INTRODUCTION

Waterproof materials are the materials that can prevent seepage of rain, ground water and other kinds
of water. Waterproof materials are one of the necessarily important materials in construction. And
they are also widely used in irrigation works, roads and bridge buildings.

WATERPROOF MATERIALS
Bituminous waterproofing
Bituminous waterproofing systems are designed to protect residential and commercial
buildings. Bitumen (asphalt) is a mixed substance made up of organic liquids that are highly
sticky, viscous, and waterproof.

Roofing felt

Roofing felt (felt paper, asphalt felt paper) is a sheet material impregnated with bitumen (asphalt),
similar to tar paper, used in building construction. The term felt comes from the historical method of
making the base material. Felt is an unwoven fabric that is produced by matting fibres under
pressure.[1] The fibres form the structure of the fabric.

Felt paper on the wall exposed by

tornado damage in Oklahoma

Roofing felt (formerly tar paper) is the base material used to

make shingles and roll roofing. Typical uses of felt paper are as an underlay(ment) (sarking) beneath
other building materials, particularly roofing and siding materials, and is one type of membrane used
in asphalt built up roofing (BUR) systems. The purposes are to "...separate the roof covering from the
roof deck...shed water...[and] provide secondary weather protection.

Roll roofing components

Roll roofing is a bitumen product that is exposed to the weather. To protect the base from ultraviolet
degradation mineral granules are added on top of the felt, also decreasing the product's fire
vulnerability. Thin, transparent film is added to the base of the felt during manufacturing on all
torch-on products. This stops the felt from sticking to itself when rolled up during the packaging
process.
Tar paper
Tar paper is a heavy-duty paper used in construction. Tar paper is made by impregnating paper or
fiberglass mat with tar, producing a waterproof material useful for roof construction. Tar paper is
distinguished from roofing felt which is impregnated with asphalt instead of tar, but these two
products are used the same way, and sometimes are informally used as synonyms.
Tar paper has been in use for over a hundred years. Originally felt was made from recycled rags but
today felts are made of recycled paper products (typically cardboard) and sawdust. The most
common product is the so-called #15 felt. Before the oil crisis felt weighed about 15 pounds per
square (one square = 100 square feet) and hence the asphalt-impregnated felt was called "15#" or "15
pound felt". Modern, inorganic mats no longer weigh 0.73 kg/m2, and to reflect this fact the new
felts are called "#15". In fact, #15 mats can weigh from 7.5 to 12.5 pounds/sq depending on the
manufacturer and the standard to which felt is made (i.e., CGSB, ASTM D227 Standard
Specification for Coal-tar saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing, ASTM D4990,
Standard Specification for Coal Tar Glass Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing, or none). Thirty
pound felt, of 30# felt, is now #30 felt, and actually usually weighs between 16 and 27 pounds per
square.
Asphalt
Asphalt occasionally also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-
solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a
substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or
binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are
for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and
manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the
carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United
States, the product is often called bitumen. Geological terminology often prefers the term bitumen.
Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar
Pits. Another term, mostly archaic, refers to asphalt/bitumen as "pitch".
Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its
viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional
distillation of crude oil [boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen".
Asphalt is a kind of water-repellent organic binding material, and at room temperature, it is a black
or dark rowp thick liquid, semisolid or solid.Asphalt is impermeable, bonding, plastic, strike-
resistant, chemical etching resistant and electricity insulating. Moreover asphalt can also be used for
waterproof membrane, waterproof paint, waterproof ointment, adhesive agentand rustproof and
antiseptic paint, etc..

Roof asphalt waterproofing membrane

Turbo seal
A turbo seal is a single component, polymer rubber with infused adhesives. It is
a waterproofing material that is self healing, cold applied, and monolithic. It contains 25% post
consumer recycled materials, mostly used tires, and is non-toxic
as well as non-flammable. As such it can add to a
buildings LEED score and is not subject to volatile organic
compound restrictions.
The primary distinguishing characteristic of a turbo seal is that it
does not cure. Because it does not dry but remains pliable, it is
able to maintain performance over time despite movement –
stretching, vibration etc.. This quality is also an important aspect
in self healing.
Turbo Seal was invented at the Seoul National University of
Technology and has been designated by the Korean Ministry of
Construction and Transportation as a breakthrough new
technology.

EPDM rubber
EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber),[1][2][3] a type of synthetic
rubber, is an elastomer characterized by a wide range of applications. The M refers to its
classification in ASTM standard D-1418; the M class includes rubbers having a saturated chain of
the polymethylene type. Dienes currently used in the manufacture of EPDM rubbers are
dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), ethylidene norbornene (ENB), and vinyl norbornene (VNB). EPDM
rubber is closely related to ethylene propylene rubber (ethylene propylene rubber is
a copolymer of ethylene and propylene, whereas EPDM rubber is
aterpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene-component).
A roll of EPDM foil, used for waterproofingroofs
The ethylene content is around 45% to 85%. The higher the ethylene content, the higher the loading
possibilities of the polymer, better mixing, and extrusion. Peroxide curing these polymers gives a
higher crosslink density compared with their amorphouscounterpart. The
amorphous polymer is also excellent in processing. This is very much
influenced by their molecular structure. The dienes, typically comprising
from 2.5% to 12% by weight of the composition, serve as cross-
links when curing with sulphur and resin; with peroxide cures, the diene
(or third monomer) functions as a coagent, which provides resistance to
unwanted tackiness, creep, or flow during end use.
Tarpaulin
A tarpaulin, or tarp, is a large sheet of strong, flexible, water-resistant
or waterproof material, often cloth such as canvasor polyester coated
with urethane, or made of plastics such as polyethylene. In some places such as Australia, and in
military slang, a tarp may be known as a hootch. Tarpaulins often have reinforced grommets at the
corners and along the sides to form attachment points for rope, allowing them to be tied down or
suspended.
 Inexpensive modern tarpaulins are made from woven polyethylene; this material is so associated
with tarpaulins that it has become colloquially known in some quarters as polytarp.
Bentonite Waterproofing
Bentonite is a type of clay having the unusual characteristics of cohesion, binding, sealing, and
thickening. It is usually gray in color and when processed has the consistency of fine powder, similar
to cement or flour. When bentonite is installed below grade as a waterproofing membrane, it
becomes hydrated with the moisture that is naturally present in the soil and forms an impermeable
barrier that absorbs and expels water and most chemicals, such as acids and salts (sodium bentonite).
Bentonite can expand and contract an infinite number of times and is capable of absorbing seven to
10 times its own weight in water, swelling up to 18 times its dry volume. However, for bentonite to
function properly as a waterproofing barrier, it is extremely important that this barrier remain under a
constant minimum pressure of 30 to 60 pounds per square foot (PSF).

Bentonite was first used to help seal earth dams and line ponds in the late 1920’s. After that,
bentonite was used as a lubricant for driving pilings and caissons. In the mid-1960’s bentonite
became accepted as a below-grade waterproofing membrane for the building construction industry.

 Bentonite can be used under structural or non-structural concrete floor slabs,

 On below-grade foundation walls,

 Between slab applications,

 Under slab applications,

 For zero property line construction, and

 Along tunnels and subway walls.

Cement board
A cement board is a combination of cement and reinforcing fibers formed into 4 foot by 8 foot
sheets (or 3 foot by 5 foot sheets), 1/4 to 1/2 inch thick that are typically used as a tile backing board.
Cement board can be nailed or screwed to wood or steel studs to create a substrate for vertical tile
and attached horizontally to plywood for tile floors, kitchen counters and backsplashes. It can be
used on the exterior of buildings as a base for exterior plaster (stucco) systems and sometimes as the
finish system itself.
Cement board adds impact resistance and strength to the wall surface as compared to water
resistantgypsum boards. Cement board is also fabricated in thin sheets with polymer modified
cements to allow bending for curved surfaces.

Cement boards are mainly cement bonded particle boards and cement fibre. Cement bonded particle
boards have treated wood flakes as reinforcement, whereas in cement fibre boards have cellulose
fibre, which is a plant extract as reinforcement. Cement acts as binder in both the cases. The fire
resistance properties of cement bonded blue particle boards and cement fibre boards are the same.