A Comparison of The Effect of Different Curing Methods in The Strength of Concrete PDF

A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CURING METHODS IN THE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
A Project Study Presented to
the Faculty of the Department of Civil Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture,
University of the Cordilleras
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
by
Almadin, Khyzel B.
Al-matari, Mohammed H.
Asiong, Daisy S.
Dar, Paulo C.
Dayao, Luke S.
Os-osa, John Dave U.
April 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DEDICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURE/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . 1
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework . . . . 8
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . 21
Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses . 23
Scope, Limitations & Delimitations . . . . 23
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design and Methodology . . . . . 30
Population and Locale of the Study . . . . 30
Data Gathering Tools . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . 35
ii
PAGE
Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . 41
CHAPTER
3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Xxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
APPENDICES
A Anticipated Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
B Gantt Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
C Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Title Page
1 Correction Factor . . . . . . . 15
2 xxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Figure Title Page
1 Sprinkling . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Burlap Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Steam Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6 Research Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 Coarse and Fine Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Water Faucet in UC-CEA Laboratory . . . . . . 32
9 Holcim Portland Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10 A roll of Berlene Curing Blanket . . . . . . 34
11 Universal Testing Machine (UTM). . . . . . . . 41
v
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Background of the Study
Concrete is a stone-like material obtained by permitting a
carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other
aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions
of the desired structure (Nilson, Dawin & Dolan, 2010). Concrete
is a ubiquitous material and its versatility and ready availability
have ensured that it has been and will continue to be of great and
increasing importance for all types of construction throughout the
world(Domone & Illston, 2010). The factors that make concrete a
universal building material are so pronounced that it has been
used, in more primitive kinds and ways than at present, for
thousands of years, starting with lime mortars from 12,000 to 6000
BCE in Crete, Cyprus, Greece, and the Middle East (Nilson, Dawin
& Dolan, 2010). Concrete is one the most important materials that
used up lots of natural resources. In the modern era, the use of
concrete had been the backbone of the construction industry of the
nation. The development of the local construction industry demands
for higher concrete volume higher which indirectly increase the
need for larger natural resources supply to produce concrete (Yu,
Ing & Choo, 2017). Concrete is the most widely used man made
construction material in the world. And is second only to water as

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the most utilized substance on the planet. It is obtained by the
mixing cementing materials, water and aggregates, and sometimes
admixtures, in required proportions (Nagesh, Kumar, Chincholi &
Nagaraj, n.d.). As cited by researchers led by Aguilar, concrete
industries are projected to grow from 8.5 to 10.3 trillion US
dollars in a span of five years, 2015-2020 (Construction
Intelligence Center, 2015). These figures means billions of metric
of raw materials, about 53 billion metric tons of natural
aggregates forecast in 2017 (Freedonta, 2014). However, there is
a critical shortage of natural aggregates for production of
concrete, thus, concrete which serve no longer value such as
deteriorated concretes creates severe ecological and environmental
problem (Schachermayer, et. al., 2000).
Demands on modern concrete are increasing, while raw
materials are changing and budgets are shrinking, together
requiring that closer attention is needed to ensure that the best
value is obtained from the cementitious materials in the mixture
(Taylor, 2014). In the last decade large investments in
infrastructural structures are made (High Speed Link and
Betuweroute) and new investments are foreseen. These structures
are and will be designed for a lifetime of 80 or 100 years or more.
Not only for technical reasons, but also for economic reasons.
During this lifetime the structure is exposed to several
environmental influences. Whether a concrete structure can resist

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these environmental influences depends, among other things, on the
ingress rate of liquids and gasses (Bouwmeester & Schlangen, 2008).
Concrete failures at site are associated to several reasons; right
from concrete mix design, properties of materials used, mixing,
placing, compaction, curing procedures and many more (Kulkarni &
Pereira, 2011). With these in hand, it opened doors to every
researchers to incorporate and synthesize as to prolong the life
span of concrete in structure and increase its serviceability, one
of which introduces the proper use of curing. Proper curing is
believed to reduce unwanted waste from rejected concrete not
meeting the standard or desired strength, reserve natural sources
(aggregates, minerals, etc.), influences aspects in the concrete
structure both its physical and mechanical properties (compressive
strength, durability, etc.) and many more.
Curing plays an important role on strength development and
durability of concrete. Curing takes place immediately after
concrete placing and finishing, and involves maintenance of
desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and
near the surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured
concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued hydration
and development of strength, volume stability, resistance to
freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance
(Zemajtis, 2018). Fresh concrete gains strength most rapidly
during the first few days and weeks. Structural design is generally
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based on the 28-day strength, about 70 percent of which is reached
at the end of the first week after placing. The final concrete
strength depends greatly on the conditions of moisture and
temperature during this initial period. The maintenance of proper
conditions during this time is known as curing (Nilson, Dawin &
Dolan, 2010).
Three (3) general method of curing concrete is provided,
namely; “Water curing”, “Membrane or Cover curing”, and “Heat
curing”. Water curing is done by spraying or sprinkling water over
the concrete surface to ensure that the concrete surface remains
continuously moist, this prevents the moisture from the body of
concrete from evaporating and contributes to the strength gain of
concrete. It includes five (5) sub-types; ponding, sprinkling,
fogging and mist curing, and wet coverings. While membrane curing
is done by wrapping the concrete, under this method includes;
formwork, plastic sheeting, and membrane curing compounds. Lastly,
steam curing is a process for accelerating the early hardening of
concrete and mortars by exposing it to steam and humidity, this
type of system is most commonly used for precast concrete products
where standard products are manufactured in the factory and the
turnaround time of the formwork is very quick (Kulkarni & Pereira,
2011). Shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3 are the most commonly used
curing, in construction site, of each of the general method
aforementioned; sprinkling, burlap curing and steam curing.

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Figure 1: Sprinkling
Figure 2: Burlap Curing

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Figure 3: Steam Curing
Source: https://gharpedia.com/concrete-curing-methods/
Advancement in the development of research regarding this
matter is still challenging and ongoing. Raheem, Soyingbe & Emenike
(2013), proposed a study focused on the effect of six particular
curing methods (Water Submerged, Spray, Polythene, Burlap, Moist
Sand, and Air curing) on the density and compressive strength of
concrete with curing durations of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the
study concluded that moist sand curing method generates the highest
compressive strength, whereas, air curing produce the least.
Similar study was conducted by Yu, Ing, & Choo (2017) where they
introduced a replacement aggregate but focuses still on the effect
of curing methods on its compressive strength, the researchers
uses only two methods, full water curing and air-open curing, with
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curing duration of 1, 7 and 28 days, it is suggested that water
curing is most suitable for the specimen being experimented. Other
study, Aminur, et. al. (2010), suggested likewise that water curing
is likely the best curing method to attain strength development.

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Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Concrete Curing Methods
Concrete
Development
Concrete Strength
Figure 4: Conceptual Framework
The concept of our study is to compare which curing method
affects the strength of a concrete the most considering its
development in 7 days of curing, 14 days of curing and 28 days of
curing. The concrete to be used in this study shall have the same
concrete mix ratio for all the three (3) methods. Our study will
follow a procedural method as indicated in the ASTM manual and
AASHTO including the specimen’s 7-day strength, 14-day strength,
and 28-day strength. For the curing, standards for each of the
chosen three methods are adopted in this study.

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Steam curing of concrete at atmospheric pressure has the
advantage of accelerating the hydration reactions of Portland
cement. Consequently, the material develops compressive strength
and reduces its permeability in a shorter time compared with
standard curing under ambient conditions. Under normal ambient
conditions, depending on the type of cement and its fineness, the
compressive strength can reach up to 50 % of the final strength in
3 days, and 80 % in 10 days. (Wilson, Gupta, 2003)
The advantage of using burlap is that it can hold water on
horizontal and vertical surfaces. For sprinkling the surface of
the concrete, it provides excellent curing when the air temperature
is above freezing. (Gebler, et. al., 2008)

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Theoretical Framework
Sand Cement Gravel
Concrete
Mold
Curing of
Concrete
Sprinkling Burlap Steam
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Flexural
Compressive
Strength
Strength Test
Test
Figure 5: Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework of the study portrays a step-by-
step procedure in obtaining the strength of a concrete. It includes
the computation for the concrete ratio which will be used
throughout and the data for concrete mixing. It is also compromised
by curing methods for the concrete.
Curing plays an important role on strength development and
durability of concrete. American Concrete Institute (ACI)
Committee 301 recommends a minimum curing period corresponding to

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concrete attaining 70 percent of the specified compressive
strength2. The often specified seven-day curing commonly
corresponds to approximately 70 percent of the specified
compressive strengths.
The first step in this study is the laboratory concrete mix
proportioning to prepare a concrete mix proportion according to
specification and to determine its properties. A trial mix design
procedure is to be followed in accordance to ASTM C 192-69, ASTM
C 143-71, AASHTO T 126-70, and AASHTO T 119-74. Concrete trial mix
data and the batch quantities will be determined.
A. Designed strength: _____________________psi
a. W-C Ratio for Strength: _________________
b. W-C Ratio for exposure: _________________
c. W-C Ratio for use: ______________________
d. Exposure Condition: _____________________
e. Size of coarse aggregate used: _____________________
f. Texture and Shape of coarse aggregate:

____________________
g. Absorption: _______________%
h. Specific Gravity (Dry): ____________________
i. Dry-rodded unit weight: ___________________
j. Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate: ________________
k. Absorption: ______________%
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l. Specific Gravity (Dry): ____________________
m. Desired Slump: __________________
n. Actual Slump: ___________________
o. Water Content: __________________
p. Cement Factor: __________________
q. Unit Weight of Concrete: ________________
r. Mixture Proportion: __________________
This procedure is for calculating the approximate quantities
of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and water needed to
make one cubic yard of air-entrained concrete of a specified
compressive strength. This calculation should be done before the
beginning of the laboratory period. It includes the 28-day
compressive strength for the concrete, properties of the coarse
and fine aggregate including maximum aggregate size, fineness
modulus, of the fine aggregate, effective absorption of the fine
and coarse aggregate, the dry rodded unit weight of the coarse
aggregate, and the shape of the coarse aggregate and slump of the
concrete mix.
The next procedure is the laboratory batching. Record all the
weights in the data. The weights of cement, water, coarse and fine
aggregates computed in the first procedure will be adopted and put
in larger mixing pan. Coarse and fine aggregates are added into
the mixing pan to produce a concrete mix with the desired slump
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and with good workability. Then slump shall be tested. When the
batch is judged to be satisfactory, the remaining supplies of
aggregates are weighed and recorded in the data sheet.
In testing the slump, the mold should be dampened and placed
in the mixing board. The mold shall be firmly held down against
the board. The slump cone with concrete is filled in three layers,
each approximately one-third of the volume of the mold. Each layer
shall be rodded with 25 strokes, distributed uniformly over the
cross-section of the cone. The rod shall lightly penetrate the
previous layer. The slump shall be measured immediately by
determining the difference between the height of the mold and the
height of the subsided concrete. After the slump measurement is
completed, the side of the concrete frustum should be tapped gently
with the tamping rod. The behavior of the concrete under this
treatment is a valuable indication of cohesiveness. A well-
proportioned mix will gradually slump to lower elevation and retain
its original form, while a poor mix will crumple, segregate and
fall apart.
The cylindrical concrete and beam concrete specimen shall be
formed by placing the concrete in the cylinder and beam mold in
three layers of approximately equal volume. Each volume shall be
rodded with 25 strokes using a tamping rod. The strokes should be
distributed uniformly over the cross section of the mold. Also the
mold filled with concrete should be tapped gently with the tamping
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rod. This treatment will help to consolidate the concrete and to
drive out the air bubbles trapped in the concrete.
After 24 ± 8 hours, test specimen shall be removed from the
molds and stored in the curing room.
After curing the specimen for 28 days, perform the compression
test and the splitting tension test of concrete. For the test of
flexural strength of concrete, this covers the determination of
the flexural strength of small size concrete specimens by the use
of a simple beam with center point loading. The load is applied
slowly until beam breaks and the UTM shall provide its maximum
load.
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of concrete a very important factor
in designing a building. Compressive strength test results are
primarily used to determine that the concrete mixture as delivered
meets the requirements of the specified strength, f’c, in the job
specification.
Strength test results from cast cylinders may be used for
quality control, acceptance of concrete, or for estimating the
concrete strength in a structure for the purpose of scheduling
construction operations such as form removal or for evaluating the
adequacy of curing and protection afforded to the structure.
Cylinders tested for acceptance and quality control are made and
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cured in accordance with procedures described for standard-cured
specimens in ASTM C 192, Standard Practice for Making and Curing
Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory. Cylindrical specimens
are tested in accordance with ASTM C 39, Standard Test Method for
Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
The compressive strength of the specimen can be calculated by
dividing the maximum load carried to the average cross-sectional
area of the specimen.
𝐏
𝐂𝐒 = (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏)
𝐀
Where, CS = Compressive Strength in MPa
P = failure load in N
A = cross sectional area in mm2
If the specimen length to diameter ratio is 1.75 or less,
correct the result obtained by multiplying the appropriate
correction factor (Table 1) to the compressive strength of the
concrete.
Table 1: Correction Factor
L/D: 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00
Factor 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.87

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Use interpolation to determine correction factors for L/D
values between those given in table 1.
Note: Correction factors depend on various conditions such as
moisture condition, strength level, and elastic modulus. Average
values are given in table 1. These correction factors apply to
low-density concrete weighing between 100 and 120 lb/ft3 [1600 and
1920 kg/m3] and to normal density concrete. They are applicable to
concrete dry or soaked at the time of loading and for nominal
concrete strengths from 2000 to 6000 psi [14 to 42 MPa]. For
strengths higher than 6000 psi [42 MPa] correction factors may be
larger than the values listed above.
Flexural Strength of Concrete
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of
concrete. It is a measure of an un-reinforced concrete beam or
slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading 6 x
6-inch (150 x150 mm) concrete beams with a span length of at least
three times the depth. The flexural strength is expressed as
Modulus of Rupture in psi (MPa) and is determined by standard test
methods ASTM C 78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C 293 (center-
point loading).
MR (maximum flexure stress at failure)
𝟑𝐏𝐋
𝐌𝐑 = (𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐)
𝟐𝐛𝐡𝟐
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Where: MR = modulus of rapture
P = maximum load applied indicated by the testing machine
L = span length
b = average width of specimen at the fracture
h = average depth of specimen at the fracture
Flexural MR is about 10 to 20 percent of compressive
strength depending on the type, size and volume of coarse
aggregate used. The MR determined by third-point loading is
lower than the MR determined by center-point loading, sometimes
by as much as 15%.
Sprinkling
In curing concrete using sprinkling method, the temperature
of the curing water shall not be lower than 10 C (20 F) cooler
than the surface temperature of the concrete at the time the water
and concrete come in contact. Water shall be potable or shall meet
the requirements of ASTM C 94, and shall be free of materials that
have the potential to stain concrete. Equipment shall consist of
soaker hoses, lawn sprinklers, or a combination thereof.
Perform sprinkling for final curing by using either soaker
hoses or lawn sprinklers. Exercise care so the surface of the
concrete is not eroded. Use soaker hoses for initial curing of
concrete walls and columns after time of initial setting and prior
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to the forms being removed. Place hoses at the top of walls and
columns so water will enter between concrete and form work. Keep
the concrete surfaces continuously wet. However, the sprinklers do
not have to be permanently; they may be on an intermittent timer.
Sprinklers require a major water supply, can be wasteful of
water and may need a drainage system to handle the run-off. The
alternative is to have a closed system where the water is collected
and recycled.
Steam Curing
In steam curing, the strength development of concrete is very
rapid. This method can best be used in pre cast concrete work. In
steam curing the temperature of steam should be restricted to a
maximum of 750C as in the absence of proper humidity (about 90%)
the concrete may dry too soon. In case of hot water curing,
temperature may be raised to any limit, by 1000C.
Steam curing is advantageous where early strength gain in
concrete is important or where additional heat is required to
accomplish hydration, as in cold weather. Two methods of steam
curing are used: live steam at atmospheric pressure (for enclosed
cast-in-place structures and large precast concrete units) and
high-pressure steam in autoclaves (for small manufactured units).
A typical steam-curing cycle consists of an initial delay
prior to steaming, a period for increasing the temperature, a

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period for holding the maximum temperature constant, and a period
for decreasing the temperature.
Steam curing at atmospheric pressure is generally done in an
enclosure to minimize moisture and heat losses. Tarpaulins are
frequently used to form the enclosure. Application of steam to the
enclosure should be delayed until initial set occurs or delayed at
least 3 hours after final placement of concrete to allow for some
hardening of the concrete. However, a 3- to 5- hour delay period
prior to steaming will achieve maximum early strength.
Steam temperature in the enclosure should be kept at about
60°C (140°F) until the desired concrete strength has developed.
Strength will not increase significantly if the maximum steam
temperature is raised from 60°C to 70°C (140°F to 160°F). Steam-
curing temperatures above 70°C (160°F) should be avoided; they are
uneconomical and may result in damage. It is recommended that the
internal temperature of concrete not exceed 70°C (160°F) to avoid
heat induced delayed expansion and undue reduction in ultimate
strength. Use of concrete temperatures above 70°C (160°F) should
be demonstrated to be safe by test or historic field data.
Concrete temperatures are commonly monitored at the exposed
ends of the concrete element. Monitoring air temperatures alone is
not sufficient because the heat of hydration may cause the internal
temperature of the concrete to exceed 70°C (160°F). Besides early
strength gain, there are other advantages of curing concrete at

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temperatures of around 60°C (140°F); for example, there is reduced
drying shrinkage and creep as compared to concrete cured at 23°C
(73°F) for 28 days (Klieger 1960 and Tepponen and Eriksson 1987).
Excessive rates of heating and cooling should be avoided to
prevent damaging volume changes. Temperatures in the enclosure
surrounding the concrete should not be increased or decreased more
than 22°C to 33°C (40°F to60°F) per hour depending on the size and
shape of the concrete element.
The curing temperature in the enclosure should be held until
the concrete has reached the desired strength. The time required
will depend on the concrete mixture and steam temperature in the
enclosure.
Wet Coverings or Wet Burlap
Fabric coverings saturated with water, such as burlap, cotton
mats, rugs, or other moisture-retaining fabrics, are commonly used
for curing.
Burlap must be free of any substance that is harmful to
concrete or causes discoloration. New burlap should be thoroughly
rinsed in water to remove soluble substances and to make the burlap
more absorbent. Wet, moisture-retaining fabric coverings should be
placed as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently to prevent
surface damage. Care should be taken to cover the entire surface
with wet fabric, including the edges of slabs. The coverings should
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be kept continuously moist so that a film of water remains on the
concrete surface throughout the curing period.
Significance of the Study
The study is expected to generate a satisfactory finding where
it could provide and offer an information to other researchers and
enthusiast students exploring similar fields. The information
established in the study is believed to greatly awaken the
awareness of many construction engineers on what curing method
would best suited depending on the nature of the construction,
availability of resources, and weather conditions. The data
presented in this study could also open a door to the uprising
development of concrete structures which will benefit the public,
researchers, and the economic growth of the country as it provides
a general evidence and as a basis on establishing longer life span
of all kinds of concrete structures.
Research Paradigm
The study is guided by a schematic paradigm as shown in Figure
6. The study uses the typical I-P-O format (input, process,
outcome) which outlines the approaches in conducting this study.
The input includes; materials (aggregates, cement, water), mix
batch of concrete materials, one (1) sample for 7 days, one (1)
sample for 14 days, and one (1) sample for 28 days. The process
includes the following; mix design and property testing of each of

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the samples as per ASTM standards mentioned in the input. And
finally, the expected outcome is the different effect of different
curing methods on the flexural and compressive strength of each of
the samples.
INPUT
• Materials for concrete
• Mix batch for three
separate curing durations
PROCESS
• Mix Design
• Property testing of cured
specimen
OUTCOME
• Curing Effects on the
strength concrete
specimen
Figure 6. Research Paradigm

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Statement of the Problem
The main aim of this study is to assess and compare the effect
of the three (3) different method of curing used in concrete
especially on its flexural and compressive strength. The three (3)
curing methods to be used are sprinkling method of curing, wet
burlap method of curing, and steam method of curing.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following:
1. What is the difference in compressive strength of each of
the curing being held?
2. What is the difference in flexural strength of each of the
curing being held?
3. What is the percentage in the development of strength of
each of the curing after a consecutive curing durations
(seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days)?
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study
The study focuses mainly on analysis of a material property
by testing, to be more specific, a comparison study of the effect
of the different curing method on the strength of concrete
material, generally its compressive strength. Thus, the study
attempts to enlighten and help future researchers as it serves as
a guide to fully understand the topic at hand.

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The performance of the study is limited in the city of Baguio
only. Data will be obtained by direct measurement, manual solving,
solving using softwares (excel), and laboratory experiments. The
experiments is to be conducted on the College of Engineering and
Architecture (CEA) laboratory of the University of the Cordilleras
(UC) or on Saint Luis University (SLU) whichever is available.
Test for tensile and bending were not included in the gathering of
data.
The time for conducting the research is limited only to the
months of April to August of 2019. A gantt chart is provided in
the appendix which lists all the activities held.
Definition of Terms:
AASHTO
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials is a standard setting body which publishes
specifications, test protocols and guidelines which are used in
highway design and construction throughout the United States.
Abrasion Resistance
Abrasion resistance is the ability of a material to resist
surface wear caused by flat rubbing contact with another material.
Admixture
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A chemical or mineral added to a concrete mix before or during
mixing to improve or change qualities such as setting time, air
entrainment, workability, etc.
Aggregate
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used with a
cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar.
ASTM
ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for
Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization
that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical
standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and
services.
Cement
The bond or matrix between the particles in a rock,
particularly that binding the sand grains in a sandstone, quartzite
or conglomerate. A powder that, mixed with water, binds a stone-
sand mixture into a strong concrete within a few days. Most
cements, except high-alumina cement, contains at least some
Portland cement.
Coarse Aggregates
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For concrete, aggregates which stays on a sieve of 5 mm square
opening. For bituminous materials, aggregates which stays at 3 mm
sieve.
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is thee capacity of a material or
structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It is a key
value for design of structures. The resistance expressed in force
per unit area of a structural material at failure in a compression
test.
Compression Test/ Cube Test/ Cylinder Test
The crushing of bricks, stone, concrete, etc. to determine
their ultimate compressive strength.
Concrete
Concrete is a composite material made from several readily
available constituents (aggregates, sand, cement, water). A
mixture of water, sand, stone and a binder (nowadays usually
Portland cement) which hardens to a stone-like mass.
Consistency
Consistency is the fluidity or degree of wetness of concrete.
It is a major factor in indicating the workability of freshly mixed
concrete.
The Problem
27
Curing
Curing is the process of controlling the rate and extent of
moisture loss from concrete during cement hydration.
Drying Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage refers to the loss of moisture from concrete
that has set. It is the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture
due to the loss of capillary water.
Durability
Durability is an ability of a structure member to resist
deterioration that impairs performance or limits service life of
the structure in the relevant environment considered in the design.
Fine Aggregates
Sand or grit for concrete which passes a sieve of mesh 5 mm
square. This is coarser than sand in the classification of soils.
Sand or grit for bituminous road-making which passes 3 mm square
mesh.
Flexural Strength
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of
concrete. It is a measure of an un-reinforced concrete beam or
slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading 6 x

The Problem
28
6-inch (150 x150 mm) concrete beams with a span length of at least
three times the depth.
Heat of Hydration
Heat given off by the chemical action of the wetting of
quicklime (B) or any sort of hydraulic cement. The second is slower
and less evident than the first, but may be as large. When a large
mass of concrete is cast, ‘thermal cracking’ may result during
cooling. According to ACI guide, mass concrete, 1987, the most
effective way to reduce the heat of hydration is to reduce the
cement content either directly or by substituting a pozzolan for
up to 30% of it. Low-heat cement may help. See pre-cooling of
concrete.
Plastic Shrinkage Cracking
Plastic shrinkage cracking occurs when fresh concrete is
subjected to a very rapid loss of moisture during its plastic
state. Plastic shrinkage cracks are caused by a combination of
factors such as air and concrete temperature, relative humidity,
and wind velocity at the surface of the concrete. Plastic shrinkage
cracks are generally parallel to each other.
Slump
A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent
mass of loosely consolidated materials or rock layers moves a short

The Problem
29
distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along
a concave-upward or planar surface.
Slump Test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh
concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the workability
of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which
concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an
improperly mixed batch.
Universal Testing Machine
A universal testing machine, also known as a universal tester,
materials testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test
the tensile strength and compressive strength of materials.
Workability
Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed
concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it
can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished. An increase in
water-cement ratio increases the workability of concrete.

Design and Methodology
30
Chapter 2
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter gives an outline of research methods that were
followed in the study. The Researchers describes the research
design that was chosen for the purpose of this study and the
reasons for this choice. The materials that was used for data
collection is also described and the procedures that were followed
to carry out this study are included. The researcher also discusses
the methods used to analyze the data.
Research Design and Methodology
The research method that was employed for this study is
experimental, as the data collected is derived in laboratory
testing. Also, quantitative method was used in the investigation
and comparison of the different flexure and compressive strength
of concrete applied with different curing techniques or methods.
Population and Locale of the Study
In this study, fifty-two (52) specimens of concrete were
produced, twenty-seven (27) concrete cylinder (6 x 12 inch)
primarily for the compressive strength determination and twenty-
seven concrete beam (6 x 6 x 21 inch) for flexural strength
determination. Three methods of curing were conducted having three
different curing time period (7 days, 14 days, and 28 days,
respectively). Three samples in both concrete cylinder and beam

31
specimens were used per curing method and per curing time period
and will be average so that a more accurate data will be obtained.
The testing of the mechanical properties such as sieve analysis,
water absorption, unit weight and etc. were conducted at UC-CEA
material testing laboratory. Also, concrete mixing and the
compressive strength testing, using a Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) was done in the same laboratory.
Materials:
Data was obtained from observation and the results taken from
an actual testing of material properties and results recorded by
the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) from the testing of the
concrete specimens.
Aggregates:
Figure 7. Coarse and Fine Aggregates
All the aggregates will be purchased at WilContruct
Enterprise located along Bonifacio Street, Baguio City. The price
of the material is ranging from 1000.00 – 1400.00 Php per cubic
meter. Course aggregates components used for this study will be

32
conforming the AASHTO No. 467 gradation and included 1 ½-inch round
combined, ¾-inch round combined, and 3/8-inch round combined. Fine
aggregates components will be conforming the AASHTO Type 1
gradation and included coarse sand combined and blend sand
combined.
Water:
Figure 8. Water Faucet in UC-CEA Laboratory
The potable tap water in the University of the Cordilleras –
College of Engineering and Architecture (UC-CEA) Material Testing
Laboratory was used for the casting and for the curing of concrete
specimens.
33
Cement:
Figure 9. Holcim Portland Cement
The cementitious material used for this study was a 40
kilogram Holcim Portland Cements. The material will be obtained at
the same enterprise with the aggregates and the price is ranging
from 220.00 – 240.00 Php per 40kg of Cement bag. The cement is
commonly used in most general construction sites. This is cement
is manufactured by Holcim Philippines, Inc. located at Quirino,
Bacnotan, La Union Philippines.

34
Burlene Curing Blanket:
Figure 10. A roll of Burlene Curing Blanket
The Burlene Curing Blanket was used as cover in curing of
concrete in one of the curing method that will be implementing in
this study.
Methodology:
In this study, there will be a three procedural phases that
will be employed. The first phase will be the testing and
determination of material properties that will be used for the
casting of the concrete specimens. Also, the proportion of concrete
mixture will be discussed in the same phase. Second phase will be
the procedure of the implementation of the different curing
techniques or methods on the concrete specimens. Lastly, the Third
phase will be the compressive strength determination by testing
the concrete specimens on the UTM.

35
Phase 1: Testing of Material and Proportion of Concrete Mixture
All procedures are ASTM compliant.
Determination of Moisture Content of Course Aggregate
Determination by weight was used in this experiment. The
container was filled to the mark with water, and determined the
weight in grams. Then the container was set to dry condition. The
container was filled by layers of aggregate with the use of tamping
rod, 25 strokes for every layer until the can is filled to the
marked. The weight of the sample was determined. With the sample
still in the can, the container was filled with water until the
original mark and removed the entrained air and weight in grams
was determined. Then, the amount of water as displaced by sample
was calculated as follows:
Vs = Wc + Ws – W
Where:
Vs – weight of water as displaced by the sample
Wc – weight of water
Ws – weight of the sample
W – weight of the sample with water
The total moisture content on dry basis (Pt) was calculated given
the formula.
Pt = Pd + Pa
Where: Pd = P[1 + (Pa/100)]

36
Determination of Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregate
Unit weight of aggregate is significant in that it gives a
measure of the voids in a unit volume of aggregate. The void of
the aggregate depends upon many factors, among them are: size,
shape, gradation, moisture content and compaction. For general
information and for comparison of different aggregates, the
standard conditions used in determining the unit are dry and
compact.
In the laboratory, the container was filled with aggregate
one-third full, and then leveled the surface and tamped with 25
strokes, evenly distributed over the surface. Second, the
container was filled with aggregate two-thirds full, leveled and
tamped 25 times again over the surface. Enough force was used to
penetrate the last layer of aggregate placed in the container.
Then, the container was filled with aggregates overflowing. The
net weight and the unit weight of the aggregates in the container
was determined.
Determination of Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse
Aggregate.
Basically, specific gravity is the ratio of a given volume of
material to the weight of an equal volume of the water. However,
there are several variations of the definitions depending upon the
material and purposes for which the value of the specific gravity
is to be used. In concrete work, the term specific gravity

37
customarily refers to the density of the individual particle, not
to the aggregate mass as a whole. The most common definition of
the aggregate in concrete is based upon the bulk volume of the
individual aggregate in a saturated surface-dry condition (SSD).
The bulk (over-dry) specific gravity and apparent specific gravity
are used to a lesser degree. Solid unit weight in kilometer per
cubic meter of an aggregate is customarily defines as the specific
gravity time 9.81 kilonewton per cubic meter.
The absorption capacity was determined by finding the weight
of an aggregate under the SSD condition and an over-dry condition.
The difference in weight expressed as a percentage of the oven-
dry sample weight is the absorption capacity. Coarse aggregate are
considered to SSD when they have been wiped free of visible
moisture films with the cloth after the aggregate have been soaked
in water for a long period of time (over 25hours). The saturated
surface-dry condition of fine aggregate is usually taken as that
at which a previously wet sample just become free-flowing.
The procedure done in the laboratory was, the aggregates were
soaked in water for 24 hours. And then wiped off the variable
moisture films with cloth to set the aggregate to saturated
surface-dry condition. Then the sample was placed in the wire mesh
basket, Measured SSD weight (B) of aggregates using a digital
balanced and determined its weight in water. The wet aggregates
were placed in the oven and dry to constant weight (A). From the
38
obtained values of A, B, and C, three types of specific gravity,
and absorption of the aggregate was calculated by the given
formulas:
1. Apparent Specific Gravity = A / A – C
2. Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) = B / B – C
3. Bulk Specific Gravity (Dry) = A / B – C
4. Absorption = ( B – A / A )x 100%
Concrete Mix Proportioning
This procedure is for calculating the approximate quantities
of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement, and water needed to
make one cubic yard of air-entrained concrete of a specified
compressive strength.
The water to cement ratio we used in the concrete mix
proportioning constant 0.6 for all the samples. Base on the water-
cement ratio, the maximum aggregate size, the fineness modulus of
the fine aggregate, we computed the quantities of the coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, and water in kilograms.
The concrete specimens were prepared using the Class A and a
Mixture of 1:2:4 proportion.

39
Slump Test
In testing the slump, the mold should be dampened and placed
in the mixing board. The mold shall be held down against the board.
Fill the slump cone with concrete in three layers, each
approximately one – third of the volume of the mold. Each layer
shall be rodded with 25 strokes, distribute uniformly over the
cross-section of the cone. The rod shall lightly penetrate the
previous layer. After the top layer has been rodded, the surface
of the concrete shall be stuck off with trowel so that the cone is
exactly filled. The shall be immediately removed from the concrete
by raising it carefully in a vertical direction. The lump shall be
measured immediately by determining the difference between the
height of the mold and the height of the subsided concrete. After
the slump measurement is completed, the side of the concrete
frustum should be tapped gently with the tamping rod. The behavior
of the concrete under this treatment is a valuable indication of
cohesiveness. A well-proportioned mix will gradually slump to
lower elevation and retain is original form, while a poor mix will
crumple, segregate and fall apart.
Phase 2: Implementation of Curing Methods
The researchers will be employing three different Curing
methods on the concrete specimens, namely, Steaming method,
Sprinkling method, and Burlap Cover method. Each method will be

40
having three different curing time period, seven days, fourteen
days, and twenty-eight days respectively.
Steaming Method:
In this method, the researcher will be conducting a live
steaming kind curing method. The concrete specimens will be placed
in a steaming bath in Itogon, Benguet since the method requires
only a low atmospheric pressure on the concrete specimens and since
the researchers were not able to find a laboratory that have an
available steaming chamber. The concrete specimens will have a
different curing time period from the other curing methods and
will be kept in the steaming bath for 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24
hours.
Sprinkling Method;
In this method, the concrete specimens will be also placed
and exposed in the UC-CEA material testing laboratory but will be
kept moist by sprinkling the specimens with water twice a day. The
researchers will be checking and keeping the specimens moist by
sprinkling them with water 9 o’clock in the morning and 5 o’clock
in the afternoon.
41
Burlap cover Method:
In this method, the concrete specimens will be covered and
sealed with a pre-soaked burlene curing blanket. The burlap will
make the concrete moist and is used as a barrier for the prevention
of moisture loss in the specimens. The burlap should be thoroughly
rinsed in water to remove soluble substances and to make the burlap
more absorbent.
Phase Three: Testing of Concrete Specimens;
Figure 11. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
All testing and determination of the flexural and compressive
stress of the concrete specimens will be performed using the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Compressive strength of concrete
is the most common performance measurement used by engineers when
designing building and structures. Flexure and compressive

42
strength for both the concrete cylinder and beam will follow the
specifications outlined in the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) standards.
Microsoft Office:
The software is used in the study for the paper presentation,
data presentation and for an accurate computation in the analysis
of data needed for Chapter 3.

References
43
References
Nilson, A., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C. (2010), Design of Concrete
Structures, 14th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Gharpedia (2018), Different Methods of Curing Concrete: Know
Before Curing, Retrieved from: https://gharpedia.com/concrete-
curing-methods/
Zemaltis, J. (2018), Role of Concrete Curing, Portland Cement
Association, Retrieved from:
https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-
construction/curing-in-construction
Kulkarni, A. & Pereira, C. (2011), Significance of Curing of
Concrete for Durability of Structures, NBM Media Pvt. Ltd. All,
Retrieved From: https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-
articles/concrete/25057-significance-of-curing-of-concrete-for-
durability-of-structures.html
Nagesh, Kumar, A., Chincholi, C., & Nagaraj (n.d.), Curing of
Concrete, Vishveshvaraya Technological University, Belgaum,
Retrieved from:
https://www.academia.edu/32598279/Curing_of_Concrete
Raheem, A., Soyingbe, A., & Emenike, A. (2013), Effect of Curing
Methods on Density and Compressive Strength of Concrete,
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3, 55-

References
44
64, Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aa_Raheem/publication/30241
5335_Effect_of_curing_methods_on_density_and_compressive_strengt
h_of_concrete/links/5885f3c84585150dde4a7e01/Effect-of-curing-
methods-on-density-and-compressive-strength-of-concrete.pdf
Aminur, M., Harunur, M., Teo, D., Abu, M. (2010), Effect of
aggregates and curing conditions on the
compressive strength of concrete with age, Journal of Civil
Engineering, 2, 1-6, Retrieved from:
http://publisher.unimas.my/ojs/index.php/JCEST/article/download/
71/48
Domone, P., & Illston, J. (2010), Construction Materials: Their
nature and behavior, Fourth edition, Spon Press, 270 Madison
Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Yu, T., Ing, D., & Choo, C. (2017), The Effect of Different Curing
Methods on the Compressive Strength of Eggshell Concrete, Indian
Journal of Science and Technology, 10, 2-4, Retrieved from:
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/17401/7/The%20Effect%20of%20Di
fferent%20Curing%20Methods%20on%20the%20Compressive%20Strength%2
0of%20Eggshell%20Concrete.pdf
Taylor, P. (2014), Curing Concrete, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis
Group, 6000, Broken Sound Parkway, Retrieved from:

References
45
https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Curing_Concrete.html?id=
Wv7NBQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc
=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
J.G. Wilson, N.K. Gupta, (2004). Equipment for the investigation
of the accelerated curing of concrete using direct electrical
conduction, Measurement.
Steven Gebler, et. Al (2008). Guide to curing concrete. ACI308-
R01.
ASTM International (2010). ASTM C 39-72. Standard Test Method
for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
American Society for Testing and Materials. Annual book of ASTM
standards 2010.
Jackson, Emmanuel Nana; Akomah, Benjamin Boahene. (2018).
Comparative Analysis of the Strength of Concrete with Different
Curing Methods in Ghana
Rahman, M.S. et al. (2012). Effect of Curing Methods on
Compressive Strength of Concrete.
Akinwumi, I.I. et.al. (2014). Effects of Curing Condition and
Curing Period on the Compressive Strength Development of Plain
Concrete.
References
46
Gokul, T. et.al. (2016). Effects of Different Types of Curing on
Strength of Concrete.
Nithya, K. et.al. (2017). Experimental Study on Self- Curing
Concrete.
Pamnani, N. et.al. (2013). Comparison of Compressive Strength of
Medium Strength Self Compacted Concrete by Different Curing
Techniques.
Reddy, B. S. K. et.al. (2014). Use of Magnetic Water for Mixing
and Curing of Concrete.
Naderi, M. et.al. Comparison of Different Curing Effects on
Concrete Strength
Krishna, R. M. V. et.al. (2010). A Study on the Influence of
curing on the Strength of a Standard Grade Concrete Mix.
Reddy, K. V. K. et.al. (2013). A Comparative Study on Methods of
Curing Concrete –Influence of Humidity.

Appendices
47
Anticipated Problems
1) Difficulty in gathering data.
Data are the most essential part of the project, without
these, the project would take time and can lead to failure.
2) Conflict on the researchers’ schedule.
Schedule can be quite troublesome as it can result to loss
of productivity in the project.
3) Cooperation of the group.
The cooperation of researchers plays a vocal role on the
project, without cooperation, the project would greatly
suffer.
4) Availability of equipment used in gathering data.
Projects need tools to generate outcomes, sometimes
equipments define the feasibility of project. Without
these, the project can lead to certain termination.
5) Weather condition that delays the performance of the
project.
June and July are one of the months where typhoon is to be
expected. This means that there is a possibility of
cancellation of class which then result to inattentive in
performing necessary procedure.
6) Examinations, quizzes and other school projects which
interferes the project.

Appendices
48
Performing the study is sometimes delayed due to taking a
preparation in exams.
Appendices
49
April May
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Task 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Reading of Journals
Topic Proposal
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
First Finalization
First Revision
Transfer of materials
Data Gathering Part 1
Data Analysis Part 1
Results
Conclusion &
Recommendation
Abstract
Acknowledgement &
Appendices
Checking
Revision
Final Presentation
Appendices
50
June July
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Appendices
51
Project Run-down Estimates
Chapters 1 and 2:
Paperworks 300
Food 750
Travel 630
Others 200
Data Gathering:
Materials 8240
Testing 5200
Chapters 3 and 4
Paperworks 300
Food 5000
Travel 2352
Others 500
Total: 23472
MOHAMMED H. AL-MATARI Person on ID must
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Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia size (35mm x
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PERSONAL INFORMATION:
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1
SKILLS:
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Computer Skills: Well verse in Microsoft Word, Microsoft
Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, 2dMatrix, and AutoCAD.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary: University of the Cordilleras

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City
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Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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CHARACTER REFERENCES:
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Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of the
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UC-RIO Director University of the Cordilleras
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KHYZEL BALIGAN ALMADIN
Proper Ampucao,
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Saint Louis High School

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Khyzel Baigan Almadin
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DAISY S. ASIONG
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2016-Present
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Dontogan, Baguio City
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Engr. Nelson G. Notarte, BSCE, MSCE
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Engr. Alma A. Aguilar, BSCE, MSCE

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Department of Civil Engineering
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PAULO C. DAR
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Justin Jay C. Dar
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University of the Cordilleras Percussion and Orchestra

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Birthday: December 14, 1993
Birthplace: La Trinidad, Benguet
Father’s Name: Amado Dayao Sr.
Mother’s Maiden Name: Heralda Saldo
Religion: Born Again
ORGANIZATIONS:
Member, S.Y. 2013-2019
ROTARACT La Trinidad – Sharelife Community
1
SKILLS:
Engineering Computer Applications (AutoCAD, STAAD, Sketch
Up)
Knowledge on Estimates
Adaptability & Team Player
Flexible and willing to learn
Good communication and analytical skills
2016-Present
Saint Louis University

Bonifacio Street, Baguio City
2010-2014
Secondary: H.O.P.E Christian Academy

Sitio Taroy Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet
2006-2010
Elementary: La Trinidad Central School

Poblacion, La Trinidad, Benguet
2003-2006
Faith Learning Center

Betag, La Trinidad, Benguet
2000-2003
OIC- Dean, University of the Cordilleras
0908 209 7161
2
0977 832 0032
Engr. Nathaniel Vincent Lubrica

UC-RIO Director
0920 507 3791
Atty. Franco G. Bawang, Jr.

CDA CAR-Regional Director
Cooperative Development Authority - CAR
0920 106 9662

Luke S. Dayao
3
Person on ID must
be in formal
JOHN DAVE ULSINO OS-OSA attire
ID is passport
Upper Wangal, size (35mm x
La Trinidad, Benguet, 2601 Philippines 25mm)
+639-4869-50654
johndaveososa@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To seek a career-oriented environment where I can be able
to learn and at the same time apply the knowledge and
experiences I gained so far.
Age: 20
Height: 156 cm
Weight: 62 kg
Birthday: April 26, 1998
Birthplace: Kapangan, Benguet
Father’s Name: Johnny D. Os-osa
Mother’s Maiden Name: Erlinda Ulsino
Religion: Lutheran
ORGANIZATIONS:
1
SKILLS:
Computer Literate (AutoCAD, Sketch Up)
Fast Learner
Good Analytical Skills
2015-Present
Secondary: San Jose School of La Trinidad Inc. High School

Department
Poblacion La Trinidad, Benguet
2011-2015
Elementary: Puguis Elementary School

Puguis La Trinidad, Benguet
2004-2011
+6393988630

OIC, Dean, University of the Cordilleras
0908-209-7161/email

0977-832-0032/email
2
John Dave U. Os-osa

A Comparison of The Effect of Different Curing Methods in The Strength of Concrete PDF

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A Comparison of The Effect of Different Curing Methods in The Strength of Concrete PDF

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A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CURING METHODS IN THE

A Project Study Presented to

the Faculty of the Department of Civil Engineering

College of Engineering and Architecture,

University of the Cordilleras

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . 1

Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . 21

Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses . 23

Scope, Limitations & Delimitations . . . . 23

2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methodology . . . . . 30

Population and Locale of the Study . . . . 30

Data Gathering Tools . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . 35

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table No. Table Title Page

Figure No. Figure Title Page

7 Coarse and Fine Aggregates. . . . . . . . . . 31

8 Water Faucet in UC-CEA Laboratory . . . . . . 32

9 Holcim Portland Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

10 A roll of Berlene Curing Blanket . . . . . . 34

11 Universal Testing Machine (UTM). . . . . . . . 41

Background of the Study

Concrete is a stone-like material obtained by permitting a

carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other

aggregate, and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions

of the desired structure (Nilson, Dawin & Dolan, 2010). Concrete

is a ubiquitous material and its versatility and ready availability

increasing importance for all types of construction throughout the

world(Domone & Illston, 2010). The factors that make concrete a

universal building material are so pronounced that it has been

used, in more primitive kinds and ways than at present, for

thousands of years, starting with lime mortars from 12,000 to 6000

used up lots of natural resources. In the modern era, the use of

concrete had been the backbone of the construction industry of the

nation. The development of the local construction industry demands

for higher concrete volume higher which indirectly increase the

need for larger natural resources supply to produce concrete (Yu,

construction material in the world. And is second only to water as

the most utilized substance on the planet. It is obtained by the

mixing cementing materials, water and aggregates, and sometimes

admixtures, in required proportions (Nagesh, Kumar, Chincholi &

Nagaraj, n.d.). As cited by researchers led by Aguilar, concrete

industries are projected to grow from 8.5 to 10.3 trillion US

dollars in a span of five years, 2015-2020 (Construction

Intelligence Center, 2015). These figures means billions of metric

of raw materials, about 53 billion metric tons of natural

aggregates forecast in 2017 (Freedonta, 2014). However, there is

a critical shortage of natural aggregates for production of

concrete, thus, concrete which serve no longer value such as

deteriorated concretes creates severe ecological and environmental

problem (Schachermayer, et. al., 2000).

Demands on modern concrete are increasing, while raw

materials are changing and budgets are shrinking, together

requiring that closer attention is needed to ensure that the best

value is obtained from the cementitious materials in the mixture

(Taylor, 2014). In the last decade large investments in

infrastructural structures are made (High Speed Link and

Betuweroute) and new investments are foreseen. These structures

are and will be designed for a lifetime of 80 or 100 years or more.