Acropolis Technical Campus, Indore

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Semester: VI Semester

Workshop-II

Battery Level Indicator

Submitted To:- Submitted By:-

Prof Vishal Pawar Shivam Shukla
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Circuit Analysis
2.1. Circuit diagram
3. Working Principle
3.1. Block Diagram
4. Component Description
4.1. Testing procedure of Components
5. Software Description
6. Theory of PCB design
6.1. Designing of circuit using software
6.2. Film generation
6.3. Select raw material
6.4. Apply image
6.5. Striping and etching
6.6. Preparing drill holes
7. Refernces
INTRODUCTION
 Battery level indicator is a basic device which is used most of the
projects as the important part as this is used to monitor the battery
level of the battery in a working circuit. Here our model of the battery
level indicator is confined to the battery which can assign on to the
voltage level of 9 volts.

The functionality of this circuit is that it tells us about the battery

working time in accordance with its discharging. The circuitry is
having various design parameters and can be made in different ways
depending on the type of applications.

In our circuit we used an IC LM-3914 which is a comparator IC. In

this is here used to compare different voltage levels in each
comparator circuit and the output led lights up when there is a
difference between the higher value and the lower value of voltage.

Here we have added a potentiometer in the circuit so that the level can
be adjusted as we want ie if I want that 3 led should glow out of 10 at
a voltage level of 5V then this potentiometer is used for the level
adjustment.

We have a varied range of batteries available in the market which can

be fed as a input parameter for our circuit. In our practical life we are
seeing the use of this circuit in many applications such as cars battery
status, power banks, toys, mobile circuits etc.
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1
3.WORKING PRINCIPLE
The basic principle behind the working of battery level indicator is based on the Comparator
inside the IC LM3914.

Simply power the IC using the V+ and V- and the analog signal voltage is given to pin 5.
Here we have used 9V to power the IC to monitor an analogy voltage of 0-5V. Always note
that the voltage used to power the IC should be at least 1.5V more that the monitoring
voltage.
Since we are monitoring 0-9V here, the low reference voltage (pin 4) is set at 0V and the high
reference voltage (pin 6) is set to 9V. We connect all the 10 LEDs directly to the IC without
any current limiting resistor this is because the IC has an internal current limiter and the value
of current can be set by using the pin VRO (pin 7). The formulae to calculate the current is
given below, where I is the current through each LED and RL is the resistor connected to pin
7.
The IC can operate in two different modes, one is the dot mode and the other is bar mode. In
dot mode the mode pin (pin 9) has to be left floating, in this mode only one LED will be
turned on based on the input voltage. In Bar mode the mode pin (pin 9) has to be connected to
V+ and in this mode the LED will turn on or turn off sequentially based on the input voltage.
The working can be understood better with the following block diagram.
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4 COMPONENT DISCRIPTION

2.4.1 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

A ‘Printed Circuit Board’ is a thin board made of fiberglass, composite epoxy, or other
laminate material. Conductive pathways are etched or "printed" onto board, connecting
different components on the PCB, such as transistors, resistors, and integrated circuits. PCBs
are used in both desktop and laptop computers. They serve as the foundation for many
internal computer components, such as video cards, controller cards, network interface cards,
and expansion cards. These components all connect to the motherboard, which is also a
printed circuit board. While PCBs are often associated with computers, they are used in many
other electronic devices besides PCs. Most TVs, radios, digital cameras, cell phones, and
tablets include one or more printed circuit boards. While the PCBs found in mobile devices
look similar to those found in desktop computers and large electronics, they are typically
thinner and contain finer circuitry.

Diagram of Printed Circuit Board used in this project:

4.1 TESTING PROCEDURE OF COMPONENTS

Testing an electronic components begins with testing these electronic components through a
multi-meter. Multi-meters can measure resistance and voltage. They can test devices powered
by either AC or DC voltages and work in or out of circuit. Switch on the multi-meter. Turn
the knob to the voltage setting marked by the symbol for the V. Your knob setting should
match the voltage value. If the value is unknown, start with the lowest setting and increase in
gradual increments as you test the components Measure the resistance using the same method
as with the resistor. Photocells should be tested twice – near a light source and far away from
that same light source. Expect varying resistance measurements for certain electrical
components. With diodes, you will experience a small amount of resistance only when the
probes are placed one way but not the other. Capacitor resistance, on the other hand, should
be almost limitless or else it is damaged

We have undergone a process of checking and testing our components in the circuit we have
in the following manner.

 For selecting a resistance of a finite assigned level we used a multimeter and found
out the suitable value.
 For checking that the IC LM-3914 works properly we insisted on the prototyping the
circuit on a bread board.
 Led’s can be checked by attaching a resistance and connecting it to a battery so that it
is prevented by damage.
 In multimeters there is also an option for buzz in which a sound is generated if the
probes of multimeter gets connected to a complete circuit.
 The main part of the component testing was when the components were arranged
sequentially on a bread board as in accordance with the circuit diagram and a battery
was connected to the overall circuit. That time the overall analysis of the circuitry
working properly was done
 5.SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION (EAGLE)

EAGLE is a scriptable electronic design automation (EDA) application with schematic

capture, printed circuit board (PCB) layout, auto-router and computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) features. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor and is
developed by Cad-Soft Computer GmbH. The company was acquired by Autodesk Inc.in
2016.EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams. Schematics are
stored in files with .SCH extension, parts are defined in device libraries with .LBR extension.
Parts can be placed on many sheets and connected together through ports. The PCB layout
editor stores board files with the extension .BRD. It allows back-annotation to the schematic
and auto routing to automatically connect traces based on the connections defined in the
schematic. EAGLE saves Gerber and PostScript layout files as well as Excelled and Sieb &
Meyer drill files. These are standard file formats accepted by PCB fabrication companies, but
given EAGLE's typical user base of small design firms and hobbyists, many PCB fabricators
and assembly shops also accept EAGLE board files (with extension .BRD) directly to export
optimized production files and pick-and-place data themselves.

EAGLE provides a multi-window graphical user interface and menu system for editing,
project management and to customize the interface and design parameters. The system can be
controlled via mouse, keyboard hotkeys or by entering specific commands at an embedded
command line. Multiple repeating commands can be combined into script files (with file
extension .SCR). It is also possible to explore design files utilizing an EAGLE specific
object-oriented programming language (with extension .ULP).
THEORY OF PCB DESIGNING
6.1 DESINING THE CIRCUIT WITH SOFTWARE
Draw the schematic circuit diagram with the PCB layout software such as CAD software,
Eagle and Multisim software. This type of PCB design software contains a library of
components that can be used to build the circuit. It is also possible to change the circuit
design’s position and then to modify according to your convenience and requirement. Here
we have selected Eagle software to design the circuit and its procedure is as follows: Open
the Eagle circuit board design software.
A window with a menu bar appears.
Click on the file menu.

Select ‘new design’ from the drop-down menu.

Click on the library menu.

Select ‘pick devices/symbol’ from the drop-down menu.

Select a relevant comment by double clicking on it, so that the component appears on the

window.

Add all the components and draw the circuit with proper connections

6.2 FILM GENERATION

The film is generated from the finalized circuit board diagram of the PCB layout software
which is send to the manufacturing unit where the negative image or mask is printed out on a
plastic sheet.

6.3 SELECT RAW MATERIAL

The bulk of the printed circuit board is made with an unbreakable glass or fiberglass having
copper foil bonded unto one or both the sides of the board. Thus, the PCBs made from
unbreakable paper phenolic with a bonded copper foil are less expensive and are often used in
household electrical devices.
Mostly 0.059 industry standard thick, copper clad laminate, either single or double sided
board is required. Panels may be sheared to contain May boards of different sizes.
6.4 APPLY IMAGE
The printed circuit layout can be printed in different ways on PCBs like manual pen, dry transfers, pen
plotters and printers. The laser printers are a better way to print the layouts on printed circuit boards.

The following steps are used to print the PCB layout through a laser printer:

1. Take a clean and neat copper paper and place it on the laser printer.
2. Next, store the designed layout film in the computer.

3. A laser printer prints the designed circuit layout on a copper paper whenever it gets a
print command from the computer.

6.5 STRIPPING AND ETCHING

This process involves removing the unwired copper on the PCBs by using different types of
chemicals like ferric chloride, ammonium per-sulphate, etc. Make the solvent by mixing 1%
of sodium hydroxide and 10 grams of sodium hydroxide pellets to one litter of water and mix
it until everything is dissolved. Next, the PCB is put on a chemical bowl and cleaned up with
a brush. During this process, if the PCB is still greasy, due to applied sunflower or seed oil,
the developing process may take about 1 minute.

6.6 PREPARING DRILL HOLES

Machines and carbide drills are used to put holes on the printed circuit board. There are two
types of machines available to drill the PCBs; they include hand machines and CNC
machines. The hand machines require human intervention or effort to drill the holes, whereas
CNC machines are computer-based machines that work-based on the machine timetables or
programs that run both automatic as well as manually. The drilled pattern is stored in the
computer like drill bit sizes, number of holes per panel, drilled stack, drilled time per load,
etc. The PCB boards are placed into the CNC machine and the holes are drilled according to
the determined pattern to place printed circuit board components.
REFRENCES
https://components101.com/ics/lm3914-dot-bar-display-driver

https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm3914.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LM3914