in the nasal cavity mucosa and other in the skin of
6 Hypertrophied agger nasi cells forehead, zygomatic, temple and medial canthal area synapse
7 Malformed uncinate process on the same sensory neuron of sensory nucleus of trigeminal
8 Paradoxical middle turbinate
nerve. If the receptors in the nasal mucosa are stimulated,
9 Hypertrophied inferior turbinate
leading to the misinterpretation by the sensory cortex as
originated from the skin, causing referred pain to the
headache may arise owing to infections, trauma, tumor, supraorbital or glabellar region. The cause of RCPH is
vascular lesions, and metabolic diseases.1 It needs a multidis- multifactorial. RCPH may result from nociceptors in the nasal
ciplinary approach to diagnose the causative factors for mucosa, which ends up in the sensory nucleus of the
headache. Often the rhinogenic cause of headache is undiag- trigeminal nerve. Pressure effect on the nasal mucosa is
nosed; even worse, this cause is not suspected on preliminary associated with changes in micro vascular supply, followed by
evaluation. Headache together with facial pain owing to nasal release of biologic substances, induces pain or decreasing the
origin in the absence of inflammatory sinonasal pathology is a pain threshold. The contact between mucosal lining of concha
new clinical entity that has received attention in medicine. bullosa and nasal septum or the lateral wall of nose results in
This is called as rhinogenic contact point headache (RCPH), release of SP, CGRP,7 and neurokinin A.8 These chemicals are
which is a new terminology in medicine. Even without the found in nociceptive fibers in the central nervous system and
presence of sinusitis, the referred headache often due to trigeminovascular system. So the contact point between
pressure on the nasal mucosa because of the anatomical intranasal mucosa may be a cause of secondary headache
variations in the nose.2 Contact point headache is a new type or triggering factor to primary headache.9 This phenomenon is
of headache in the International Classification of Headache also called as middle turbinate syndrome.10 SP has a known
Disorders (ICHD), supported by limited evidence. RCPH is role in pathophysiology of contact point headache.5 SP is a
defined as intermittent pain localized in the periorbital and neuropeptide that can be identified in the mucosa of the nasal
medial canthal or temporozygomatic regions; evidence of cavity. When SP is released around vascular area, vasodilata-
mucosal contact points with postural movements; cessation of tion, plasma extravasation and perivascular inflammation,
headache within 5 min following topical use of local anesthe- causing headache similar to clinical manifestations of
sia at contact area and significantly resolution of headache in migraine without aura.9 Normal nasal mucosa has a higher
less than 7 days following removal of contact points.3 concentration of SP than chronic hyper-plastic mucosa or
Intranasal contact points denote to a contact between two polypoidal tissue. This explains why contact point headaches
opposing intranasal mucosal surfaces. Intranasal contact are almost always seen in patients without rhinosinusitis.
points are present in about 4% of noses.4 Different intranasal
anatomical variations causing RCPH are given in Table 1.
3. Clinical profile
Stammberger and Wolf documented the role of substance P
(SP) in RCPH. They also described that this kind of headache is
not only because of abnormal middle turbinate but also by Headache is a very commonly encountered clinical symptom
abnormal mucosal contact causing referred pain.5 This review seen in everyone's life. Facial pain and headache due to sinus
article describes the role of anatomical variations in nose and nasal origin in the absence of inflammatory sinonasal
leading to headache, which is a prudent evaluation with pathology is a clinical presentation which has received
diagnostic nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) attention in both otorhinolaryngology and neurology. Differ-
scan before accurate diagnosis of rhinogenic cause of ent types of intranasal anatomical variations with mucosal
headache. It also describes details of pathophysiology, clinical contact points can lead to RCPH. The characteristic headache
profile, and management. may be different in each type of intranasal anatomical
variation. Many clinicians are not well versed with these
types of clinical condition with headache. Intranasal mucosal
2. Pathophysiology
contact headache was added as a secondary headache
disorder in the ICHD.11 Most relevant etiology concerned for
The pathogenesis of RCPH is still the subject of controversy by otolaryngologists includes anatomical variations of nose
some authors. The mechanical irritants such as pressure on causing secondary headache, which includes septal deviation,
the nasal mucosa may cause release of neuropeptides through septal spur, and concha bullosa.12 Wolf and Tosum et al.
the central orthodromic impulse and peripheral local, anti- documented that nasal septal deviation and spur are causing
dromic impulse. Neuropeptides like SP and calcitonin gene referred headache in the absence of inflammation.2 There are
related peptide (CGRP) cause vasodilatation and edema of different types of septal deviations including cartilaginous
mucosal membrane, which again intensifies the pressure of deviation, bony deviation, bony spur, and high septal devia-
contact area. The release of neuropeptides from central tion. The significant RCPH is seen in septal spur (Fig. 1). Concha
apollo medicine 13 (2016) 169–173 171
[(Fig._1)TD$IG] [(Fig._2)TD$IG]
paranasal sinuses is usually examined by neurophyscians, Table 2 – Mini functional endoscopic sinus surgery
ophthalmologist, otolaryngologists, dentist, and internist to procedures applied to patients with RCPH.
exclude other causes of headache such as neuralgia, temporal Serial no. Surgical procedure
arteritis, and vascular headache.13 Evaluation of intranasal
1 Septoplasty
contact points should be thoroughly done by otolaryngolo-
2 Septal spur resection (spurectomy)
gists. The combination of diagnostic nasal endoscopy and CT 3 Lateral resection of concha bullosa
scan provides maximum information for the diagnosis of 4 Subtotal resection of concha
RCPH.14 Diagnostic nasal endoscopy in conjunction with CT bullosa
scan has proven to be ideal combination for diagnosis of 5 Segmental resection of concha
sinonasal pathology. Anatomical variations such as septal bullosa
6 Submucosal resection of
deviation, septal spurs, concha bullosa (Fig. 4), hypertrophied
hypertrophied inferior turbinate
inferior turbinate, medialized middle turbinate, uncinate
7 Excision of overpneumatised bulla
bulla, medially or laterally bent uncinate process, paradoxi- (anterior ethmoidectomy)
cally middle turbinate, and large ethmoidal bulla are best
assessed by CT scan and diagnostic nasal endoscopy which are
often cause for contact headache. However, there exist points. For inferior turbinate hypertrophy, turbinoplasty or
limitations in diagnosis, as characteristic headache should conservative partial turbinectomy are done to release the
be relieved after application of local anesthetics, which is nasal obstruction and helping to remove the intranasal
usually not done in all cases of headaches. In one study of mucosal contact points. Few authors described treatment of
30 patients with applications of local anesthetic agents, 43% contact point headaches using transaction of fifth cranial
showed complete recovery, 47% showed slight improvement, nerve or injection of Gasserian ganglion by alcohol or
and 10% showed no improvement.2 This is why RCPH are novocaine.3 Before the era of endoscopic sinus surgery,
properly diagnosed by endoscopic examination and CT scan to complete removal of middle turbinate was done to manage
rule out differential diagnosis. Different anatomical variations concha bullosa. After evolution of endoscopic sinus surgery,
of nose causing contact point headaches are given in Table 1. techniques such as partial turbinectomy and turbinoplasty are
After identification of contact points, RCPH can be treated with practiced aiming to relieve the contact point headaches.16
surgical management.13 After evolution of endoscopic sinus Septal spur has a significant relation with headache in case
surgery, many authors described different techniques such as RCPH. Other than septal spur and hypertrophied middle
partial turbinectomy and turbinoplasty aiming to decrease turbinate, contact point headache may also cause by the
contact point headache and minimize postoperative syne- contact between the septum and superior turbinate or medial
chia.15 The limited endoscopic sinus surgery is a useful wall of the ethmoidal sinus.13 Nose has a diverse anatomical
surgical technique which helps to remove the contact points variation. Relation between these anatomical variations and
(Table 2). Patients with deviated nasal septum (DNS) or septal contact point headache was confirmed in septal spur, septal
spur need septoplasty or spurectomy, which causes removal of deviations, concha bullosa, and large ethmoidal bulla. So
mucosal contact points. In case of concha bullosa, concho- above lesions should not be ignored from mind during
plasty is done by resecting the lateral wall of superior or evaluation of headache and their respective treatment helps
middle turbinate. In case of large bulla ethmoidalis, anterior to relief the symptoms. Some anatomical variations of nose,
ethmoidectomy is usually a best option to remove the contact which cause RCPH, are given below with its treatment.
[(Fig._4)TD$IG]
4.1. DNS