Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

Annotated Bibliography:

Dating and Sex and Persistence in the Academy

Garrett Coghill

The University of Texas at El Paso

RWS 1301

Dr. Vierra

March 11, 2019

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Research Questions

1. Does sex interfere with studies in higher education?

2. Can dating have an influence on how emotionally stable a student is while they

are in school?

3. Can students persist with their studies although sex and dating are considered

distractions?

4. Does dating and hooking up impact the persistence of being in a higher learning

setting?

5. Are there any real consequences to hooking up in school?

Revised Research Questions

1. Is there a certain type of student that is more prone to engage in hooking up?

2. Does hooking up/dating interfere or cause disruption in a student’s academic

success?

3. Are there certain campuses that are affected more by these behaviors?

4. What is the main cause of people wanting to hookup/date during their college

life?

5. Are there certain periods of time in college when a student may become more

involved in hooking up or dating?

6. Why do students choose to hook up or date while they’re in college?

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Annotated Bibliography

Monographs

Helm, K. (2016). Hooking up: The psychology of sex and dating Santa Barbara, California:

Greenwood. Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b361

2369&site=eds-live&scope=site; http://0-

ebookcentral.proquest.com.lib.utep.edu/lib/utep/detail.action?docID=4008971

Relationships aren’t as popular today among young adults as they used to be for young

adults in the past. Our dating and sex lives are becoming more focused on the act of

“hooking up.” According to Helm (2016), our relationship expectations are shaped by

multiple factors, including family influence, peer group, media, religious/spiritual, and

cultural forces (p. 14). These factors ultimately contribute to how we view our sexuality

and how we choose partners based upon their own moral standings on sex and dating.

Helm also adds that we are bombarded with images of sex and sexuality through the

media and the internet (p. 186). This also shows how a collective view is spread and how

it makes these views on sex and sexuality “the norm.” People have distorted views of

what sex and dating should be because of the internet and the spreading of an ideological

standing on the matter. Helm further concludes that a lot of our views of sex and

sexuality are rooted in our childhood and that’s also when we should be realistically

taught sex education (p. 189). This further shows that although people that hookup have

no education on the matter, they are still taking precedence over relationships nowadays.
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Essays

Wood, S. (1998). Sexual violation in the conquest of the Americas. Smith, M.D. (Ed.), Sex and

Sexuality in Early America, New York University Press: New York and London

Sex and sexuality were abused in the early formation of the Americas. According to

Wood (1998), sexual assault, or at least coerced sex, has been a regular feature of early

transatlantic “encounters” (p. 9). What the author is stating is that forced intercourse was

a common theme amongst early settling in the Americas. The content is not usually

brought up amongst historians because of the gruesome acts the Spaniards inflicted

amongst the indigenous people. Wood (1998) also adds that just as pregnancy served to

move the story line forward in Greek mythology about rape, mestizaje (production of

mixed offspring) has captured the attention of some modern historians who may be

uncomfortable studying the role of sexual violation in conquest and in evolving colonies

(p. 23). This statement further concludes how sex was used in an abusive and destructive

way in the creation of the Americas.

Zacek, N.A. (1998). Sex, sexuality, and social control in the eighteenth-century Leeward Islands.

Smith, M.D. (Ed.), Sex and sexuality in early America (pp. 190-214). New York: New

York University Press. Retrieved from http://0-

search.ebscohost.com.lib.utep.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat04704a&AN=nug.b178

7513&site=eds-live&scope=site

Sex and sexuality have both been prominent since the dawn of human creation, and with

it also came concerns over social control and manipulation. According to Zacek (1998),

the idea that early modern English society was sexually restrained is a false dichotomy
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that has been continuously reified by scholars (p. 191). This statement makes people

question how the early settlers really were as opposed to how they’re portrayed. Zacek

(1998) further states that the forms of sexual misconduct that troubled colonists were:

bastardy, incest, adultery, and indecent exposure (p. 196). This concludes that sex and

sexuality are both abused and used as forms of manipulation by some.

Journals

Bartoli, A.M. & Clark, M.D. (2006). The dating game: Similarities and differences in dating

scripts among college students. Sexuality and Culture, Vol. 10, Issue 4, pp 54-80.

Men and women have different, yet similar dating expectations. According to Bartoli and

Clark (2006), greater expectations of sexual activity is common among men whereas

women are more prone to limiting the expectations of sexual activity from men (p. 54).

This can be seen as a bias as both genders could have the expectations flipped. Bartoli

and Clark (2006) further specify that the findings were based off prior sexual

experiences, college experiences, and whether the person was involved in a Greek social

group during college (p. 54). With this information, the expectations of men wanting

sexual activity was correlated with the men’s participation in a Greek social group.

Bartoli and Clark (2006) further conclude that members involved in a Greek social group

were more likely to follow certain dating scripts (p. 54) This further implies that men and

women have different, yet similar dating dynamics of which are mainly based around

whether or not they had involvement in Greek social groups in college.

Netting, N. S., & Reynolds, M. K. (2018). Thirty years of sexual behaviour at a canadian

university: Romantic relationships, hooking up, and sexual choices. Canadian Journal of

Human Sexuality, 27(1), 55-68. doi:10.3138/cjhs.2017-0035.

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The recent hookup trend dominates North American college campuses, yet it can be

beneficial. According to Netting and Reynolds (2018), casual sex was very prominent on

most campuses although the prevalence of relationships was still high (p. 1). This shows

that casual sexual encounters have occurred as much as relationships have. Netting and

Reynolds (2018) also state that sexual encounters happened more within a romantic

relationship as opposed to hookups (p. 1). This further shows that the presence of

hookups is still common on campus, but those who engage in romantic relationships tend

to have more sexual experiences. Netting and Reynolds (2018) further conclude that the

presence of both of these behaviors in regard to sexuality are important for helping

people create their own identity (p. 6). Furthermore, this shows that the hookup trend is

important in college campuses as well as its effect on developing people’s identities.

Vasilenko, S. A., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Maggs, J. L. (2011). Short-term positive and negative

consequences of sex based on daily reports among college students. Journal of sex

research, 49(6), 558–569. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.589101

There are many consequences that come with hooking up with other students. According

to Vasilenko, Lefkowitz, and Maggs (2011), health involves elements of physical,

mental, and emotional well-being and sex can be a consequence that may affect all three

of these said elements (p. 2). This shows that sexual affairs are involved in most sectors

of our personal well-being, whether the experiences are good or bad. Vasilenko,

Lefkowitz, and Maggs (2011) further state that through the studies performed, women

reported sexual experiences as less positive as opposed to men (p. 3). This further adds

that gender differences play a big role in the sexual experience overall. Vasilenko,

Lefkowitz, and Maggs (2011) further claim that men were less likely to have feelings of
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guilt or regret as opposed to females (p. 4). This further shows that many consequences

are involved in hooking up with other students.

Woerner, J., Abbey, A., Pegram, S. E., & Helmers, B. R. (2018). The effects of alcohol

intoxication and sexual interest on men's sexual persistence and hostility in a dating

simulation. Aggressive Behavior, 44(5), 537-547. doi:10.1002/ab.21773

Alcohol intoxication directly influences men’s sexual persistence and interest in

someone. According to Woerner, Abbey, Pegram, and Helmers (2018), alcohol enables

people to be more sexually aggressive, yet few studies have covered in the actual

aggression one experiences while in the moment (p. 537). Sexual aggression is clearly

influenced more by alcoholic intoxication than no intoxication at all. Woerner, Abbey,

Pegram, and Helmers further state that in the study, a simulated woman would reject the

men more harshly if the persistence continued from the men (p. 537). This study was

done to see how the men would behave on an actual date, but it involved a simulated

woman so the study could be furthered. Woerner, Abbey, Pegram, and Helmers further

conclude that the involvement of alcohol regarding to being rejected created a more

hostile attitude coming from the participant that was asking such unwanted requests to

the woman (p. 537). This further implies that the alcohol was directly linked to the men’s

sexual persistence, hostility, and interest in the dating simulation that was studied.

Websites

Primary Sources

Castaneda, B. (2010, Feb 9). Internet opens opportunities for dating, sex. Prospector, pp. 6-16.

Retrieved from https://theprospector.newspaperarchive.com/el-paso-prospector/2010-02-

09/page-6/
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The internet makes dating and sexual activities happen more easily, yet the results aren’t

always positive. According to Castaneda (2010), younger people are more likely to be

involved in sexual activities that originate from the internet (p. 6). This shows how big of

an impact the internet has in relation to meeting new people, as well as having intimate

encounters with said new people. Castaneda (2010) further states that although these

social apps make communicating more easily, it also eliminates the physical connection

which isn’t considered healthy (p. 6). Without physical intimacy, there will be a lacking

in any person’s relationship towards another. The internet is sort of a gift, yet a hidden

curse. Castaneda (2010) further concludes that users should be mindful and careful, as

many sexual offenders can be found perusing these said social sites (p. 6). This further

implies that the internet makes meeting people easier, but there are also a lot of potential

risks and negative people associated with the internet.

Fitch, J. (1961, Jan 14). Better activities urged. Prospector, pp. 1-8. Retrieved from

https://theprospector.newspaperarchive.com/el-paso-prospector/1961-01-14/

Student activities are what essentially shape a student throughout their academic life.

According to Fitch (1961), a generation of people who haven’t really worked has grown

up and it is essential in that they persist through the norms of mediocrity and not working

(p. 1). This shows that a transformation of a sort has taken place. Students were starting

to embrace themselves more and didn’t sell themselves short. Fitch (1961) further

concludes that various meetings and discussion groups were held in order to better

understand the student attitude (p. 1). This further shows that there was a system of

feedback developed in order to understand the students and the activities they were

involved in.
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