EE 506 - Power System Analysis & Design 0.

375∠78 Ω
Solution Manual ZHV(pu) = =7.7479∠78 pu
(1100 V)2⁄
25 kVA
Problem No. 01
ZHV(pu) =7.7479 ∠78 pu
Base Voltage = 1.1 kV. Base KVA = 106. What is
base impedance?
Problem No. 04
Solution: A single-phase transformer is rated at 2.5 kVA,
(1.1 kV)2 11/0.4 kV. If the leakage reactance is 0.96 Ω when
ZBase = 6 referred to low – voltage side, then determine its
10 kVA leakage reactance in per unit.
ZBase = 1.21 mΩ
Solution:
Problem No. 02 0.96 Ω
Zpu =
If the resistance in ohms is 5 Ω, find the per unit (0.4 kV)2⁄
value. Given base kVA = 10 and base kV = 11. 2.5 kVA
Zpu = 0.015 pu
Solution:
(11 kV)2 Problem No. 05
ZBase = 6 = 12.1 kΩ
10 kVA For a 110/440 V, 25 kVA, single – phase
5Ω transformer, primary and secondary leakage
Rpu = reactances are 0.04 Ω and 0.10 Ω respectively.
12.1 kΩ Show that net pu leakage reactance of the
Rpu = 413. 223 pu transformer referred to LV side is same as referred
to HV side.
Problem No. 03
A single phase two – winding transformer is rated Solution:
25 kVA, 1100/440 volts, 50 Hz. The equivalent 440 V 2
leakage impedance of the transformer referred to Zeq(HV) = 0.10 Ω+0.04 Ω ( ) = 0.74 Ω
110 V
the low voltage side is 0.06 ∠78° Ω. Using
0.74 Ω
transformer rating as base values, determine the Zeq(HV) =
per – unit leakage impedance referred to low pu (440 V)2⁄
voltage winding and referred to high voltage 25 kVA
winding. Zeq(HV) = 0.0956 pu
pu

Solution: 110 2
Zeq(LV) = 0.04 Ω + 0.10 Ω ( ) = 0.04625 Ω
0.06 ∠78 Ω 440
ZLV(pu) = =7.7479∠78 pu
(440 V)2⁄ 0.04625 Ω
25 kVA Zeq(LV) =
pu (110)2⁄
ZLV(pu) =7.7479∠78 pu 25 kVA
1100 2 Zeq(LV) = 0.0956 pu
ZHV = (0.06 ∠78 Ω) ( ) = 0.375∠78 Ω pu
440
Problem No. 06 2.4+j12.4
An 11/0.4 kV, 200 kVA transformer has an ZHVpu =
1210.0012
equivalent impedance of 2.4+j12.4 Ω referred to
HV side. Determine the base values for the pu ZHVpu =0.0104 ∠79.0459 pu
system, the per unit equivalent impedance and the
equivalent impedance rop at one – half rated Problem No. 07
current. Determine the per unit impedance of a
transmission line having an impedance of 30 +
Solution: j110 Ω on 100 MVA and 132 kV base voltage.
SBase = 200 kVA
VBase = 11 kV Solution:
(11 kV)2 30+j110
ZBase(HV) = Zpu =
200 kVA (132 kV)2⁄
100 MVA
ZBase(HV) = 605 Ω
Zpu = 0.6544∠74.7449 pu
(0.4 kV)2
ZBase(LV) = Problem No. 08
200 kVA A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has a reactance of 0.2
ZBase(LV) = 0.8 Ω pu referred to its ratings as bases. Determine the
per unit reactance when referred to base KVA of
200 kVA 50000 kVA and base kV of 33 kV.
IBase(HV) =
11 kV Solution:
IBase(HV) = 18.1818 A SNew VOld 2
XNew = XOld ( )( )
SOld VNew
200 kVA
IBase(LV) = 50 MVA 11 kV 2
0.4 kV Xg(New) =0.2 ( )( )
30 MVA 33 kV
IBase(LV) = 500 A
Xg(New) =0.0370 pu
2.4+j12.4
ZHV(pu) =
ZBase(HV) Problem No. 09
The transformation ratio of the step – up
ZHV(pu) = 0.0209∠79.0459 pu transformer is 11/220 kV. The base MVA = 100
and base kV = 11 on the generator side. What is
@ Half Load the base kV on the transmission side?
1
IBaseHV =18.1818 A ( ) Solution:
2 220 kV
IBaseHV =9.0909 A VBaseTL =11 kV ( )
11 kV
11 kV VBaseTL =220 kV
ZBaseHV = =1210.0012 Ω
9.0909 A
ZActual = Zpu (1210.0012 Ω)

ZActual =25.2890∠79.0459 Ω
Problem No. 10
Three generators are rated as follows:
Generator 1: 100 MVA, 33 kV, reactance = 10%
Generator 2: 150 MVA, 32 kV, reactance = 8%
Generator 3: 110 MVA, 30 kV, reactance = 12%
Choosing 200 MVA and 35 kV as base quantities,
compute per unit reactances of the three
generators referred to these base quantities. Draw
reactance diagram and mark per unit reactances.
The three generators are connected to common
bus – bars.
Problem No. 11
Figure 17 shows single line diagram of a single –
phase circuit. Using the base values of 3 kVA and
230 V, draw the per – unit circuit diagram and
determine the per – unit impedances and per –
unit source voltage. Also, calculate the load
current both in per unit and in Amperes.

Solution:

Reactance Diagram Solution:

Per- Unit Diagram

Xg3 XT1 XL XT2

Xg1 Xg2

Xg

Vg3 Ipu
Vg1 Vg2
Zload
SBase = 20 MVA Vg
VBase = 35 kV
Vg1 = 33⁄35 = 0.9429 pu
@Section 1
Vg2 = 32⁄35 = 0.9143 pu
SBase = 3 kVA
Vg3 = 30⁄35 = 0.8571 pu VBase1 = 230 V
10 200 33 2 Vg = 220 V⁄230 V
Xg1 = ( ) ( ) ( )
100 100 35
Vg = 0.9565 pu
Xg1 = 0.1778 pu Xg = 0 pu
8 200 32 2 3 kVA 230 V 2
Xg2 = ( ) ( ) ( ) XT1 =0.1 ( )( )
100 150 35 3 kVA 230 V
Xg2 = 0.0892 pu XT1 =0.1 pu
2
12 200 30
Xg3 = ( )( )( ) @Section 2
100 110 35 433 V
VBase2 =230 V ( ) = 433 V
Xg1 = 0.1603 pu 230 V
 3 kVA 433 V 20% reactance each. Draw the per – unit circuit
XT1 = 0.1 ( )( ) =0.1 pu diagram.
3 kVA 433 V
(433)2
ZBase2 = =62.4963 Ω
3 kVA
XL = 3⁄Z
Base2

XL = 0.0480 pu
Solution:
2
3 kVA 440 V
XT2 =0.1 ( )( ) Per-Unit Diagram
2 kVA 433 V
XT2 = 0.1549 pu XT1 XL XT2

@Section 3 Xg Xm1 Xm2 Xm3

120 V
VBase3 = 433 V ( ) = 118.0909 V
440 V
2
3 kVA 120 V Vg M M M
XT2 = 0.1 ( )( ) = 0.1549 pu
2 kVA 118.0909 V
Vm1 Vm2 Vm3
(118.0909 V)2
ZBase3 = = 4.6485 Ω @Region 1
3 kVA
SBase = 110 MVA
0.8+j0.3 VBase1 = 33 kV
ZLoad =
ZBase3 Vg = 33 kV⁄33 kV
ZLoad = 0.1838∠20.5560 pu Vg = 1 pu

By Ohm’s Law: 110 MVA 33 kV 2

0.9565 Xg = 0.15 ( )( )
Ipu = 100 MVA 33 kV
0+j0.1+j0.048+j0.1549+0.1838∠20.5560
Xg = 0.1650 pu
Ipu = 2.3574∠-64.9029 pu
110 MVA 32 kV 2
3 kVA XT1 = 0.08 ( )( )
ILoad = (Ipu )(IBase3 ) = (Ipu ) ( ) 110 MVA 33 kV
√3 (118.0909)
XT1 = 0.0752 pu
ILoad = 14.6675 ∠ -64.9029 A
@Region 2
Problem No. 12 110 kV
A 100 MVA, 33 kV, three phase generator has a VBase2 =33 kV ( ) =113.4375 kV
32 kV
reactance of 15%. The generator is connected to
the motors through a transmission line and (113.4375 kV)2
ZBase2 = =116.9824 Ω
transformers as shown. Motors have rated inputs 110 MVA
of 40 MVA, 30 MVA and 20 MVA at 30 kV with
 60 Solution:
XL =
ZBase2
15 MVA Zs 10 MVA
XL = 0.5129 pu
66 kV 13.2 kV
110 MVA 110 kV 2 Zp 5 MVA
XT2 =0.08 ( )( ) 2.3 kV
110 MVA 113.4375 kV
XT2 = 0.0752 Zt

ZPS + ZPT - ZST

@Region 3 Zp =
VBase3 = VBase2 = 33 kV 2
30kV 15 13.2 2
Vm1 = Vm2 = Vm3 = 0.08+0.01- [0.09 ( ) ( )]
33kV 10 66
Vm1 = Vm2 = Vm3 = 0.9091 pu Zp =
2
110 MVA 30 kV 2 ZP = j0.0873 pu
Xm1 =0.2 ( )( )
40 MVA 33 kV
Xm1 = 0.4545 pu ZST + ZSP - ZPT
ZS =
2
110 MVA 30 kV 2 10 66
2
10 66
2
Xm2 =0.2 ( )( ) 0.09+ [0.08 ( ) ( ) ] - [0.1 ( ) ( )]
30 MVA 33 kV 15 13.2 15 13.2
ZS =
Xm2 = 0.6061 pu 2
ZS = - j0.1217 pu
110 MVA 30 kV 2
Xm3 =0.2 ( )( )
20 MVA 33 kV ZTS + ZTP - ZPS
Xm3 = 0.9091 pu ZT =
2
5 66 2 5 13.2 2
[0.10 ( ) ( ) ] + [0.09 ( ) ( ) ]−
Problem No. 13 15 2.3 10 2.3
2
The three – phase ratings of a three – winding 5 66
[0.08 ( ) ( ) ]
transformer are: 15 2.3
Primary – Y – connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA Zp =
2
Secondary – Y – connected, 13.2 kV, 10 MVA
ZP = j3.4839 pu
Tertiary – Δ – connected, 2.3 kV, 5 MVA
Neglecting resistances, the leakage impedances
are:
ZPS = 0.08 pu on 15 MVA, 66 kV base Problem No. 14
ZPT = 0.10 pu on 15 MVA, 66 kV base Draw the per – unit impedance diagram of the
ZST = 0.09 pu on 10 MVA, 13.2 kV base system shown in Figure 19. Assumed base values
Find the per unit impedances of the star – are 100 MVA and 100 kV.
connected equivalent circuit for a base of 15 MVA,
66 kV base in the primary circuit.

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, Xg1 = 0.10 pu

G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xg2 = 0.10 pu
T1: 80 MVA, 12.2/132 kV, XT1 = 0.10 pu
T2: 40 MVA, 13.8/132 kV, XT2 = 0.10 pu Problem No. 17
Load: 50 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging operating at 124 kV. Figure 22 shows single – line diagram of a power
system.
Solution:

Problem No. 15
Figure 20 shows a sample power system network.
Find the current supplied by the generator, the
transmission line current, the load current, the
load voltage and the power consumed by the load.
Solution:
Problem No. 16
The single line diagram of a three – phase system
is shown in Figure 21. Select a common base of
100 MVA and 13.8 kV on the generator side. Draw
per – unit impedance diagram.
The ratings of the generators and transformers are
given below:
G1: 25 MVA, 6.6 kV, Xg1 = 0.2 pu
G2: 15 MVA, 6.6 kV, Xg2 = 0.15 pu
G3: 30 MVA, 13.2 kV, Xg3 = 0.15 pu
T1: 30 MVA, 6.6 ∆ - 115 Y kV, XT1 = 0.1 pu
T2: 15 MVA, 6.6 ∆ - 115 Y kV, XT2 = 0.1 pu
T3: 1 – phase unit each rated 10 MVA, 6.9/69 kV,
XT3 = 0.1 pu
Draw the per – unit circuit diagram using base
values of 30 MVA and 6.6 kV in the circuit of
generator 1
Solution:

G: 90 MVA, 13.8 kV, Xg = 18%

T1: 50 MVA, 13.8/220 kV, XT1 = 10%
T2: 50 MVA, 220/11 kV, XT2 = 10%
T3: 50 MVA, 13.8/132 kV, XT3 = 10%
T4: 50 MVA, 132/11 kV, XT4 = 10%
M: 80 MVA, 10.45 kV, Xm = 20%
Load: 57 MVA, 0.8 pf (lagging) at 10.45 kV.
Xline1 = 50 Ω
Xline2 = 70 Ω

Solution: