$ sciendo Family functioning integrated with diabetes self-management: a concept analysis “Departant oF °Depatnnt oN Received: 20 December 2017; accepted: 28 April 2018; Published: 20 September 2018 ‘Abstract: Alou the concept of fan fantonng has gale recent popula, he terms “Tamil unetioning” and “aly eines” are ‘sometimes confused and used interchangeably. The am ofthis concept analysis was to caty what smear by arly unetenng nthe content of labels sel-management by assessing space aibues, antecacets, and consequences. A concept anajie rol by Waker and Avant was zope, The dette atts of aly functioning ina dabetes sel-ranagement continued probim-sng, communication rls, atfctve responsiveness, atfecv invoement, andbekavoral con Antecedents included ‘amily stuct,sacoeconamic statis, fry unctonng elaonshis, tary tage, and Ke eves. Consequences included fly satisfaction, arly coesion, and family relatonstips. hs analysis provied a deeper understanding of a ay functioning conceat win a abetes sfmanagement context. ts reconmendee that hea care provers stoul be aware of arteceder factors hat ‘oul ht auteome improve petal consequences, Further esearch ie needee explain aly unctoning atibutes in alton oaacedents and Keywords: fami fncoing + concept ants» dlabetes + saltmanagement 1. Introduction Diabetes melitus (OM) is a significant public health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that 422 milion people are currently living with DM.* Several complications are associated with OM, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, amputations, and premature death? Diabetes seltmanagement is relatively complex given that individuals have to attend medical appoint- ments regulary, adhere to several different medications, control their symptoms through physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care, and negotiate barri- fers to management and psychosocial problems.* * Corresponding author Email aanand8 yahoo com A, Pamunghas 8 open Access, © 2018 Rian Adi Pamunghs ea, publ by Sc Family members are @ potentially useful support system for diabetes self-management. Much diabetes management takes place within a close social environ- ment Therefore, addressing family functioning within diabetes self-management is important, as disease management is mostly facilitated within a family con- text. However, family functioning contexts are currently Unclear and difficult to differentiate from family resilience when a chronic ness is present The terms “family functioning” and “family resi lence" are sometimes confused and used interchange- ably: this is because both terms are related to a family’s adaptation and dynamic processes when con- fronted with stress emanating from a chronic iliness. A better understanding of family functioning could clar- ify ways to help the family and patient maintain bal- ‘ance and functioning when providing diabetes care. eae. “Thi works cence unr the Creative CommonFay fu Conceptualizing family functioning with regard to dia- betes care provides an essential foundation for devel- oping effective and sensitive interventions that promote growth among individual family members and the fam- ily unit as a whole, Concept analyses provide precise operational defi- ritions, refine ambiguous concepts within a theory, and Provide a more basic and deeper understanding of Underlying attributes within a concept. Eight steps, frst identified by Walker and Avant, are conducted: (a) select 2 concept, (b) determine the purpose of the analysis, (6) identity all uses of the concept, (d) determine the defining altrbutes, (e) construct a mode! case, (f) identity antecedents, (g) identify consequences, and (0) define empirical referents.* 2. Methods ‘This initial review included articles that shared relevance with @ standard literature review. For initial strategies, “family functioning," “sett management.” and “type 2 dia- betes" (T2DM) were the main search terms, and these terms needed to be observed either in the abstract orin the tie of the study. 2.1. Eligibility criteria To describe family functioning within diabetes sett management among T2DM patients, the researchers Used the following article inclusion criteria. Specifically, descriptive articles of how a family integrated with dia- betes self-management were included. Design types included descriptive studies, qualitative studies, and intervention studies that focused on diabetes prevention and diabetes self-management. 2.2. Search strategy ‘The researcher used PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find the relevant articles related to family functioning integrated with diabetes seltmanagement for T2DM patients. The search strategy used in this review included “family functioning," *selfmanagement,” and “lype 2 diabetes.” 2. Results of this review are explained narratively. The descriptions of results include the following: (1) defni- tion of family functioning: (2) defining attributes of family functioning integrated with diabetes self-management; (3) mode! case on applying family functioning integrated with diabetes seltmanagement, antecedents, conse- quences, and empirical referents. Synthesis of results 3. Defining family functioning Family functioning is defined as the process by which the family system completes a series of tasks, includ- ing basic tasks (e.g., managing individual needs such as {food and clothing living line, and money management), developmental tasks (e.g., adapting and promoting the growth and development of members), and crisis tasks (€.9., dealing with al kinds of family emergencies).” 4. Defining attributes Attributes are defined as characteristics that appear repeatedly with reference to the concept. These defining attributes assist the researcher in differentiating similar concept definitions.* Defined attributes were as fol- lows: (a) problem-solving, (b) communication, (¢) roles, (d) affective responsiveness, (¢) affective involvement, and (e) behavioral control (Table 1), ily ERCOG yamajecrpanenls cl Henin sagen =n arg ‘dented problem; ensuring quality to 20h aroblems. montorng progress and ‘chang fetal lomation ht erses lary memtars share er ercons sntnone sneer Forsiy roles Inserts concome wih he roi Ino aot to provide emotonal poe Secloprant oe ss pryseat emotional cite Tre aby to ressond oa staton wih raparaveness _Sopropete cnetos,Thisiludes alloc “rethfenorese lve eoneabion, and pores invari family merrbers respect each other's Pesoray feeest hobbes and sattecton Behavioral corsel_Detoming ef sys c beravral fer bahaworalahe Table 1. Fn nciooing tens, conporants, ae st 4.1. Problem-solving Problem-solving can be defined as the family's capac- ity to solve problems to maintain effective familyA Pamunglas et al functioning. This is similar to notions of finding a solu- tion to avoid threatening the integrity and functioning of the family’s capacity’ The family members who successfully resolve problems are capable of dealing with both instrumental and emotional issues. In a dia- betes context, problem-solving skils are required to manage behavioral issues, including how to manage @ healthy diet, increase physical activity, and monitor blood glucose and psychological problems (e.9., feel- ings of denial, negative responses to diabetes self- management, and depression)" Problem-solving also requires addressing whether an intervention is of sufficient potency and intensity in terms of treatment dose and duration for effective selfmanagement.® Family members emphasize effective feedback con- cerning negative perceptions to reduce care resistance and build a patients self-efficacy. 4 Communication is defined as the process by which information is exchanged within a family. Family mem bers need to communicate and coordinate to address thought and feeling pattems that emerge during diabe- tes care,"* Within the communication concept, emotional expressions could promote the role of family members in helping the patient with problem-solving and support- ing sett-management.* With regard to diabetes care, open and supportive ‘communication among patients and family members is important.* For instance, patients often express 2 willingness to educate family members regarding increased T2DM risk and primary prevention.” Com- ‘munication also influences emotional support and the abilly to obtain valuable information and increase fam- ily cohesion.%* This is performed to manage diabetes behaviors, promote effective day-to-day coping, reduce care resistance, and enhance settetficacy.* One study suggested that augmenting communication skils dur- ing diabetes management helps with problem-solving and behavior change to achieve goals relevant to tai- lored interventions. Overall, this can improve commu nication skils during discussion tasks, goal setting, and problem-solving,"® Communication 4. Roles are pattems underlying a family’s behavior which are established by family members to complete effec- tive functioning To achieve the certain social and family expectations in DMSM practice, patients them selves and their family members should fulfil those roles. In this article, the family role is subdivided into instrumental and affective types. Instrumental roles Roles include money management or deciding on diabetes treatment. Affective roles focus on the feelings and emotional experiences related to implementing diabe- tes sel management. Family member roles include facilitating, accommodating, reminding, and motivating patients to complete self-management tasks, help with decision-making and problem-solving, connect to out- side resources, provide emotional support, and facilitate patient-provider communication ** 4.4, Affective responsiveness Affective responsiveness can be defined as fam- ily members’ abilty to respond to outside stimuli with appropriate feelings. This could facilitate various aspects related to task accomplishment and success- {ul role integration. Being able to positively respond to other family members with a wide range of emotions is key to successful family functioning. Specific family mem- bers are some of the best sources of support for diabetes self-management. To respond with appro- priate emotions, several affective responsiveness skills are needed, and they include the following staying tuned to what is going on in the ives of other family members, being empathic within a given situ- ation, appropriately control and express anger, and verbally express love and appreciation for other family members as well as joy in other members’ accomplishments. 4.5. Affective involvement Affective involvement is the degree of concem and attention that family members give to activities among each other. This could help or hinder task accomplish= ment within the family®* and influence the ablity of a family member to meet emotional barriers and security needs as well as the flexibilly to provide support.* ‘One study conducted with elderly patients whose spouses were involved with care observed positve effects regarding adherence to diabetes management, higher self-esteem, enhanced ability to address barriers, and the development of supportive relationships among amily members as compared with those patients lack- ing such support However, some conflicts often occur within the family since ifestyle changes are required for optimal diabetes self-management. Family members also can disrupt or Underout self-care efforts (e.g., planning healthy meals fr question medication adherence) Therefore, dia- betes self-management should focus on the family as fan intervention target to better equip the family with the abilly to provide support and care.*