plotted on the a-plane in a similar manner, Since the str for the second stress state and o,> 0; > 0 for the third stress state, the angle 6 (@=10.89°) must be measured clockwise from the o:-axis for state B and the a-axis for state C, respectively. These stress states represented by points A’, B’, C’ on the z-plane are shown in Fig. 2.9. conditions are 0, > 6; > 0, Example 2.9: The well-known Coulomb criterion for the failure of geological materials (to be discussed in Chapter 4) is given by r|=e-o and (2.70) where 7, 0, ¢ and @ are respectively the shearing stress, normal stress, strength of cohesion, and angle of internal friction, Construct the cross-sectional shape of the Coulomb failure surface on the a-plane. Solution: The Coulomb eriterion implies that failure occurs when the largest Mohr's circle passing through two principal stresses (the maximum and minimum stresses) touches the failure line, as shown in Fig, 2.10. Using these two stresses, Eq. (2.70) can be rewritten as 1 Onin) © ~ HO + Grain) Sit + € 608 & any In order to project the failure surface of Eq. (2.71) onto the a-plane, we define the new Cartesian coordinate system (X,Y, Z) where the X-axis on the a-plane is perpendicular to the o-axis, the Y-axis is taken to be the same as the o}-axis, and the Z-axis is coincident with the hydrostatic pressure axis as shown in Fig. 2.11. The tie Fig. 2.10. Coulomb erterion in 0-7 space. Fig, 2.11, Cartesian coo relationship betwee on the #-plane is & Here, the maximur six sets of stress condition 0; > a:> a4. Therefore, Eq. 30) a) = —H¢ Substituting Eq. ( coordinate system Coulomb criterion ¥5Q-sine 34 5inestate, the angle @ state Band the Wy points A’, B’, C’ lure of geological (2.70) stress, strength of ‘onal shape of the the largest Mohr's minimum stresses) stresses, Eq. (2.70) (an) lane, we define the con the 7: as the oj-axis, and vn in Fig, 2.11. The lane is Fig. 2:11, Cartesian coordinate system on =-plane relationship between the principal coordinate system and the new coordinate system fon the a-plane is given by (2.72) Here, the maximum and minimum stresses used in Eq. (2.71) are considered to have six sets of stress conditions on the #-plane (see Fig. 2.12). As an example, for the condition 0, > @; > @3, the maximum and minimum stresses are respectively 0, and 0. Therefore, Eq, (2.71) can be written as: Ho, ~03) = ~4(0, + 0,)sin p+ £08 4 Substituting Eq, (2.72) and setting Z= 0, Eq. (2.73) is transferred into the X.Y,Z- coordinate system and represents the partial shape of the cross-section of the ‘Coulomb criterion on the 7-plane under the condition 0, > a, > 05. Namely: 3+sing 3+sin (2.74)Fig. 3. Coulomb shape on s-plane under «> > os. Fig. 14. Coulomb shape on a-plane This projection is results in an irres cross-section on t 2.4 STRAINS IN TH The analysis 0 deformation of at infinitesimal strai that of stress. Th almost every step vector 6, for cor components of st ye and the assoc will be discussed referred to Chapt 24.1 Definitions « In the analysis small element at 1 strain at a point through the point divided by its or two line elements produces no chan Denote the ct coordinate axes t directions of the 1 ‘Then, for any lin strain ¢, in the di perpendicular dir strain have the fo m= (en