Formulas

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 1 To download the below and all other Useful Books and calculations Excel sheets please click
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 2 To download the below and all other Useful Books and calculations Excel sheets please click
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 3 Quality Control Formula
o 3.1 Loss on ignition (LOI) (CO2 from Calcination)
o 3.2 Silica Modulus/Ratio (SM)
o 3.3 Alumina Modulus/Alumina iron ratio (AM)
o 3.4 Lime saturation factor (LSF)
o 3.5 % Liquid
o 3.6 Bogue’s Formula for Cement Constituents
o 3.7 Degree of Calcination
o 3.8 Sulphur to Alkali Ratio
o 3.9 Free Lime
o 3.10 Blending ratio
o 3.11 Raw meal to clinker factor
o 3.12 Kiln feed to clinker factor
o 3.13 Clinker to cement factor
o 3.14 Insoluble residue

Loss on ignition (LOI) (CO2 from Calcination)

Silica Modulus/Ratio (SM)

Alumina Modulus/Alumina iron ratio (AM)

Clinker with higher the Alumina modulus results in cement with high early strength

Lime saturation factor (LSF)

When the LSF approaches unity, the clinker is hard to burn and often shows the excessive
free lime contents.

% Liquid

Bogue’s Formula for Cement Constituents

Degree of Calcination
Sulphur to Alkali Ratio

Higher sulphur to alkali ratio leads to pre-heater buildups affecting the kiln operation

Free Lime
Excess Sulphur (gm SO3/ 100 kg clinker)

Above these limits, Sulphur gives rise to coating problems in Pre-heater tower.

Blending ratio

Raw meal to clinker factor

Kiln feed to clinker factor

Clinker to cement factor

Insoluble residue
Insoluble residue can be used to measure amount of adulteration or contamination of
cement with sand. Cement is soluble in dilute HClwhere as sand is insoluble. The amount
of insoluble material determinesthe level of adulteration. In PPC (Fly-ash) cement;
insoluble residue is used to estimate the percentage of fly-ash present in the cement.