Mathematics 17 Trigonometric Formulas

Fundamental Identities tan A − tan B

• tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
A. Ratio and Reciprocal Identities
tan A + tan B
sin θ • tan(A + B) =
• tan θ = 1 − tan A tan B
cos θ
Double-Measure Identities
cos θ 1
• cot θ = =
sin θ tan θ • sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
1
•  cos2 θ − sin2 θ

sec θ =
cos θ
1 • cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
• csc θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ

sin θ
B. Pythagorean Identities 2 tan θ
• tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
• sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
Half-Measure Identities
• 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ   r
θ 1 − cos θ
• tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ • sin =±
2 2
Negative Measures   r
θ 1 + cos θ
• sin(−θ) = − sin θ • cos =±
2 2
• cos(−θ) = cos θ   r
θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ
• tan =± = =
• tan(−θ) = − tan θ 2 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ sin θ

Co-functions Product-to-Sum Identities

π  1
• cos − θ = sin θ • sin A cos B = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)]
2 2
π  1
• sin − θ = cos θ • cos A sin B = [sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)]
2 2
π 
• sec − θ = csc θ 1
2 • cos A cos B = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2
π 
• csc − θ = sec θ 1
2 • sin A sin B = − [cos(A + B) − cos(A − B)]
π  2
• tan − θ = cot θ Sum-to-Product Identities
2    
π  A+B A−B
• cot − θ = tan θ • sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2 2
Sum and Difference Identities 
A+B
 
A−B

• sin A − sin B = 2 cos sin
• cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 2 2
   
• cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B A+B A−B
• cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
• sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B    
A+B A−B
• sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B • cos A − cos B = −2 sin sin
2 2

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