Chapter 5 - Inverters PDF

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT
Chapter 5
INVERTERS
April 2019 Tran Quoc Hoan, PhD
Contents
2/85
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Voltage Source Inverter
5.3. Current Source Inverter
5.4. Frequency Converter
5.1 Introduction
3/85
Inverter
Air-condition
5.1 Introduction
4/85
➢ Inverters vs frequency converters:
Variable AC
Constant DC
Fixed Frequency
Inverter
Variable AC
1-phase AC
Variable Frequency
3-phase AC
1-phase/3-phase/Multi-phase
Indirect Frequency Converter

5.1 Introduction
5/85
➢ Definition:
✓ Inverters are circuits that converts DC to AC by
using power electronic switches.
✓ Very important part in modern power system.
➢ DC Sources:
✓ Output of rectifiers: AC-DC-AC
✓ Solar/Photovoltaic Cell panels
✓ Fuel Cell panels
✓ Batteries (in mobile system: automobiles, ship,
train…)
5.1 Introduction
6/85
➢ Inverters classification:
✓ Based on input sources:
▪ Voltage Source Inverter
▪ Current Source Inverter
✓ Based on the number of the output phase:
▪ Single phase
▪ Three-phase
▪ Multiple-phase
✓ Based on modulation methods:
▪ Square wave
▪ Pulse width modulation: SPWM, SV-PWM
5.1 Introduction
7/85
➢ Major applications
✓ Wind Turbines
✓ Photovoltaic
✓ Fuel Cell
✓ DC Micro-Grid
✓ AC Motor Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD)
✓ Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
5.1 Introduction
8/85
➢ Wind Turbine
5.1 Introduction
9/85
➢ Photovoltaic / Solar Cell System

5.1 Introduction
10/85
➢ Hybrid Electric Vehicle

5.1 Introduction
11/85
➢ DC Micro-Grid
5.1 Introduction
12/85
➢ Variable Speed Induction Motor Drives

5.1 Introduction
13/85
➢ Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

5.2 Voltage Source Inverter
14/85
➢ Full-Bridge Inverter:
Switches Output
closed Voltage, v0
S1 and S2 Vdc
S3 and S4 -Vdc
S1 and S3 0
S2 and S4 0
✓ Reverse-conducting switches
✓ Fully-controlled Switch + reversed Diode
✓ Output voltage can be positive, negative, or zero
15/85
➢ Full-Bridge Inverter:
16/85
➢ With R load:
2
1 = 2 f1 =
T
Vo , RMS = Vdc
Vo , RMS
I o , RMS = Gate signals
R S1, S2 S3, S4 S1, S2
T/2 T t
Vo2,RMS vo
Po = = RI o2, RMS Vdc
R
I s = I o , RMS t
−Vdc
Is Is io
= ; I sw, RMS =
Vdc
I sw,avg R
2 2
−
Vdc t
R
17/85
➢ Example 1
A single phase, full-bridge inverter connected to a DC
voltage source Vs= 100V, resistive load R = 10Ω, the
switching frequency is 50Hz.
Determine:
✓ Waveform of the load voltage and current, source.
current, switches current.
✓ RMS value of the load voltage.
✓ Power consumption of the load.
✓ Average current of the DC source.
✓ Average and RMS current of the switches.
18/85
➢ With RL load:
Gate signals
S1, S2 S3, S4 S1, S2
T/2 T t
vo
Vs
t
-Vs
io
Imax
t
Imin
D1 S1 D3 S3 D1 S1
D2 S2 D4 S4 D2 S2
19/85
➢ With RL load:
Vdc  Vdc  −t  T
 R +  I min − R  e when 0  t 
   2
io ( t ) = 
 −Vdc +  I + Vdc  e−(t −T 2)  T
when  t  T
 R  max R  2
Vdc 1 − e−T ( 2 )
I max = −T ( 2 )
; I min = − I max
R 1+ e
L
=
R
20/85
➢ Example 2
A single phase, full-bridge inverter connected to a DC voltage
source Vs= 100V, RL load R = 10Ω, L = 25mH, the switching
frequency is 50Hz.
Determine:
✓ Waveform of the load voltage and current.
✓ RMS value of the load voltage.
✓ Average current of the DC source.
✓ Average and RMS current of the switches.
21/85
✓ Simplest switching scheme.
✓ Output voltage is a non-sinusoidal signal.
✓ Current waveform of a R load match the shape of the

output voltage.
✓ Current waveform of a RL load has more sinusoidal

quality than the voltage.
✓ Best suited for low-sensitivity applications: lighting and

heating.
22/85
➢ Fourier Series Analysis:

✓ AC devices are designed to work with pure
sinusoidal signals (standard: 50 or 60 Hz).
✓ The outputs of an inverter are normally non-
sinusoids but periodic signals: square, six-step,
modified sinusoids,…
✓ Fourier series is used to analysis and evaluate the
output quality of the inverter.
Fourier Series Analysis 23/85
➢ Output voltage is a periodic function of time:
vo ( t + T ) = vo ( t )

vo ( t ) = V0 + Vn sin ( n2 f1t +  n )
n =1
V0 : the DC component / average value

f1: the fundamental frequency ( standard 50 or 60Hz )
V1: the amplitude of the fundamental component
Vn : the amplitude of the nth harmonic component
 n : the phase angle of the nth harmonic component
➢ Unipolar square wave:
Vdc
vo ( t ) = +  Vn sin ( n2 f1t ) Vdc
2 n =1,3,5...
2Vdc 0
Vn = T/2 T t(s)
n
➢ Bipolar square wave:
vo ( t ) =  Vn sin ( n2 f1t )

Vdc
n =1,3,5...
0
4Vdc T/2 T t(s)
Vn =
n -Vdc
➢ Quasi square wave:

4Vdc
vo ( t ) =  cos ( n ) sin ( n0t )
Vdc
n =1,3,5... n
   
0
2  2 (rad)
Vo ,rms = Vdc 1 −
 -Vdc
➢ Six-step square wave:

vo ( t ) =  Vn sin ( n2 f1t )
VAN
2/3Vdc
n =1,5,7,11,13... 1/3Vdc
2Vdc     2  0

Vn =  2 + cos  n 3  − cos  n 3  2 (rad)
3n      -1/3Vdc
n = 1,5, 7,11,13,...
-2/3Vdc
➢ Circuit analysis using Fourier series:


v ( t ) = Vn sin ( n2 f1t +  n )
n =1
Z n = R + jn2 f1L
Vn Vn  n
In = = = I n  ( n − n )
Z n Z n n
2
 
 In 
I rms =  n,rms
I 2
n =1
= 
n =1  2

 Z n = R + ( n2 f1L )
2 2
 
P =  Pn =  I n ,rmsVn ,rms cos ( n − n )  n2 f1L 
n = tan 
−1

n =1 n =1  R 
➢ Output quality evaluation:

✓ Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
 
 n,rms
V
n=2
2
V 2
−V 2  n,rms
I
n=2
2
THDV = = THDI =
rms 1, rms
;
V1,rms V1,rms I1,rms
✓ Distortion Factor
I1,rms 1
DF = =
I rms 1 + THD 2
✓ Power Factor
pF = cos (1 ) DF
➢ Example 3
A single phase, full-bridge inverter connected to a DC voltage
source Vs= 100V, RL load R = 10Ω, L = 25mH, the switching
frequency is 50Hz. Using Fourier Series method to determine:
✓ THD of output voltage and output current.
✓ Power factor of the source.
✓ Verify that the current of a RL load has more sinusoidal
quality than the output voltage?
Quasi-Square-Wave Inverter 29/85
➢ By adjust a:
✓ Adjusts amplitude
✓ Eliminates harmonics
vo ( t ) = 
n =1,3,5...
Vn sin ( n0t )
4Vdc
Vn = cos ( n )
n
2
Vo ,rms = Vdc 1 −

 2 − 2 − 8cos 2 
THDV =
2 2 cos ( )
Multilevel Inverters 30/85
Using Multiple DC Sources Using Single DC Sources

Multilevel Inverters 31/85
✓ Each H-bridge can generate 3-level voltage.

✓ For N cascade-connected H-bridges, (2N+1)
levels of output voltage will be generated.
✓ Output voltage is more sine-like in quality.
✓ Particular harmonics will be eliminated.
✓ Suitable for adjustable speed IM drives, and
photovoltaics to interface with electric power
grid.
Three-phase 6-step inverter 32/85
➢ A switching cycle is divided into 6 equally steps.
➢ Each switch conducts for a half of the cycle.
➢ 3 switches conduct at any instant.

S1
0
t
S2
0 t
S3
0 t
S4
0
t
S5
0
t
S6
0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2 t

Step 1: 0  t   3 : S1, S5 , S6 ON
𝐴 ≡ 𝐶 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2 1
VAN = VCN = Vs = Vs 𝐵 ≡0
Z 2+Z 3
N N N
Z 2
VBN = −VNB = − Vs = − Vs
Z 2+Z 3 N
Step 2 :  3  t  2 3 : S1, S2 , S6 ON
𝐴 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2
VAN = Vs = Vs 𝐵 ≡𝐶 ≡0
Z 2+Z 3
N N
Z 2 1 N
VBN = VCN = − Vs = − Vs
Z 2+Z 3 N
Step 3 : 2 3  t   : S1, S2 , S3 ON
𝐴 ≡ 𝐵 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2 1
VAN = VCN = Vs = Vs 𝐶 ≡0
Z 2+Z 3
Z 2
N N N
Z 2+Z 3 N
Step 4 :   t  4 3: S2 , S3 , S4 ON
𝐴≡𝐶≡0
Z 2
VAN = Vs = Vs 𝐵 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2+Z 3
N N
Z 2 1 N
Z 2+Z 3 N
Step 5 : 4 3  t  5 3 : S3 , S4 , S5 ON
Z 2 1 𝐴≡0
VAN = VCN = Vs = Vs 𝐵 ≡ 𝐶 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2+Z 3
Z 2 N N N
Z 2+Z 3 N
Step 6 : 5 3  t  2 : S4 , S5 , S6 ON
𝐴≡𝐵≡0
Z 2
VAN = Vs = Vs 𝐶 ≡ +𝑉𝑠
Z 2+Z 3
N N N
Z 2 1
Z 2+Z 3 N
➢ 6-step Inverter:
VAN
2/3Vs
1/3Vs
0
No. VAN VBN VCN VAB t
-1/3Vs
1 2 1 -2/3Vs
1 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑉𝑠
3 𝑠 3 3 𝑠 2/3Vs
VBN
2 1 1
2 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 1/3Vs
3 𝑠 3 3
0
1 1 2 t
3 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 0 -1/3Vs
3 𝑠 3 𝑠 3 -2/3Vs
1 2 1
4 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑠 VCN
3 3 𝑠 3 2/3Vs
2 1 1 1/3Vs
5 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉𝑠
3 3 𝑠 3 𝑠 0
t
1 1 2 -1/3Vs
6 − 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑠 𝑉 0
3 3 3 𝑠 -2/3Vs
0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2

➢ 6-step Inverter:
2
✓ Line-to-Neutral RMS voltage: VL− N ,rms = Vs
3
✓ Line-to-Line RMS voltage: VL− L ,rms =

2
Vs
3
✓ Voltage THD:
 2Vs 
THDV = 31,08%  V1,rms = 
 3 
Sinusoidal PWM inverter 40/85
vo
+Vdc
−Vdc
io,1
+Im io
−Im
➢ Pulse-Width Modulation:
✓ Help to decrease the THD of load current.
✓ Reduce filter requirement.
✓ Control the output voltage amplitude.
✓ More complex control circuit.
✓ More switching power loss due to high switching
frequency.
✓ Sinusoidal signal: reference signal.
✓ Triangular signal: carrier signal, controls the
switching frequency.
➢ Pulse-Width-Modulation:
✓ Frequency modulation index:
f carrier ftriangle
mf = =
f reference fsine
✓ Increasing carrier frequency (increase mf) will
increasing frequencies at which harmonics occurs.
✓ Harmonics at high frequency are easily eliminated
by filter.
✓ High switching frequencies increases losses in
switches used to implement the inverter.
➢ Pulse-Width-Modulation
✓ Amplitude modulation index
Vm _ reference Vm _ sin e
ma = =
✓ When ma ≤ 1: Vm _ carrier Vm _ triangle
▪ For a single phase inverter
1
V1,m = maVdc ; V1,rms = maVdc
2
▪ For a 3-phase, (Y-connected load)
Vdc 1 Vdc
V1m, L− L = 3ma ; V1rms , L− N = ma
2 2 2
➢ Bipolar Switching
➢ Unipolar Switching
➢ Unipolar Switching: Low and high frequencies

➢ Three-phase SPWM:
✓ 3 modulating signals that are 120o out-of-phase
✓ mf should be an odd multiple of 3
▪ All phase voltages are identical, but 120o out-of-
phase without even harmonics
▪ Harmonics at frequencies, a multiple of 3, are
identical in amplitude and phase in all phases
▪ Harmonics in the ac output voltage appear at fh
l = 1,3,5,.. for k = 2,4,6,..
h = lm f  k .... 
l = 2,4,.. for k = 1,3,5,...
➢ Three-phase SPWM:
Space-Vector PWM 55/85
➢ Sinusoidal voltage is considered a constant amplitude

vector rotating at constant frequency
➢ A 3-phase voltage vector is transformed into a vector in
the stationary b-coordinate frame
➢ Output voltages of the inverter is defined by 8-vector
V3 ( 010 )
2 j ( k −1) /3
V2 (110 )
 Vdc e k = 1...6
V k = 3
0 k = 0, 7 V7 (111)  /3
V1 (100 )
V4 ( 011)
V0 ( 000 )
V1...V6: active vectors
V0,V7: zero vectors
V5 ( 001) V6 (101)
➢ Step 1: Determine Va, Vb, V*, and angle

➢ Step 2: Determine time duration Ta, Tb, T0
➢ Step 3: Determine the switching time of each
switch (S1 to S6)
➢ Reference voltage is sample at regular interval Tz
➢ Within sampling period, V* is synthesized using
adjacent vectors and zero vectors
ta tb tz
Vs = V1 + V2 + V0
Tc Tc Tc
van = Vm  sin (t ) ;  2 1 1

 V = 3 van − 3 vbn − 3 vcn
vbn = Vm  sin (t − 2 3) 
 Vb = 1 1
vbn −
vcn = Vm  sin (t − 4 3)
vcn
 3 3
V * = V2 + Vb2 ,  = tan −1 (Vb V ) = st = 2 f st
3TzV * k k
Ta = (cos  sin − sin  cos ),
Vdc 3 3
3TzV 
*
(k − 1) (k − 1) 
Tb =  − cos  sin + sin  cos  ,
Vdc  3 3 
T0 = Tz − Ta − Tb ,
5.3 Current Source Inverter - CSI
65/85
Current Source Inverter - CSI

66/85
➢ Produce an AC output current waveforms from a dc

power supply.
➢ A capacitive filter should be connected at the ac
terminals in inductive load applications (ASDs).
➢ Nearly sinusoidal load voltages are generated.
➢ Used for medium-voltage industrial applications.
✓ Induction Motor Drive
✓ Synchronous Motor Drive
✓ Static Var Compensator
✓ Active filer
67/85
68/85
I o,rms = I d = J
Id
I sw,rms =
2
Id
I sw,avg =
2
Po = RI o2,rms
69/85
70/85
S1
0
t
S2
0 t
S3
0 t
S4
0
t
S5
0
t
S6
0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2 t

71/85
2 2
I L− N ,rms = Is = J
3 3
I L− L ,rms = I L− N ,rms
5.4 Frequency Converter
72/85
Cyclo-converter 73/85
➢ Output frequency is typically smaller than input

frequency
➢ Used for high power low speed application
➢ Power factor of input power is low
➢ Control range of frequency is narrow
➢ Classification
✓ Single phase input single output (1I1O)
✓ Three-phase input 1-phase output (3I1O)
✓ Three-phase input 3-phase output (3I3O)
➢ Half-wave 1I-1O
➢ H-bridge 1I-1O
➢ Half-wave 3I-1O (3-pules)

➢ H-bridge 3I-1O (6-pulse)

➢ Half-wave 3I1O
➢ Half-wave 3I3O
Indirect frequency converter 80/85
Frequency converter with controlled rectifier
Frequency converter with un-controlled rectifier

➢ Frequency converter with controlled rectifier
2 2Vs , L− N ,rms
Vdc = cos 

2
Vo , L− N ,rms = Vdc
3 6VsL− N ,rms 3
Vdc = cos 

➢ Frequency converter with un-controlled rectifier
f ref = f o ,des f c = m f f ref
1 Vd 3 Vd
Vo1, L− N ,rms = ma Vo , L− L(1),rms = ma
2 2 2 2
Regeneration in inverter 83/85
➢ In most industrial applications, power flow goes

from the ac distribution system to the load: ASD
operates in motoring mode.
➢ In some applications, the load may supply power to
the system in occasional or normal operating
conditions: regeneration mode.
✓ Going-down elevator
➢ Motor mode: power flows from DC to AC.
➢ Generation mode: power flows from AC to DC.
➢ Regenerating Energy Processing

➢ Regenerating Energy Processing

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HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TRANSPORT

➢ Inverters vs frequency converters:

Indirect Frequency Converter

➢ Photovoltaic / Solar Cell System

➢ Hybrid Electric Vehicle

➢ Variable Speed Induction Motor Drives

➢ Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

✓ Simplest switching scheme.

✓ Output voltage is a non-sinusoidal signal.

✓ Current waveform of a R load match the shape of the

✓ Current waveform of a RL load has more sinusoidal

✓ Best suited for low-sensitivity applications: lighting and

➢ Fourier Series Analysis:

➢ Output voltage is a periodic function of time:

V0 : the DC component / average value

➢ Unipolar square wave:

➢ Bipolar square wave:

vo ( t ) =  Vn sin ( n2 f1t )

➢ Quasi square wave:

➢ Six-step square wave:

➢ Circuit analysis using Fourier series:

➢ Output quality evaluation:

Using Multiple DC Sources Using Single DC Sources

✓ Each H-bridge can generate 3-level voltage.

➢ A switching cycle is divided into 6 equally steps.

➢ Each switch conducts for a half of the cycle.

➢ 3 switches conduct at any instant.

0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2 t

0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2

✓ Line-to-Line RMS voltage: VL− L ,rms =

➢ Unipolar Switching: Low and high frequencies

➢ Sinusoidal voltage is considered a constant amplitude

➢ Step 1: Determine Va, Vb, V*, and angle

van = Vm  sin (t ) ;  2 1 1

Current Source Inverter - CSI

➢ Produce an AC output current waveforms from a dc

0 /3 2/3  4/3 5/3 2 t

➢ Output frequency is typically smaller than input

➢ Half-wave 3I-1O (3-pules)

➢ H-bridge 3I-1O (6-pulse)

Frequency converter with controlled rectifier

Frequency converter with un-controlled rectifier

➢ Frequency converter with controlled rectifier

➢ Frequency converter with un-controlled rectifier

f ref = f o ,des f c = m f f ref

➢ In most industrial applications, power flow goes

➢ Regenerating Energy Processing

➢ Regenerating Energy Processing

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