ABSTRACT

Concrete occupies unique position among the modern construction materials, Concrete is a
material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance,
known as an aggregate (usually made for different types of sand and gravel), that is bond by cement
and water.

The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design
constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing methods employed. All things being equal,
concrete with a lower water-cement (cementitious) ratio makes a stronger concrete than that with
a higher ratio. The total quantity of cementitious materials (Portland cement, slag cement,
pozzolans) can affect strength, water demand, shrinkage, abrasion resistance and density. All
concrete will crack independent of whether or not it has sufficient compressive strength. In fact,
high Portland cement content mixtures can actually crack more readily due to increased hydration
rate. As concrete transforms from its plastic state, hydrating to a solid, the material undergoes
shrinkage. Plastic shrinkage cracks can occur soon after placement but if the evaporation rate is
high they often can actually occur during finishing operations, for example in hot weather or a
breezy day. In very high-strength concrete mixtures (greater than 70 MPa) the crushing strength
of the aggregate can be a limiting factor to the ultimate compressive strength. In lean concretes
(with a high water-cement ratio) the crushing strength of the aggregates is not so significant.

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts
with an objective of producing a concrete of required strength ,durability, and workability as
economically as possible is termed as concrete mix design.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank all of those who have helped us to complete this Project. It is a
pleasure, at this time, to remember each and every one. Our special thanks goes to project guide
Mr. Chandarbhan Singh, who indeed helped us a lot to complete this Project successfully.

We are extremely grateful to all other faculties of CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT for
valuable support, inspiration and guidance at all stages .We should not forget to thank our parents,
friends and all those who have encourages to do this project.

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 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 2
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE ............................................................................................... 7
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE MIX DESIGN .......................................................................... 7
1.3 MIX CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE: ....................................................................................... 8
i. Cement ....................................................................................................................................... 8
ii. Aggregate: .................................................................................................................................. 9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 DEFINITIONS OF HPC ............................................................................................................ 12
2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF HPC ....................................................................................................... 13
2.4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH ................................................... 13
2.5 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DURABILITY AND TARGET STRENGTH ...................................... 13
2.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................................................................................... 14
2.7 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HPC ............................................................................................ 14
2.8 MIX PROPORTIONING METHODS ......................................................................................... 16
BIS Method (IS: 10262 – 1982) [Old Method] .............................................................................. 16
BIS Method (IS: 10262 –2009) ...................................................................................................... 17
ACI Method .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.9 TYPICAL HPC MIX DESIGN METHODS IN PUBLISHED LITERATURE ....................................... 18
2.10 Method proposed by Mehta and Aitcin ............................................................................... 18
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK & RESULTS ............................................................................................... 21
3.1 CONSISTENCY LIMIT TEST OF CEMENT: ................................................................................ 21
3.2 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT: ....................................................................... 22
3.4 TESTING OF FINE AGGREGATE: ............................................................................................. 28
Procedure to determine water absorption of Aggregates. ............................................................. 29
Figure 3.3 Drying of fine aggregate .................................................................................................. 30
Figure 3.4 WEIGHING OF COARSE AGGREGATE ............................................................................... 32
4. MIX DESIGN .................................................................................................................................. 34

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LIST OF TABLES:

Table 3.1: Sieve analysis observation (CA)……………………………………………………………………………… 25

Table 3.2 sieve analysis observation (FA)………………………………………………………………………………. 27
Table 3.3 Experiment results…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
Table 4.1 Recommended slump for concretes with and without HRWR…………………………………35
Table 4.2 Suggested maximum-size coarse aggregate…………………………………………………………… 35
Table 4.3 Recommended maximum w/c + p for concretes made without HRWR………………….. 36
Table 4.4 First estimate of mixing water requirement and air content of fresh concrete based
on using a sand with 35 percent voids……………………………………………………………………………… 37
Table 4.5 mix design results………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40

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LIST OF FIGURES:-

Figure 3.1 Weighing of coarse aggregate .................................................................................. 26

Figure 3.2 Pycnometer ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.3 Drying of fine aggregate ........................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.4 Weighing of coarse aggregate .................................................................................. 32

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LIST OF GRAPHS:
Graph 3-1 sieve analysis (CA)................................................................................................... 26
Graph 3.2 sieve analysis (FA) ................................................................................................... 27

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE

Concrete, usually Portland cement concrete, is a composite material composed of fine and
coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time, most
frequently a lime-based cement binder, such as Portland cement, but sometimes with
other hydraulic cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement. It is distinguished from other, non-
cementitious types of concrete all binding some form of aggregate together, including bituminous
concrete with a bitumen binder, which is frequently used for road surfaces, and polymer
concretes that use polymers as a binder.
When aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the
water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable
stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the
physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with
reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.

Types of Concrete:
1. Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC)
2. Roller Compacted Cement Concrete (RCCP)
3. Dry Lean Concrete (DLC)
4. Fiber Reinforced Cement Concrete (FRCC)
5. Geo-Polymer Cement Concrete (GPCC)
6. Paver Blocks Concrete
7. Pre-Stresses Concrete (PSC)
8. Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The concrete mix design for superstructure concrete must produce a workable concrete mixture
having properties that will not exceed the maximum and/minimum values defined in the special
provision. Workability in concrete definesits capacity to be placed, consolidated, and finished
without harmful segregationor bleeding. Workability is affected by aggregate gradation, particle
shape, proportioning of aggregate, amount and qualities of cementitious materials, presence of

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entrained air, amount and quality of high range water reducer, and consistency of mixture.
Consistency of the concrete mixture is its relative mobility and is measured in terms of slump.
The higher the slump the more mobile the concrete, affecting the ease with which the concrete
will flow during placement. Consistency is not synonymous with workability. Two different mix
designs may have the same slump; however, their workability may be different. Selection of
target parameters by the contractor for any mix design must consider the influence of the
following:
1. Material availability and economics
2. Variability of each material throughout period of usage
3. Control capability of production plant
4. Ambient conditions expected at the time(s) of concrete placement
5. Logistics of concrete production, delivery, and placement
6. Variability in testing concrete properties
7. Generation of heat in large structural elements and differential in thermal gradient.
1.3 MIX CONSTITUENTS OF CONCRETE:
i. Cement
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adheres to
other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand
and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for
masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. The word "Cement" can be
traced back to the Roman term ‘Opus Cementitious’, used to describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium-silicate based, and can
be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the
cement to set in the presence of water.

1. Non-hydraulic Cement will not set in wet conditions or under water; rather, it sets as it
dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after
setting.
2. Hydraulic Cement sets and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between the dry
ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very
water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack. This allows
setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the hardened material from
chemical attack.

Following are the types of cement used in construction works:

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 1. Ordinary Portland Cement, Grade 33 (IS Code 269)
2. Ordinary Portland Cement, Grade 43 (IS Code 8112)
3. Ordinary Portland Cement, Grade 53 (IS Code 12269)
4. Portland Pozzolana Cement (IS Code 1489: Part 1)
5. Portland Slag Cement (IS Code 455)

Generally, Ordinary Portland Cement, Grade 43 (IS Code 8112) is used in ordinary
constructions. It shall be manufactured by intimately mixing together calcareous and argillaceous
and/or other silica, alumina or iron oxide bearing materials, burning them at a clinkering
temperature and grinding the resultant clinker so as to produce a cement capable of complying
with this standard. No material shall be added after burning, other than gypsum, water,
performance improver(s), and not more than a total of 1.0 percent of air-entraining agents or other
agents including coloring agents, which have proved not to be harmful.

ii. Aggregate:

Coarse Aggregate - Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve.

Fine Aggregate - Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS Sieve.
 Natural Sand - Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which
has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
 Crushed Stone Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
 Crushed Gravel Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.
iii. Admixtures:
Admixtures material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement and additives like
pozzolana or slag and fiber reinforcement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added
to the batch immediately before or during its mixing to modify one or more of the properties of
concrete in the plastic or hardened state. These can be of following types:
1. Accelerating Admixture or Accelerator
An admixture when added to concrete, mortar or grout, increases the rate of hydration of a
hydraulic cement, shortens the time of set, or increases the rate of hardening or strength
development.

2. Retarding Admixture or Retarder

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An admixture which delays the setting of cement paste, and hence of mixtures, such as mortar or
concrete containing cement.

3. Water Reducing Admixture or Workability Aid

An admixture which either increases workability of freshly mixed mortar or concrete without
increasing water content or maintains workability with a reduced amount of water.

4. Air-Entraining Admixtures
An admixture for concrete or mortar which causes air to be incorporated in the form of minute
bubbles in the concrete or mortar during mixing, usually to increase workability and resistance to
freezing and thawing and disruptive action of de-icing salts.

5. Super Plasticizing Admixtures

An admixture for mortar or concrete which imparts very high workability or allows a large
decrease in water content for a given workability. Here we have mainly dealt with these.

6. Super Plasticizing Admixtures:

Super Plasticizer is a high range water reducer and retarding admixture, are soluble
macromolecules, which are hundreds of times larger than of water molecule.

Mechanism of the super plasticizers is known as Adsorption by C3A (Tri-Calcium Aluminate),

which breaks the agglomeration by repulsion of same charges and releases entrapped water. The
adsorption mechanism is partially different from the Water Reducing Admixture. The difference
relates to compatibility between Portland cement and super plasticizers. It is necessary to ensure
that the super plasticizers do not become fixed with Tri-Calcium Aluminate in cement particle,
which will cause reduction in concrete workability. Slightly higher amount of super plasticizers is
used for increasing the workability of concrete that ranges from 1 to 3 liters per cubic meter of
concrete where liquid super plasticizers contained about 40 % of active material. It increases the
workability for reduction in water to cement ratio.

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1. It may increase the compressive strength up to 22,000 psi.
2. Super plasticizers can also be utilized in producing flowing concrete used in a heavy
reinforced structure with inaccessible areas.
3. Develops early strength up to 50 to 70 %
4. It increases initial setting time of concrete.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a widely used construction material around the world, and its properties have been
undergoing changes through technological advancement. Considering the volume, concrete is the
first mostly used building material in the world. Every year more than 1 m³ is produced per person
(more than 10 billion tons) world wide . It is well known that conventional concrete designed on
the basis of compressive strength does not meet many functional requirements such as
impermeability, resistance to frost, thermal cracking adequately. Conventional Portland cement
concrete is found deficient in respect of:

 Durability in severe environments (Shorter service life and require maintenance)

 Time of construction (longer release time of forms and slower gain of strength)
 Energy absorption capacity (for earthquake-resistant structures)
 Repair and retrofitting jobs High performance concrete (HPC) successfully meets the
above requirement.

2.2 DEFINITIONS OF HPC

Many attempts have been made to define high performance concrete. A quantitative definition is
that It should have a maximum water-cement ratio of 0.35, a minimum durability factor of 80
percent in freeze-thaw resistance test as per ASTM C666, a minimum compressive strength of 21
MPa at 4 hours, 34 MPa at 1 day or 69 MPa at 28 days‘. However, such quantitative definitions
may not be satisfactory in all situations. Among more general, qualitative definitions are (Mullica,
2006);

i. Concrete, which meets special performance requirements that cannot be always achieved
routinely by using only conventional materials and normal mixing, placing and curing practices.
The requirements may involve enhancement of characteristics such as strength, toughness, volume
stability or service life in severe environments; or

ii. The essential feature of this concrete is that its ingredients and proportions are
specifically chosen so as to have particularly appropriate properties for the expected use of the
structure; these properties are usually a high strength or a low permeability (Neville, 1995)

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2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF HPC

In order to enable the design engineers to select appropriate performance criteria of HPC for
different applications in different environmental conditions a suitable classification is suggested
for HPC according to different levels of performance requirements (Gambihr, 2005).

2.4 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH

Since there is significant improvement in concrete durability resulting from an increase the
strength, a performance definition of HPC includes adequate durability and strength parameters.
Based on the 28 days compressive strength of concrete following classification has been suggested
for HPC.

Classification : 28 day-compressive strength

Ordinary concrete : OC 10 to 20 MPa

Standard / normal strength concrete : NSC 25 to 55 MPa

High Performance Concrete : HPC 60 to 100 MPa

Very High Performance Concrete : VHPC 100 to 150 MPa

Exceptional Concretes : EC >150 MPa

2.5 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DURABILITY AND TARGET STRENGTH

High Early Strength HPC Traditionally, interest in the strength and other properties of concrete
has been focused on those at the ages of 28 days and beyond. In the recent past there has been an
increasing interest in the properties of concrete at ages less than 28 days. Any strength measured
at ages less than the standard 28 days is regarded as early strength. Based on the target minimum
strength achieved in the specified time after addition of water to the concrete mix SHRP has
classified high early strength HPC as Very Early Strength (VES), High Early Strength (HES), and
Very High Strength (VHS).

Fiber Reinforced HPC (FRHPC) The fiber reinforced HPC results from the addition of either short
discrete fibers or continuous long fibers to the cement based matrix. Due to superior performance

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characteristics of this category of HPC, its use by the construction industry has significantly
increased.

Other Types of HPC

Super workable or self-compactable or flowable concrete this type of HPC has been developed for
the use in situations where vibration is difficult or impossible and where reinforcing steel is highly
congested. This super workable concrete has been extensively used in both-bridge structures and
buildings.

Low Heat of Hydration Concrete A number of different combinations using Portland cement,
finely ground burnt limestone powder, fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume, etc. can be used for a low heat
of hydration application. Low heat of hydration mixes typically exhibit considerably extended
setting times and low early strengths.

2.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Use of HPC truly began in 1927when engineers building a tunnel through the Rocky Mountains
near Denver needed a quick way of supporting the loads on the tunnel. At that time HPC was in
the research stages and was not yet ready to enter the market. The engineers prevailed upon
scientists to allow its use. Eventually, the tunnel was built using this material. The reason for the
use of HPC lies in its ability to reach an adequate maturity in 24 hours rather than 7 days for regular
concrete (Mir, 2001).

The concrete that was known as high-strength concrete in the late 1970s is now referred to as HPC
because it has been found to be much more than just stronger: it displays enhanced performances
in such areas as durability and abrasion resistance. The term high-performance concrete (HPC)
was first used by Mehta and Aïtcin for concrete mixtures possessing three characteristics, namely
high workability, high strength, and high durability (Mehta and Aitcin, 1990). Thus, a primary
distinction between high strength concrete and high-performance concrete was the mandatory
requirement of high durability in the case of HPC

2.7 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF HPC

Composition of High Performance Concrete The composition of HPC usually consists of cement,
water, fine sand, superplasticizer, fly ash and silica fume. Sometimes, quartz flour and fiber are

14
the components as well for HPC having ultra strength and ultra ductility, respectively. The key
elements of HPC can be summarized as follows:

1. Low water-to-cement ratio,

2. Large quantity of silica fume (and/or other fine mineral powders),

3. Small aggregates and fine sand,

4. High dosage of superplasticizers,

5. Heat treatment and application of pressure which are necessary for ultra high strength
concrete after mixing (at curing stage).

Properties of High Performance Concrete HPC exceeds the properties and constructability of
normal concrete. Normal and special materials are used to make these specially designed concretes
that must meet a combination of performance requirements. HPC characteristics are developed for
particular applications and environments; some of the properties of the HPC are summarized
below.

Properties of Fresh Concrete HPC is characterized by special performance both short and long
term and uniformity in behavior. Such requirements cannot always be achieved by using only
conventional materials or applying conventional practices.

The various properties of fresh HPC are summarized below:

a. Workability The workability of HPC is normally good, even at low slumps, and HPC
typically pumps very well, due to the ample volume of cementing material and the presence
of chemical admixtures, particularly HRWR. Due to reduced water cementing material
ratio no bleeding occurs. In the flowing concrete bleeding is prevented by providing
adequate fines in the concrete mix. The cohesiveness of superplasticizer concrete is much
better as a result of better dispersion of cement particles. Cohesion is a function of rheology
of concrete mix, which is consequently improved. However, excessive dosages of
superplasticizer can induce some segregation, but it has little effect on physical properties
of hardened concrete.
b. Rheological Properties Widening the particle-size distribution of a solid suspension while
maintaining constant solid volume reduces the viscosity of the suspension, known as the

15
 Farris effect‘. Thus, the blended or composite cements with wider particle-size
distributions can achieve better rheological properties. The OPC-FA-SF ternary-cement
concrete requires less water and is less sticky than OPC-SF concrete; however, it requires
more water and is stickier than OPC-FA or OPC-GGBFS based concrete. In ternary
cements FA seems to compensate for the rheological problems associated with the use of
high SF contents Curing HPC must be cured differently from NSC.
It has been demonstrated that insufficient curing increases permeability and cause surface
cracking. Due to the lower permeability of HPC, water curing must be applied on HPC for
at least seven days after casting (Aitcin, 2003). The moisture loss from HPC has been found
predominant upto the first 24 hours (Sai Prasad, 2006). The higher internal temperatures
frequently found with high early strength HPC can lead to a rapid strength gain in concrete
accompanied by a consequent gain in elastic modulus. The larger differential temperatures
occurring within a stiffer concrete will create higher stresses and can cause more
pronounced cracking than with normal concrete. These cracks will occur, regardless of the
method of curing, due to stress caused by differential temperatures.

2.8 MIX PROPORTIONING METHODS

BIS Method (IS: 10262 – 1982) [Old Method]

The IS 10262 recommends procedure for designing concrete mixes for general types of
construction using the concreting materials normally available. The procedure was developed in
1982 based on the experiments carried out at the National Council for Cement and Building
Materials (NCBM), New Delhi. The method is primarily based on the basic assumption that the
compressive strength of concrete is governed generally, by the water-cement ratio. The recent
development of using chemical and mineral admixtures in concrete has not altered the applicability
of the age-old Abram‘s water-cement ratio ‗law', and the compressive strength of concrete is
governed by the water-cementitious materials ratio used in concrete. The cementitious materials
include cement (OPC, PPC and PSC) and mineral admixtures, like, fly ash, ggbfs and silica fume
(Maiti, et al., 2006). The BIS recommends designing mixes based on locally available cement and
other materials. These guidelines are applicable for normal concrete (less than about 45 MPa) mix

16
design. Use of gap graded aggregates, various admixtures, and Pozzolana was beyond the scope
of this specification.

BIS Method (IS: 10262 –2009)

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has released the final code on concrete mix proportioning
in December 2009. Considerable changes have been made in the new code adapting from
international codes on concrete mix design. The new code can now be used for designing a variety
of concrete mixes using both mineral and chemical admixtures. With this code Ready Mixed
Concrete (RMC) having high degree of workability facilitating pumping can also be designed. The
concrete mix design methods used in countries such as, Britain, India and USA are based on similar
basic principles and empirical relations, developed after substantial experiments on locally
available materials, yet some minor differences exist. The IS 10262:2009 is an adaption of ACI
method. It requires a designer to develop the w/c curve for the type of materials to be actually used
to form the basis for the mix design rather than using any available curves. In the absence of such
a data, the w/c ratio is to be assumed based on such available relationship as already established
to start the process. Table 5 of IS 456:2000 can also be used to select the w/c ratio. It means one
should be careful while selecting the initial w/c ratio, as it decides the calculated cement content.

ACI Method

In 1991, the American Concrete Institute (ACI) published guidelines for normal, heavyweight and
mass concrete mix design. The Absolute Volume Method of mix design as described by ACI
Committee 211 is presented:

1. The required (target) average compressive strength (f’cr) at 28 days for mix design is
determined by adding up an empirical factor (k) to the design compressive strength (f’c).
2. The W/C ratio is selected based on the target strength and the type of concrete (air-
entrained or non air entrained).
3. Air content, as percentage of the concrete volume, is estimated depending upon the air-
entrained or non air-entrained type of concrete, exposure conditions, and NMSA.
4. Slump, as measure of workability, is selected depending upon the type of structure and
complexity of the pouring conditions.

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 5. Water content, is determined based on the NMSA, type of concrete (air-entrained or non-
air entrained), and specified slump. Then it is adjusted for the types of aggregates.
6. Cement content, is calculated based on the w/c ratio and the water content.
7. Coarse aggregates content, as dry rodded bulk (percentage) of concrete unit volume, is
determined based on the NMSA, and the fineness modulus of sand.
8. Once the water content, cement content, air content, and the coarse aggregate content per
unit volume of the concrete is determined, the fine aggregate (Fagg) is calculated by
subtracting the absolute volume of the known ingredients from unit volume of the fresh
concrete (in this case 1 m3 )
9. Finally, water content is adjusted based on the absorption and the current moisture content
of the coarse and fine aggregates, in account of saturated surface dry condition of the
aggregates.

2.9 TYPICAL HPC MIX DESIGN METHODS IN PUBLISHED LITERATURE

 Canadian Portland cement Association It is explicitly suggested that the trial mix approach
is the best for selecting proportions for high strength concrete.
 Cement and Concrete Association of Australia The technical report No.TR/F112 clearly
states that the proportions of concrete mixes with 28-day compressive strength of 60MPa
and above have to be obtained only an investigating trial mixes using locally available
materials.

2.10 Method proposed by Mehta and Aitcin

1. Choice of strength: Arbitrarily divided into five grades, namely 65, 75,95and 120 MPa.
2. Estimation of Mixing water: From a given strength grade, Table is used to estimate the
maximum content of mixing water.
3. Volume fraction of cement paste components: From the total volume of 0.35 m3 of cement
paste, the water content and entrapped air is subtracted to get cementitious material.
4. Estimation of aggregate content: From the total aggregate volume of 0.65m3 , assuming
2:3 volumetric ratio between fine and coarse aggregate, individual volume fractions are
calculated.
5. Calculation of batch weights: From the typical specific gravity values of ingredients the
batch weights are determined.

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 6. Superplastizer dosage: If there is no prior experience with the superplasticizer, it is
suggested to start with 1% and continue till the required workability is obtained.
7. Moisture correction: Depending on the moisture condition of batch aggregates, the
appropriate moisture correction for fine and coarse aggregate must be made.
8. Trial batch adjustment: Several laboratory trials using the actual materials may be required
before one arrives at the right combination of materials and mix proportions, which satisfy
the given criteria of workability and strength.
2.11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

Recent Construction — High Performance Construction Materials Since the 1980‘s, in the design
and construction, use of more and more high performance materials started. High performance
construction materials provided far greater strength, ductility, durability, and resistance to external
elements than traditional construction materials, and could significantly increase the longevity of
structures in the built environment and also reduced maintenance costs for these structures
considerably. These most significant high performance construction materials included high
performance concrete, high performance steel, fiber reinforced cement composites, FRP
composites, etc. (Shi and Mo, 2007)

The materials cost of high performance materials is usually higher than conventional materials
due to the special requirements for raw materials and manufacturing processes. However, these
materials may be only one component in construction, and the total cost of the finished
construction is more important than the cost of an individual material. In addition to the reduction
in initial cost, a smaller column size results in less intrusion in the lower stories of commercial
space and, thereby, more rentable floor space. In addition to increasing the duration of structures,
high performance materials are also valuable because they can improve the efficiency of design
and construction practices (Shi and Mo 2007).

Actually, HPC evolved gradually over the last 25-30 years or so, mainly by the production of
concrete with higher and higher strengths: 80, 90, 100, 120 MPa, and sometimes even higher.
However, when the superplastizer began to be used to decrease the water/cement (w/c) or
water/binder (w/b) ratios rather than being exclusively used as fluidifiers for usual concretes, it
was found that concretes with a very low w/c or w/b ratios also had other improved characteristics,
such as higher flowability, higher elastic modulus, higher flexural strength, lower permeability,

19
improved abrasion resistance and better durability. The increased use of chemical and mineral
admixtures in the decade of the 1960s quickly led to significant increases in attainable compressive
strength. Chicago played a significant role in the early development and evolution of commercially
available high-strength ready-mixed concrete. From the early 1960s continuing through the late
1980s, Chicago was a place where progressive design concepts and new material technologies
successfully came together (Caldarone, 2009). By the late 1980s, very high-strength concrete was
being successfully produced in other parts of North America.

In the 80‘s the development and use of HPC attracted world-wide attention due to the poor
durability and short service life of these existing structures. Many organizations in the world
started research programs on high performance concrete. In the United States, the Strategic
Highway Research Program (SHRP) sponsored a project on High Performance Concrete in 1987.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a national program in 1993 to implement HPC
in bridges. In 1996, AASHTO established the ―Lead States Team to ―promote implementation
of HPC technology for use in pavements and bridges and share knowledge, benefits and challenges
with states and their customers.

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 3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK & RESULTS

3.1 CONSISTENCY LIMIT TEST OF CEMENT:

About: Standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit a
Vicat’s plunger having 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a depth of 33-35 mm
from top of the mould.

Apparatus: Vicat’s apparatus (Should be made as per IS: 5513); Weighing Balance (accurate to
1g); Measuring Cylinder (accurate to 1ml); Tray; Glass Plate.

Procedure:

1. Take 400 g of cement and place it in the enameled tray.

2. Mix about 25% water by weight of dry cement thoroughly to get a cement paste. Total time
taken to obtain thoroughly mixed water cement paste i.e. “Gauging time” should not be
more than 3 to 5 minutes.
3. Fill the Vicat’s mould, resting upon a glass plate, with this cement paste.
4. After filling the mould completely, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with
top of the mould.
5. Place the whole assembly (i.e. mould + cement paste + glass plate) under the rod bearing
plunger.
6. Lower the plunger gently so as to touch the surface of the test block and quickly release
the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
7. Measure the depth of penetration and record it.
8. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water content and follow the steps (2 to 7)
as described above, until the depth of penetration becomes 33 to 35 mm.

Calculation: Calculate percentage of water (P) by weight of dry cement required to prepare
cement paste of standard consistency by following formula and express it to the first place of
decimal.

P = (W/C) x 100

21
Where,
W = Quantity of water added;
C = Quantity of cement used
Result: The Consistency Limit of the OPC Cement = 32%.
Precautions:
 Gauging time should be strictly observed.
 Room temperature should be well maintained as per test requirement.
 All apparatus used should be clean.
 The experiment should be performed away from vibrations and other disturbances.

Comments: The consistency limit of Cement ranges from 26% - 33%. Hence, it follows the range.

3.2 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT:

About: Initial setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and time
at which 1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement paste, placed in the Visit’s mould
5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the mould.
Final setting time is that time period between the time water is added to cement and the time at
which 1 mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the mould but 5 mm attachment does not
make any impression.

Apparatus: Vicat’s Apparatus (Should be made as per IS: 5513); Weighing Balance (accurate to
1g); Measuring Cylinder (accurate to 1ml); Tray; Glass Plate.

Procedure:
(a)Test Block Preparation-

1. Before commencing setting time test, do the consistency test to obtain the water required
to give the paste normal consistency (P).
2. Take 400 g of cement and prepare a neat cement paste with 0.85P of water by weight of
cement.
3. Gauge time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes. Start the stop watch at the instant when the
water is added to the cement. Record this time (t1).

22
 4. Fill the Vicat’s mould, resting on a glass plate, with the cement paste gauged as above. Fill
the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top
of the mould. The cement block thus prepared is called test block.

(b)Initial Setting Time-

1. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the
rod bearing the needle.
2. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of test block and quick
release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block.
3. In the beginning the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat this procedure i.e.
quickly releasing the needle after every 2 minutes till the needle fails to pierce the block
for about 5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould. Note this time (t2).

(c)Final Setting Time-

1. For determining the final setting time, replace the needle of the Vicat’s apparatus by the
needle with an annular attachment.
2. The cement is considered finally set when upon applying the final setting needle gently to
the surface of the test block; the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment
fails to do so. Record this time (t3).

Calculation:
Initial setting time=t2-t1; Final setting time=t3-t1
Where,
t1 = Time at which water is first added to cement,
t2 = Time when needle fails to penetrate 5 mm to 7 mm from bottom of the mould,
t3 = Time when the needle makes an impression, but the attachment fails to do so.

Results: Initial Setting Time = 85mins; Final Setting Time = 297mins.

Precautions:
 Release the initial and final setting time needles gently.

23
  The experiment should be performed away from vibration and other disturbances.
 Needle should be cleaned every time it is used.
 Position of the mould should be shifted slightly after each penetration to avoid penetration
at the same place.
 Test should be performed at the specified environmental conditions.

Comments: The minimum initial setting time is 30mins and the maximum final setting time is
600mins, hence it follows the criteria.

3.3 AGGREGATE:

Coarse Aggregate - Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75mm IS Sieve.

Fine Aggregate - Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS Sieve.
 Natural Sand - Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and which
has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
 Crushed Stone Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
 Crushed Gravel Sand - Fine aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.

SIEVE ANALYSIS:
About: Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine
aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963. In this we use
different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and thus
collect different sized particles left over different sieves.

Apparatus:
1. A set of IS Sieves of sizes – 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm,
12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm, 4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm
and 75µm.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test sample.
Procedure:
1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and weighed.

24
 2. The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
3. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
4. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the total
sample weight.
5. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained
on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.

Calculations:
Analysis 1: The total weight of sample is 5000g.
Table 3.1: Sieve analysis observation (CA)

S. No. Sieve Size Weight % Retained % Passing Cumulative

Retained (g) (in %) (in %) Retained (%)
1. 22.4 mm 46 0.92 99.08 0.92
2. 19.0 mm 64 1.28 97.80 2.20
3. 13.2 mm 1257 25.14 72.66 27.34
4. 12.5 mm 737 14.74 57.92 42.08
5. 11.2 mm 717 14.34 43.58 56.42
6. 10.0 mm 820 16.40 27.18 72.82
7. 9.5 mm 13 0.26 26.92 73.08
8. 4.75 mm 1118 22.36 4.56 95.44
9. 2.36 mm 48 0.96 3.60 96.40

25
 Analysis 1
120

100

80
% Passing

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sieve S No.

Graph 3-1 sieve analysis (CA)

Result: The above sample contains 95.44% Coarse Aggregate and the nominal maximum size of
aggregate is 13.20 mm.

Figure 3.1 Weighing of coarse aggregate

Result: The above sample contains 98.20% fine Aggregate and the nominal maximum size of
aggregate is 1.50microns.

26
Analysis-2 The total weight of sample is 2000g.
Table 3.2sieve analysis observation (FA)

S. No. Sieve Size Weight % Retained % Passing Cumulative

Retained (g) (in %) (in %) Retained (%)
1. 4.75 mm 36 1.80 98.20 1.80
2. 2.36 mm 380 19.00 79.20 20.80
3. 1.18 mm 438 21.90 57.30 42.70
4. 600 microns 210 10.50 46.80 53.20
5. 425 microns 134 6.70 40.10 59.90
6. 300 microns 124 6.20 33.90 66.10
7. 150 microns 573 28.30 5.60 94.40
8. 75 microns 76 3.80 1.80 98.20

Analysis 2
120
98.2
100
79.2
80
% Passing

57.3
60 46.8
40.1
33.9
40

20 5.6 1.8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sieve S. No.

Graph 3.2sieve analysis (FA)

27
3.4 TESTING OF FINE AGGREGATE:

About: To determine the Specific Gravity of fine aggregates.

Apparatus:
1. A balance or scale of capacity not less than 3 kg, readable and accurate to 0.5 g, and of
such a type as to permit the weighing of the vessel containing the aggregate and water.
2. A well ventilated oven, thermostatically controlled, to maintain a temperature of 100 to
110°C.
3. A glass vessel, referred to later as a Pycnometer, of about one litre capacity having a metal
conical screw top with a 6-mm diameter hole at its apex. The screw top shall be watertight
when it is screwed on to the jar.
4. A means of supplying a current of warm air, such as a hair drier.
5. A tray of area not less than 325 cm2.
6. An airtight container large enough to take the sample.
7. Filter papers and funnel.

Figure 3.2Pycnometer

Results: The specific gravity is obtained as 2.59.

3.5 WATER ABSORPTION

This test helps to determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) –
1963. For this test a sample not less than 2000g should be used. The apparatus used for this test
are:-
Wire basket – perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with wire hangers for suspending it from
the balance, Water-tight container for suspending the basket, Dry soft absorbent cloth – 75cm x

28
45cm (2 nos.), Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area, Air-tight container of a capacity similar
to the basket and Oven.

Procedure to determine water absorption of Aggregates.

i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and then
placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22 and 32oC.
ii) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it to
drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a period of 24
+ ½ hours afterwards
iii) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a few
minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the
dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth transferring it to a second dry cloth when the
first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on the second cloth and
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely surface-dry.
The aggregates should be weighed (Weight ‘A’).
iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs.
It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’).
iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs.
It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’).
Formula used is Water absorption = [(A – B)/B] x 100%
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = WA g = 1709g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = WB g = 1692g
Water Absorption (CA) = ((WA – WB) / WA) x 100
= 1.004%
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = WA g = 5360g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = WB g = 5310g
Water Absorption (FA) = 0.90%

29
 Figure 3.3Drying of fine aggregate

Procedure:
1. Take about 500g of sample and place it in the Pycnometer.
2. Pour distilled water into it until it is full.
3. Eliminate the entrapped air by rotating the Pycnometer on its side, the hole in the apex of
the cone being covered with a finger.
4. Wipe out the outer surface of Pycnometer and weigh it (W)
5. Transfer the contents of the Pycnometer into a tray, care being taken to ensure that all the
aggregate is transferred.
6. Refill the Pycnometer with distilled water to the same level.
7. Find out the weight (W1).
8. Drain water from the sample through a filter paper.
9. Place the sample in oven in a tray at a temperature of 100ºC to 110º C for 24±0.5 hours,
during which period, it is stirred occasionally to facilitate drying.
10. Cool the sample and weigh it (W2).

30
3.6 TESTING OF COARSE AGGREGATE:
About: To determine the Specific Gravity of coarse aggregates.
Apparatus:
1. A balance of capacity about 3kg, to weigh accurate 0.5g, and of such a type and shape as
to permit weighing of the sample container when suspended in water.
2. A thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature at 100-110° C.
3. A wire basket of not more than 6.3 mm mesh or a perforated container of convenient size
with thin wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
4. A container for filling water and suspending the basket.
5. An air tight container of capacity similar to that of the basket.
6. A shallow tray and two absorbent clothes, each not less than 75x45cm.

Theory: The specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality

of the material. Stones having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher
specific gravity values.
 Specific gravity = (Dry weight of the aggregate/Weight of equal volume of water)
 Apparent specific gravity = (Dry weight of the aggregate/Weight of equal volume of water
excluding air voids in aggregate).

Procedure:
1. About 2 kg of aggregate sample is washed thoroughly to remove fines, drained and placed
in wire basket and immersed in distilled water at nearly room temperature and a cover of
at least 5cm of water above the top of basket.
2. Immediately after immersion the entrapped air is removed from the sample by lifting the
basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop at the rate of
about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate should remain completely immersed
in water for a period of 24 hour afterwards.
3. The basket and the sample are weighed while suspended in water and is noted = W1 g.
4. The basket and aggregates are removed from water and allowed to drain for a few minutes,
after which the aggregates are transferred to the dry absorbent clothes. The empty basket
is then returned to the tank of water jolted 25 times and weighed in water=W2 g.

31
5. The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture
could be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth
spread in single layer and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are
completely surface dry. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed =W3 g.
6. The aggregate is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature
of 110° C for 24 hrs. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and
weighted=W4 g.

Figure 3.4Weighing of coarse aggregate

32
Calculations:
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with basket = W1 g = 1378g
Weight of basket suspended in water = W2 g = 323g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water = (W1 – W2) g = 1055g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air = W3 g = 1709g
Weight of water equal to the volume of the aggregate = W3–(W1–W2) g
= 1709-1055 = 654g
Weight of oven dry aggregate = W4 g = 1692g
Specific gravity = W3 / (W3– (W1– W2)) = 2.61

Result: The Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate is 2.61 and the Water Absorption is 1.004%.

3.7 EXPERIMENT RESULTS:-

Table 3.3Experiment results

S.NO. AGGREGATE FINENESS MODULUS WATER SPECIFIC

ABSORPTION GRAVITY
1. Fine 3.22 0.90% 2.59
2. coarse 4.32 1.004% 2.61

33
 4. MIX DESIGN

The following data are required for mix proportioning of a particular grade of concrete:
1. Grade Designation (required compressive strength/flexural strength)
2. Type of Cement
3. Type of Aggregates
4. Maximum water-cement ratio
5. Selection of Water Content
6. Selection of Cement Content
1. Grade Designation: The cement concrete pavements are designed on flexural strength of
concrete. However, general practice is to design the mix on cube compressive strength and
relationship between characteristic compressive strength and flexural strength as per ACI
318 allows concrete mixtures to be proportioned based on field experience or laboratory
trial batches. To meet the specified strength requirements, the concrete must be
proportioned in such a manner that the average compressive strength results of field tests
exceed the specified design compressive strength f,’ by an amount sufficiently high to
make the probability of low tests small. When the concrete producer chooses to select high-
strength concrete mixture proportions based upon field experience, it is recommended that
the required average strength fc,’ used as the basis for selection of concrete proportions be
taken as the larger value calculated from the following equations
fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34s
fcr ’ = 0.9ofc’ + 2.33s
Where s = sample standard deviation in psi
When the concrete producer selects high-strength concrete proportions on the basis of
laboratory trial batches, the required average strength f, may be determined from the
equation
fcr = ( fc+1400)÷0.90
To assume that the average strength of field production concrete will equal the strength of
a laboratory trial batch is not realistic, since many factors can influence the variability of
strengths and strength measurements in the field. Initial use of a high strength concrete
mixture in the field may require some adjustments in proportions for air content and yield,

34
 and for the requirements listed below, as appropriate. Once sufficient data have been
generated from the job, mixture proportions should be reevaluated using ACI 214 and
adjusted accordingly
Table 4.1Recommended slump for concretes with and without HRWR

Concrete made using HRWR

Slump before adding HRWR 1-2in.
Concrete made without HRWR
Slump 2-4 in.

2. Type of Cement: Here, we use Ordinary Portland Cement, Grade 43 (OPC Cement).
3. Type of Aggregates: Coarse Aggregate-20mm; Fine Aggregate.

Table 4.2Suggested maximum-size coarse aggregate

Required concrete strength, PSI Suggested max. size coarse aggregate, in.
<9000 3/4-1
>9000 3/8-1/2

4. Water-Cement ratio: Many researchers have concluded that the single most important
variable in achieving high-strength concrete is the water-cement ratio (w/c). Since most
high-strength concrete mixtures contain other cementitious materials, a w/c +p ratio must
be considered in place of the traditional w/c. The w/c +p, like the w/c, should be calculated
on a weight basis. The weight of water in HRWR should be included in the w/c +p. The
relationship between w/c and compressive strength, which has been identified in normal
strength concretes, has been found to be valid for higher strength concretes as well. The
use of chemical admixtures and other cementitious materials has been proven generally
essential to producing place able concrete with a low w/c. w/c+ p for high-strength
concretes typically have ranged from 0.20 to 0.50

35
 Table 4.3Recommended maximum w/c + p for concretes made without HRWR

w/c+ p
Min. size in coarse aggregate in.
Field strength 3/8 1/2 3/4 1
fcr, psi
7000 28-days 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39
56-days 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43
8000 28-days 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.33
56-days 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35
9000 28-days 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28
56-days 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30
10000 28-days 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25
56-days 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26

5. Selection of Water Content: The water content of concrete is influenced by a number of

factors such as aggregate size, aggregate shape, aggregate texture, workability, water-
cement ratio, cement and other supplementary cementitious materials type and content,
chemical admixture and environmental conditions. An increase in aggregates size, a
reduction in water-cement ratio and slump and use of rounded aggregates and water
reducing admixtures will reduce the water demand. On the other hand increased
temperature, cement content, slump, water-cement ratio, aggregate angularity and a
decrease in the proportion of the coarse aggregate to fine aggregate will increase the water
demand.
The water content requirement can be suitably decreased by use of plasticizer and super
plasticizer. The extent of reduction in water content will depend upon the quality of super
plasticizer. The range of decrease in water content is between 15% to 30 % for super
plasticizer. The actual reduction will depend upon the doses of these super plasticizers. By
suitably adjusting the doses, the desired reduction in water content within the limits
prescribed above can be achieved.

36
Table 4.4 First estimate of mixing water requirement and air content of fresh concrete

based on using a sand with 35 percent voids

Mixing water, lb./yd3

Slump, in. Max. size coarse aggregate, in
1-2 310 295 285 280
2-3 320 310 295 290
3-4 330 320 305 300
Entrapped air 3 2.5 2 1.5
content (2.5) (2) (1.5) (1.0)

6. Selection of Cement Content: Minimum cement content shall be 325 kg/m3. This is
irrespective of the grade of cement and is inclusive of mineral admixture additions such as
fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag. These mineral admixtures may be taken
into account in the concrete composition with respect to the minimum cement content if
the suitability is established and as long as the maximum amounts taken into account do
not exceed the limit of pozzolans and slag specified in IS:1489(Part 1) and IS:455
respectively and stipulated in these guidelines. The maximum cement content shall be
425kg/m3 and is exclusive of mineral admixtures such as fly ash, silica fumes or ground
granulated blast furnace slag

37
4.1 DESIGN :
Stipulations for Proportioning:

Grade Designation M30

Type of Cement OPC 43 Grade
Maximum nominal size of aggregate 16 mm
Minimum Cement Content 325 kg/m3
Maximum w/c ratio 0.5
Workability 20±5 mm (slump)
Maximum Cement Content 425 kg/m3

Test Data for Materials:

Specific Gravity
1. Cement 3.15
2. Coarse Aggregate 2.66
3. Fine Aggregate 2.59
Water Absorption
1. Coarse Aggregate 0.9%
2. Fine Aggregate 1.5%

Design Compressive Strength: fcr’ = fc’ + 1.34s

Since, fcr = 6400 psi = 43.91MPa
Here, s = 5.0 N/mm2;
Calculation of Cement Content:
Since, we are using 20mm aggregate,:
For 20mm: Water Content = 175 kg/m3
Now the water cement ratio is taken as 0.4,
Cement Content = 2.5 x 175 kg/m3 = 437.5kg/m3 (<450 kg/m3)

38
Proportion of Volume of Coarse and Fine Aggregate:
Since, we are using 20mm aggregate,
For 20mm: Volume of Coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 0.62
And, Volume of Fine aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate = 1 – 0.62 = 0.38

Mix Calculations:
1. Volume of Concrete = 1m3
2. Volume of Cement = (Mass of Cement/Specific Gravity of Cement) x (1/1000)
= (437.5/3.15) x (1/1000)
= 0.138 m3
3. Volume of Water = (Mass of Water/Specific Gravity of Water) x (1/1000)
= (175/1.00) x (1/1000)
= 0.175 m3
4. Air content = 2% =.02m3
5. Volume of all in aggregate, V = 1 - (0.138 + 0.175+.02)
= 0.67 m3
6. Mass of Coarse Aggregate (SSD) = V x 0.62 x (Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate) x 1000
= 0.67 x 0.62 x 2.66 x 1000
= 1104.96 kg/m3
7. Mass of Fine Aggregate (SSD) = V x 0.38 x (Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate) x 1000
= 0.67 x 0.38 x 2.59 x 1000
= 659.414 kg/m3
8. Mass of Cement = 0.138 x (Specific Gravity of Cement) x 1000
= 0.138x 3.15 x 1000
= 434.7 kg/m3
9. Mass of Water = 175 + (0.9/(100 x 1104.96)) + (1.5/(100 x 659.414))
= 194.835 kg/m3

39
4.2 RESULTS:-

Table 4.5 Mix design results

S.NO INGREDIENTS MASS(Kg/m3)

1 CEMENT 437.7
2 FINE AGGREGATE 659.414
3 COARSE AGGREGATE 1104.96
4 WATER/CEMENT RATIO 0.40
5 WATER 194.835

40
 CONCLUSION

We have discussed the Concrete Mix Design as per ACI 211.4r. Concrete Mix designed should
give required Strength but also should be economical. The mix Design in this project and its testing
in laboratory have given a better picture of how the strength varies with varying water/cement
ratio, with all other factor remaining same. The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete
and determining their relative amounts with an objective of producing a concrete of required
strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible is termed as concrete mix design.

Concrete occupies unique position among the modern construction materials, Concrete is a
material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance,
known as an aggregate (usually made for different types of sand and gravel), that is bond by cement
and water.

41
 REFERENCES

1. BIS (2013). ‘Guidelines for Ordinary Portland Cement: Grade 43(Second Revision)’, IS 8112,
New Delhi, India.
2. BIS (1959). ‘Methods of Test on Strength of Concrete’, IS 516, New Delhi, India.
3. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 1’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
4. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 2’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
5. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 3’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
6. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 4’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
7. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 6’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
8. BIS (1963). ‘Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete: Part 8’, IS 2386, New Delhi, India.
9. BIS (1999). ‘Concrete Admixtures Specifications’ IS 9103, New Delhi, India.
10. ACI (2001). ‘Report on Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements’, ACI 325.10R-95

42