Lecture 4b - Transmission Line Parameters

3/11/2019
Course Instructor
Dr. Raymond C. Rumpf
Office: A‐337
Phone: (915) 747‐6958
E‐Mail: rcrumpf@utep.edu
EE 4347
Applied Electromagnetics
Topic 4b
Transmission Line
Parameters
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Transmission Line Parameters Slide 1
Lecture Outline
• Attenuation Coefficient  and Phase Constant 
• Characteristic Impedance, Z0
• Special Cases of Transmission Lines
– General transmission lines
– Lossless lines
– Weakly absorbing lines
– Distortionless lines
• Why is 50  a Standard Impedance?
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Fundamental Vs. Intuitive Parameters
Fundamental Parameters Intuitive Parameters
Electromagnetics Electromagnetics
,  ,  n,  ,  ,  , tan 
Transmission Lines Transmission Lines
R , L, G , C Z 0 ,  ,  , VSWR
The fundamental parameters are the The intuitive parameters provide intuitive
most basic parameters needed to solve a insight about how signals behave on a
transmission line problem. transmission line.
However, it is difficult to be intuitive They isolate specific information to a
about how they affect signals on the line. single parameter.
An electromagnetic analysis is needed to
determine R, L, G, and C from the The intuitive parameters are calculated
geometry of the transmission line. from R, L, G, and C .
Attenuation
Coefficient  and
Phase Constant 
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Derivation  and  (1 of 7)

Step 1 – Start with the expression for .
    j   G  jC  R  j L 
Square this expression to get rid of square‐root on right‐hand side.
  j     G  jC  R  j L 
2
Expand this expression.
 2  j 2   2  RG  j RC  j LG   2 LC
Collect real and imaginary parts on the left‐hand and right‐hand sides.
 2
  2   j 2   RG   2 LC   j  RC  LG 

Step 2 – Generate two equations by equating real and imaginary parts.
2    RC  LG 
 2
  2   j 2   RG   2 LC   j  RC  LG 
 2   2  RG   2 LC
There are now two equations and two unknowns.
2    RC  LG 
   2  RG   2 LC
2
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Step 3 – Derive a quadratic equation for 2.
2    RC  LG  Eq. (1a)
    RG   LC
2 2 2
Eq. (1b)
Solve Eq. (1a) for .

  RC  LG  Eq. (2)
2
Substitute Eq. (2) into Eq. (1b) and simplify.
2

2    RC  LG    RG   2 LC
 2 
 2  RC  LG 
2
2   RG   2 LC
4 2
4 4   2  RC  LG   4 2 RG  4 2 2 LC
2
2

 4   2  2 LC  RG     RC  LG    0
2 

Step 4 – Solve for 2 using the quadratic equation.
b  b 2  4ac
Recall the quadratic formula: ax 2  bx  c  0  x 
2a
The equation for  is in the form of the quadratic equation where
a 1
2 b   2 LC  RG
 
    LC  RG     RC  LG    0 
4 2 2
 
2
2  c     RC  LG  
2 
x 2
The solution is
 
  2 LC  RG    LC  RG   4   RC  LG  
2 2
2 
2 
2
RG   2 LC  R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 

2
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Step 5 – Resolve the sign of the square‐root.
RG   2 LC  R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
2 
2
In order for this expression to always give a real value
for , the sign of the square‐root must be positive.
The final expression is
RG   2 LC  R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
2 
2

Step 6 – Solve for 2 using the expression for 2.
Recall Eq. (1b):  2   2  RG   2 LC
RG   2 LC  R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
2 
2
Derive an equation for 2 by substituting the expression for 2 into Eq. (1b).
RG   2 LC  R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
  2  RG   2 LC
2

RG   LC 
2
R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
2  
2
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Step 7 – The final expressions for  and  are derived in terms of the
fundamental parameters R, L, G, and C by taking the square‐root of
the latest expressions for 2 and 2.
 RG   LC    R
2 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
 
2
  RG   LC   2
R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
 
2
Both  and must be positive quantities for passive materials.
This means the positive sign is taken for the square‐roots.
 RG   LC    R
2 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 

2
  RG   2 LC   R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 

2
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Characteristic
Impedance Z0
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Characteristic Impedance, Z0 ()
The characteristic impedance Z0 of a transmission line is defined as the
ratio of the voltage to the current at any point of a forward travelling
wave.
V0 V0
Z0     
I0 I0
Definition for a forward Definition for a backward travelling
travelling wave. wave. Notice the negative sign!
Most characteristic impedance values fall in the 50  to 100  range.

The specific value of impedance is not usually of importance. What is
important is when the impedance changes because this causes
reflections, standing waves, and more.
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Derivation of Z0 (1 of 5)
Step 1 – Substitute the solutions back into the transmission line
equations.
V  z   V0 e  z  V0 e z
I  z   I 0 e  z  I 0 e z
dV  z  dI  z 
   R  j L  I  z     G  jC  V  z 
dz dz
d d   z

dz
V0 e z  V0e z  
dz
 I 0 e  I 0e z 
  R  j L   I 0 e   z  I 0 e z    G  jC  V0 e  z  V0 e z 
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Step 2 – Expand the equations and calculate the derivatives.
d d   z

dz
V0 e z  V0e z  
dz
 I 0 e  I 0e z 
  R  j L   I 0 e   z  I 0 e z    G  jC  V0 e  z  V0 e z 
 V0 e  z   V0 e z  I 0 e  z   I 0 e z
  R  j L  I 0 e  z   R  j L  I 0 e z   G  jC  V0 e  z   G  jC  V0 e z
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Step 3 – Equate the expressions multiplying the common exponential
terms.
 V0   R  j L  I 0
 V0 e  z   V0 e z   R  j L  I 0 e  z   R  j L  I 0 e z
 V0   R  j L  I 0
 I 0   G  jC  V0
 I 0 e  z   I 0 e z   G  jC  V0 e  z   G  jC  V0 e z
 I 0   G  jC  V0
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Step 4 – Solve each of our four equations for V0/I0 to derive
expressions for Z0.
 V0   R  j L  I 0 V0 R  j L
   Z0
I 0 
V0 R  j L
 V0   R  j L  I 0     Z0
I 0 
V0 
 I 0   G  jC  V0    Z0
I 0 G  jC
V0 
 I 0   G  jC  V0     Z0
I 0 G  jC
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Step 5 – Put Z0 in terms of just R, L, G, and C.
Recall our expression for :     j   G  jC  R  j L 
We can substitute this into either of our expressions for Z0.
R  j L 
Z0  
 G  jC
Proceed with the first expression.
R  j L R  j L
Z0  
  G  jC  R  j L 
 R  j L 
2

 G  jC  R  j L 
R  j L

G  jC
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Final Expression for Z0 ()
We have derived a general expression for the characteristic impedance
Z0 of a transmission line in terms of the fundamental parameters R, L,
G, and C.
V0 V0
Definition: Z0   
I 0 I 0
R  j L  R  j L
Expressions: Z0   
 G  jC G  jC
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Dissecting the Characteristic Impedance, Z0
The characteristic impedance describes the amplitude and phase
relation between voltage and current along a transmission line. With
this picture in mind, the characteristic impedance can be written as
V  z   V0 e z
Z 0  Z 0  Z 0
V0  z V0  z jZ0
I  z   I 0 e z  e  e e
Z0 Z0
The characteristic impedance can also be written in terms of its real
and imaginary parts.
Z 0  R0  jX 0
Reactive part of Z0. This is not equal to jL or 1/jC.
Resistive part of Z0. This is not equal to R or G.
20
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Special Cases of
Transmission Lines:
General Transmission Line
21
Parameters for General TLs
Propagation Constant, 
    j   G  jC  R  j L 
Attenuation Coefficient, 
 RG   LC    R
2 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 

2
Phase Constant, 
  RG   2 LC   R 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 

2
Characteristic Impedance, Z0
R  j L
Z 0  R0  jX 0 
G  jC
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Special Cases of
Transmission Lines:
Lossless Lines
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Definition of Lossless TL
When we think about transmission lines, we tend to think of the
special case of the lossless line because the equations simplify
considerably.
For a transmission line to be lossless, it must have
RG 0
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Parameters for Lossless TLs
    j   j LC
 0
Phase Constant, 
   LC
L
Z 0  R0  jX 0 
C
L
R0  X0  0
C
25
Special Cases of
Transmission Lines:
Weakly Absorbing Line
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Definition of Weakly Absorbing TL
Most practical transmission lines have loss, but very low loss making
them weakly absorbing.
We will define a weakly absorbing line as
R   L and G  C
Ensures very little conduction between
the lines through the dielectric.
Ensures low ohmic loss for signals
propagating through the line.
27
Parameters for Weakly Absorbing TLs
1 R 
   GZ 0 
2  Z0 
Conductance through the dielectric dominates
attenuation in high‐impedance transmission lines.
Resistivity in the conductors dominates
attenuation in low‐impedance transmission lines.
In weakly absorbing transmission lines, there usually exists a
“sweet spot” for the impedance where attenuation is minimized.
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Special Cases of
Transmission Lines:
Distortionless Lines
29
Definition of Distortionless TL
In a real transmission line, different frequencies will be attenuated
differently because  is a function of . This causes distortion in the
signals carried by the line.
 RG   LC    R
2 2
  2 L2  G 2   2C 2 
   
2
To be distortionless, there must be a choice of R, L, G, and C that
eliminates  from the expression of , effectively making 
independent of frequency .
The necessary condition to be distortionless is
R G
 or RC  LG
L C
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Parameters for Distortionless TLs
    j   RG  j LC
  RG
Phase Constant, 
To be distortionless, we must have   .  is a measure of how
quickly a signal accumulates phase. Different frequencies have
   LC different wavelengths and therefore must accumulate different
phase through the same length of line.
R L
Z 0  R0  jX 0  
G C
R L
R0   X0  0
G C
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Why 50 ?
32
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Cable Loss Vs. Characteristic Impedance
As we adjust the cable dimensions (i.e. b/a), we change both its
impedance and its loss characteristics. This let’s us plot the cable loss
vs. characteristic impedance for a coax with different dielectric fills.
For the air‐filled coax, we
observe minimum loss at
around 77 , where b/a  3.5.
A coaxial cable filled with
polyethelene (r = 2.2), the
minimum loss occurs at 51.2 
(b/a = 3.6).
https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/why‐fifty‐ohms
33
Power Handling Vs. Characteristic
Impedance
As we adjust the cable dimensions (i.e. b/a), we affect the peak
voltage handling capability (breakdown) and its power handling
capability (heat).
We observe the lowest peak
voltage at just over 50 
which we interpret as the
point of best voltage handling
capability.
We observe the lowest peak
current at around 30  which
we interpret as the point of
best power handling
capability.
https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/why‐fifty‐ohms
34
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Why 50  Impedance is Best?
Two researchers, Lloyd Espenscheid and
Herman Affel, working at Bell Labs produced
this graph in 1929. They needed to send 4 MHz
signals hundreds of miles. Transmission lines
capable of handling high voltage and high
power were needed in order to accomplish
this.
The data shown at right was generated for an
air‐filled coaxial cable.
Best for High Voltage: Z0 = 60 
Best for High Power: Z0 = 30 
Best for Low Attenuation: Z0 = 75 
50  seemed like the best compromise.
35
Why 75  Impedance Standard for Coax?
Nobody really knows!!
The ideal impedance is closer to 50 , however this requires a thicker
center conductor. Maybe 75  is a compromise between low loss
and mechanical flexibility?
36
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Lecture 4b - Transmission Line Parameters

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Lecture 4b - Transmission Line Parameters

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3/11/2019

Derivation  and  (1 of 7)

Derivation  and  (2 of 7)

Derivation  and  (3 of 7)

Derivation  and  (4 of 7)

Derivation  and  (5 of 7)

Derivation  and  (6 of 7)

Derive an equation for 2 by substituting the expression for 2 into Eq. (1b).

Derivation  and  (7 of 7)

Most characteristic impedance values fall in the 50  to 100  range.

 I 0 e  z   I 0 e z   G  jC  V0 e  z   G  jC  V0 e z

General Transmission Line

Weakly Absorbing Line

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