Computerized Control

Professor: Víctor Antonio Gómez Aladro

Campus Ciudad de México
Escuela de Diseño, Ingeniería y
Arquitectura
Departamento de Mecatrónica y
Desarrollo Sustentable
Homework: Research Homework
Name: Sergio Serrallonga Hernández
ID: A01651661
Due date: 28/08/2018
CALIFICACIÓN:

Feedback Control

Feedback control refers to an operation that, in the presence of disturbances, tends to reduce the
difference between the output of a system and some reference input through it. Here only
unpredictable disturbances are so specified, since predictable or known disturbances can always be
compensated for within the system. Some examples of this are speed and temperature control
systems, however, they are not limited to engineering but can be found in various, such as business.

Control systems can be classified into:

• Closed-Loop Control Systems: Feedback control systems are often referred to as closed-loop
control systems. In these systems the actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal (which may be the output signal itself or a function
of the output signal and its derivatives and/or integrals), is fed to the controller so as to
reduce the error and bring the output of the system to a desired value. The term closed-
loop control always implies the use of feedback control action in order to reduce system
error.
• Open-Loop Control Systems: Those systems characterized cause the output has no effect
on the control action. In other words, in an open-loop control system the output is neither
measured nor fed back for comparison with the input. Thus, to each reference input there
corresponds a fixed operating condition; as a result, the accuracy of the system depends on
calibration. In the presence of disturbances, an open-loop control system will not perform
the desired task. Open-loop control can be used, in practice, only if the relationship between
the input and output is known and if there are neither internal nor external disturbances.

Laplace Transform

The method of Laplace transforms is a system that relies on algebra (rather than calculus-based
methods) to solve linear differential equations. While it might seem to be a somewhat
cumbersome method at times, it is a very powerful tool that enables us to readily deal with linear
differential equations with discontinuous forcing functions.

The Laplace transform is an operation that transforms a function of t (i.e., a function of time
domain), defined on [0, ∞), to a function of s (i.e., of frequency domain)

Definition: Let f (t) be defined for t ≥ 0. The Laplace transform of f (t), denoted by F (s) or L {f(t)},
is an integral transform given by the Laplace integral:
Transfer Functions 15

The transfer function of a linear, time-invariant, differential equation system is defined as the ratio
of the Laplace transform of the output (response function) to the Laplace transform of the input
(driving function) under the assumption that all initial conditions are zero. Consider the linear time-
invariant system defined by the following differential equation:

Where y is the output of the system and x is the input. The transfer function of this system is the
ratio of the Laplace transformed output to the Laplace transformed input when all initial conditions
are zero, or

By using the concept of transfer function, it is possible to represent system dynamics by algebraic
equations in s. If the highest power of s in the denominator of the transfer function is equal to n,
the system is called an nth-order system.

Block Diagrams 18

A block diagram of a system is a pictorial representation of the functions performed by each

component and of the flow of signals. In a block diagram all system variables are linked to each
other through functional blocks. The functional block or simply block is a symbol for the
mathematical operation on the input signal to the block that produces the output.

The figure below shows an element of the block diagram. The arrowhead pointing toward the block
indicates the input, and the arrowhead leading away from the block represents the output. Such
arrows are referred to as signals.
The advantages of the block diagram representation of a system are that it is easy to form the overall
block diagram for the entire system by merely connecting the blocks of the components according
to the signal flow and that it is possible to evaluate the contribution of each component to the
overall performance of the system.

References

Math.edu. (2017). © 2008 Zachary S Tseng C -1 - 1 The Laplace Transform . 27/08/2018, de

Math.edu Sitio web: https://www.math.psu.edu/tseng/class/Math251/Notes-LT1.pdf

Katsuhiko Ogata. (2010). Introduction to Control Systems. En Modern Control Engineering

(3,15,18). Boston: Pearson.