blocks": ketoacyl and isoprene groups.

[4]
Using this approach, lipids may be divided
into eight categories: fatty acids,
glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids,
sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and
polyketides (derived from condensation of
ketoacyl subunits); and sterol lipids and
prenol lipids (derived from condensation
of isoprene subunits).[4]

Although the term "lipid" is sometimes

used as a synonym for fats, fats are a
subgroup of lipids called triglycerides.
Lipids also encompass molecules such as
fatty acids and their derivatives (including
tri-, di-, monoglycerides, and
phospholipids), as well as other sterol-
containing metabolites such as
cholesterol.[7] Although humans and other
mammals use various biosynthetic
pathways both to break down and to
synthesize lipids, some essential lipids
can't be made this way and must be
obtained from the diet.

History
In 1815, Henry Braconnot classified lipids
(graisses) in two categories, suifs (solid
greases or tallow) and huiles (fluid oils).[8]
In 1823, Michel Eugène Chevreul
developed a more detailed classification,
including oils, greases, tallow, waxes,
resins, balsams and volatile oils (or
essential oils).[9][10][11]

The first successful synthesis in 1844 of a

triglyceride molecule (tributyrin) by
Pelouze TJ , in reacting butyric acid with
glycerin in the presence of concentrated
sulfuric acid (Ann Chim Phys 1844, 10,
434) and the synthesis of tristearin and
tripalmitin by one of his student, Berthelot
M, in 1853-1854 (C R Séances Acad Sci,
Paris, 1853, 36, 27; Ann Chim Phys 1854,
41, 216) in reacting at 100°C fatty acids
and glycerin in the presence of gaseous
HCl.
In 1827, William Prout recognized fat
("oily" alimentary matters), along with
protein ("albuminous") and carbohydrate
("saccharine"), as an important nutrient for
humans and animals.[12][13]

For a century, chemists regarded "fats" as

only simple lipids made of fatty acids and
glycerol (glycerides), but new forms were
described later. Theodore Gobley (1847)
discovered phospholipids in mammalian
brain and hen egg, called by him as
"lecithins". Thudichum discovered in
human brain some phospholipids
(cephalin), glycolipids (cerebroside) and
sphingolipids (sphingomyelin).[10]
The terms lipoid, lipin, lipide and lipid have
been used with varied meanings from
author to author.[14] In 1912, Rosenbloom
and Gies proposed the substitution of
"lipoid" by "lipin".[15] In 1920, Bloor
introduced a new classification for
"lipoids": simple lipoids (greases and
waxes), compound lipoids (phospholipoids
and glycolipoids), and the derived lipoids
(fatty acids, alcohols, sterols).[16][17]

The word "lipid", which stems

etymologically from the Greek lipos (fat),
was introduced in 1923 by Gabriel
Bertrand.[18] Bertrands included in the
concept not only the traditional fats
(glycerides), but also the "lipoids", with a
complex constitution.[10]

In 1947, T. P. Hilditch divided lipids into

"simple lipids", with greases and waxes
(true waxes, sterols, alcohols), and
"complex lipids", with phospholipids and
glycolipids.[10]

Categories of Lipids
Fatty acids
I2 - Prostacyclin (an example of a prostaglandin, an
eicosanoid fatty acid)

LTB4 (an example of a leukotriene, an eicosanoid

fatty acid)

Fatty acids, or fatty acid residues when

they are part of a lipid, are a diverse group
of molecules synthesized by chain-
elongation of an acetyl-CoA primer with
malonyl-CoA or methylmalonyl-CoA
groups in a process called fatty acid
synthesis.[19][20] They are made of a
hydrocarbon chain that terminates with a
carboxylic acid group; this arrangement
confers the molecule with a polar,
hydrophilic end, and a nonpolar,
hydrophobic end that is insoluble in water.
The fatty acid structure is one of the most
fundamental categories of biological
lipids, and is commonly used as a building-
block of more structurally complex lipids.
The carbon chain, typically between four
and 24 carbons long,[21] may be saturated
or unsaturated, and may be attached to
functional groups containing oxygen,
halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur. If a fatty
acid contains a double bond, there is the
possibility of either a cis or trans
geometric isomerism, which significantly
affects the molecule's configuration. Cis-
double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to
bend, an effect that is compounded with
more double bonds in the chain. Three
double bonds in 18-carbon linolenic acid,
the most abundant fatty-acyl chains of
plant thylakoid membranes, render these
membranes highly fluid despite
environmental low-temperatures,[22] and
also makes linolenic acid give dominating
sharp peaks in high resolution 13-C NMR
spectra of chloroplasts. This in turn plays
an important role in the structure and
function of cell membranes.[23] Most
naturally occurring fatty acids are of the
cis configuration, although the trans form
does exist in some natural and partially
hydrogenated fats and oils.[24]

Examples of biologically important fatty

acids include the eicosanoids, derived
primarily from arachidonic acid and
eicosapentaenoic acid, that include
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and
thromboxanes. Docosahexaenoic acid is
also important in biological systems,
particularly with respect to sight.[25][26]
Other major lipid classes in the fatty acid
category are the fatty esters and fatty
amides. Fatty esters include important
biochemical intermediates such as wax
esters, fatty acid thioester coenzyme A
derivatives, fatty acid thioester ACP
derivatives and fatty acid carnitines. The
fatty amides include N-acyl
ethanolamines, such as the cannabinoid
neurotransmitter anandamide.[27]

Glycerolipids
Example of an unsaturated fat triglyceride
(C55H98O6). Left part: glycerol; right part, from top to
bottom: palmitic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid.

Glycerolipids are composed of mono-, di-,

and tri-substituted glycerols,[28] the best-
known being the fatty acid triesters of
glycerol, called triglycerides. The word
"triacylglycerol" is sometimes used
synonymously with "triglyceride". In these
compounds, the three hydroxyl groups of
glycerol are each esterified, typically by
different fatty acids. Because they
function as an energy store, these lipids
comprise the bulk of storage fat in animal
tissues. The hydrolysis of the ester bonds
of triglycerides and the release of glycerol
and fatty acids from adipose tissue are the
initial steps in metabolizing fat.[29]

Additional subclasses of glycerolipids are

represented by glycosylglycerols, which
are characterized by the presence of one
or more sugar residues attached to
glycerol via a glycosidic linkage. Examples
of structures in this category are the
digalactosyldiacylglycerols found in plant
membranes[30] and seminolipid from
mammalian sperm cells.[31]

Glycerophospholipids
Phosphatidylethanolamine

Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to

as phospholipids (though sphingomyelins
are also classified as phospholipids), are
ubiquitous in nature and are key
components of the lipid bilayer of cells,[32]
as well as being involved in metabolism
and cell signaling.[33] Neural tissue
(including the brain) contains relatively
high amounts of glycerophospholipids,
and alterations in their composition has
been implicated in various neurological
disorders.[34] Glycerophospholipids may be
subdivided into distinct classes, based on
the nature of the polar headgroup at the
sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone in
eukaryotes and eubacteria, or the sn-1
position in the case of archaebacteria.[35]

Examples of glycerophospholipids found

in biological membranes are
phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC,
GPCho or lecithin),
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE or GPEtn)
and phosphatidylserine (PS or GPSer). In
addition to serving as a primary
component of cellular membranes and
binding sites for intra- and intercellular
proteins, some glycerophospholipids in
eukaryotic cells, such as
phosphatidylinositols and phosphatidic
acids are either precursors of or,
themselves, membrane-derived second
messengers.[36] Typically, one or both of
these hydroxyl groups are acylated with
long-chain fatty acids, but there are also
alkyl-linked and 1Z-alkenyl-linked
(plasmalogen) glycerophospholipids, as
well as dialkylether variants in
archaebacteria.[37]

Sphingolipids
Sphingomyelin

Sphingolipids are a complicated family of

compounds[38] that share a common
structural feature, a sphingoid base
backbone that is synthesized de novo
from the amino acid serine and a long-
chain fatty acyl CoA, then converted into
ceramides, phosphosphingolipids,
glycosphingolipids and other compounds.
The major sphingoid base of mammals is
commonly referred to as sphingosine.
Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a
major subclass of sphingoid base
derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid.
The fatty acids are typically saturated or
mono-unsaturated with chain lengths from
16 to 26 carbon atoms.[39]

The major phosphosphingolipids of

mammals are sphingomyelins (ceramide
phosphocholines),[40] whereas insects
contain mainly ceramide
phosphoethanolamines[41] and fungi have
phytoceramide phosphoinositols and
mannose-containing headgroups.[42] The
glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of
molecules composed of one or more
sugar residues linked via a glycosidic bond
to the sphingoid base. Examples of these
are the simple and complex
glycosphingolipids such as cerebrosides
and gangliosides.

Sterol lipids

Sterol lipids, such as cholesterol and its

derivatives, are an important component
of membrane lipids,[43] along with the
glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelins.
The steroids, all derived from the same
fused four-ring core structure, have
different biological roles as hormones and
signaling molecules. The eighteen-carbon
(C18) steroids include the estrogen family
whereas the C19 steroids comprise the
androgens such as testosterone and
androsterone. The C21 subclass includes
the progestogens as well as the
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.[44]
The secosteroids, comprising various
forms of vitamin D, are characterized by
cleavage of the B ring of the core
structure.[45] Other examples of sterols are
the bile acids and their conjugates,[46]
which in mammals are oxidized
derivatives of cholesterol and are
synthesized in the liver. The plant
equivalents are the phytosterols, such as
β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and
brassicasterol; the latter compound is also
used as a biomarker for algal growth.[47]
The predominant sterol in fungal cell
membranes is ergosterol.[48]

Prenol lipids

Prenol lipid (2E-geraniol)

Prenol lipids are synthesized from the five-

carbon-unit precursors isopentenyl
diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate
that are produced mainly via the
mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway.[49] The
simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols,
diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the
successive addition of C5 units, and are
classified according to number of these
terpene units. Structures containing
greater than 40 carbons are known as
polyterpenes. Carotenoids are important
simple isoprenoids that function as
antioxidants and as precursors of vitamin
A.[50] Another biologically important class
of molecules is exemplified by the
quinones and hydroquinones, which
contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a
quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid origin.[51]
Vitamin E and vitamin K, as well as the
ubiquinones, are examples of this class.
Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called
bactoprenols) in which the terminal
isoprenoid unit attached to oxygen
remains unsaturated, whereas in animal
polyprenols (dolichols) the terminal
isoprenoid is reduced.[52]

Saccharolipids

Structure of the saccharolipid Kdo2-lipid A.[53]

Glucosamine residues in blue, Kdo residues in red,
l h i i d d h h i
acyl chains in red and phosphate groups in green.

Saccharolipids describe compounds in

which fatty acids are linked directly to a
sugar backbone, forming structures that
are compatible with membrane bilayers. In
the saccharolipids, a monosaccharide
substitutes for the glycerol backbone
present in glycerolipids and
glycerophospholipids. The most familiar
saccharolipids are the acylated
glucosamine precursors of the Lipid A
component of the lipopolysaccharides in
Gram-negative bacteria. Typical lipid A
molecules are disaccharides of
glucosamine, which are derivatized with as
many as seven fatty-acyl chains. The
minimal lipopolysaccharide required for
growth in E. coli is Kdo2-Lipid A, a hexa-
acylated disaccharide of glucosamine that
is glycosylated with two 3-deoxy-D-manno-
octulosonic acid (Kdo) residues.[53]

Polyketides

Polyketides are synthesized by

polymerization of acetyl and propionyl
subunits by classic enzymes as well as
iterative and multimodular enzymes that
share mechanistic features with the fatty
acid synthases. They comprise a large
number of secondary metabolites and
natural products from animal, plant,
bacterial, fungal and marine sources, and
have great structural diversity.[54][55] Many
polyketides are cyclic molecules whose
backbones are often further modified by
glycosylation, methylation, hydroxylation,
oxidation, or other processes. Many
commonly used anti-microbial, anti-
parasitic, and anti-cancer agents are
polyketides or polyketide derivatives, such
as erythromycins, tetracyclines,
avermectins, and antitumor
epothilones.[56]

Biological functions
Membranes

Eukaryotic cells feature the

compartmentalized membrane-bound
organelles that carry out different
biological functions. The
glycerophospholipids are the main
structural component of biological
membranes, as the cellular plasma
membrane and the intracellular
membranes of organelles; in animal cells,
the plasma membrane physically
separates the intracellular components
from the extracellular environment. The
glycerophospholipids are amphipathic
molecules (containing both hydrophobic
and hydrophilic regions) that contain a
glycerol core linked to two fatty acid-
derived "tails" by ester linkages and to one
"head" group by a phosphate ester linkage.
While glycerophospholipids are the major
component of biological membranes,
other non-glyceride lipid components such
as sphingomyelin and sterols (mainly
cholesterol in animal cell membranes) are
also found in biological membranes.[57] In
plants and algae, the
galactosyldiacylglycerols,[58] and
sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol,[30] which
lack a phosphate group, are important
components of membranes of
chloroplasts and related organelles and
are the most abundant lipids in
photosynthetic tissues, including those of
higher plants, algae and certain bacteria.

Plant thylakoid membranes have the

largest lipid component of a non-bilayer
forming monogalactosyl diglyceride
(MGDG), and little phospholipids; despite
this unique lipid composition, chloroplast
thylakoid membranes have been shown to
contain a dynamic lipid-bilayer matrix as
revealed by magnetic resonance and
electron microscope studies.[59]
Self-organization of phospholipids: a spherical
liposome, a micelle, and a lipid bilayer.

A biological membrane is a form of

lamellar phase lipid bilayer. The formation
of lipid bilayers is an energetically
preferred process when the
glycerophospholipids described above are
in an aqueous environment.[60] This is
known as the hydrophobic effect. In an
aqueous system, the polar heads of lipids
align towards the polar, aqueous
environment, while the hydrophobic tails
minimize their contact with water and tend
to cluster together, forming a vesicle;
depending on the concentration of the
lipid, this biophysical interaction may
result in the formation of micelles,
liposomes, or lipid bilayers. Other
aggregations are also observed and form
part of the polymorphism of amphiphile
(lipid) behavior. Phase behavior is an area
of study within biophysics and is the
subject of current academic
research.[61][62] Micelles and bilayers form
in the polar medium by a process known
as the hydrophobic effect.[63] When
dissolving a lipophilic or amphiphilic
substance in a polar environment, the
polar molecules (i.e., water in an aqueous
solution) become more ordered around the
dissolved lipophilic substance, since the
polar molecules cannot form hydrogen
bonds to the lipophilic areas of the
amphiphile. So in an aqueous
environment, the water molecules form an
ordered "clathrate" cage around the
dissolved lipophilic molecule.[64]

The formation of lipids into protocell

membranes represents a key step in
models of abiogenesis, the origin of life.[65]
Energy storage

Triglycerides, stored in adipose tissue, are

a major form of energy storage both in
animals and plants. They are a major
source of energy because carbohydrates
are fully reduced structures. In comparison
to glycogen which would contribute only
half of the energy per its pure mass,
triglyceride carbons are all bonded to
hydrogens, unlike in carbohydrates.[66] The
adipocyte, or fat cell, is designed for
continuous synthesis and breakdown of
triglycerides in animals, with breakdown
controlled mainly by the activation of
hormone-sensitive enzyme lipase.[67] The
complete oxidation of fatty acids provides
high caloric content, about 38 kJ/g
(9 kcal/g), compared with 17 kJ/g
(4 kcal/g) for the breakdown of
carbohydrates and proteins. Migratory
birds that must fly long distances without
eating use stored energy of triglycerides to
fuel their flights.[68]

Signaling

In recent years, evidence has emerged

showing that lipid signaling is a vital part
of the cell signaling.[69][70][71][72] Lipid
signaling may occur via activation of G
protein-coupled or nuclear receptors, and
members of several different lipid
categories have been identified as
signaling molecules and cellular
messengers.[73] These include
sphingosine-1-phosphate, a sphingolipid
derived from ceramide that is a potent
messenger molecule involved in regulating
calcium mobilization,[74] cell growth, and
apoptosis;[75] diacylglycerol (DAG) and the
phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs),
involved in calcium-mediated activation of
protein kinase C;[76] the prostaglandins,
which are one type of fatty-acid derived
eicosanoid involved in inflammation and
immunity;[77] the steroid hormones such
as estrogen, testosterone and cortisol,
which modulate a host of functions such
as reproduction, metabolism and blood
pressure; and the oxysterols such as 25-
hydroxy-cholesterol that are liver X
receptor agonists.[78] Phosphatidylserine
lipids are known to be involved in signaling
for the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells or
pieces of cells. They accomplish this by
being exposed to the extracellular face of
the cell membrane after the inactivation of
flippases which place them exclusively on
the cytosolic side and the activation of
scramblases, which scramble the
orientation of the phospholipids. After this
occurs, other cells recognize the
phosphatidylserines and phagocytosize
the cells or cell fragments exposing
them.[79]

Other functions

The "fat-soluble" vitamins (A, D, E and K) –

which are isoprene-based lipids – are
essential nutrients stored in the liver and
fatty tissues, with a diverse range of
functions. Acyl-carnitines are involved in
the transport and metabolism of fatty
acids in and out of mitochondria, where
they undergo beta oxidation.[80]
Polyprenols and their phosphorylated
derivatives also play important transport
roles, in this case the transport of
oligosaccharides across membranes.
Polyprenol phosphate sugars and
polyprenol diphosphate sugars function in
extra-cytoplasmic glycosylation reactions,
in extracellular polysaccharide
biosynthesis (for instance, peptidoglycan
polymerization in bacteria), and in
eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation.[81][82]
Cardiolipins are a subclass of
glycerophospholipids containing four acyl
chains and three glycerol groups that are
particularly abundant in the inner
mitochondrial membrane.[83][84] They are
believed to activate enzymes involved with
oxidative phosphorylation.[85] Lipids also
form the basis of steroid hormones.[86]
Metabolism
The major dietary lipids for humans and
other animals are animal and plant
triglycerides, sterols, and membrane
phospholipids. The process of lipid
metabolism synthesizes and degrades the
lipid stores and produces the structural
and functional lipids characteristic of
individual tissues.

Biosynthesis

In animals, when there is an oversupply of

dietary carbohydrate, the excess
carbohydrate is converted to triglycerides.
This involves the synthesis of fatty acids
from acetyl-CoA and the esterification of
fatty acids in the production of
triglycerides, a process called
lipogenesis.[87] Fatty acids are made by
fatty acid synthases that polymerize and
then reduce acetyl-CoA units. The acyl
chains in the fatty acids are extended by a
cycle of reactions that add the acetyl
group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it
to an alkene group and then reduce it
again to an alkane group. The enzymes of
fatty acid biosynthesis are divided into two
groups, in animals and fungi all these fatty
acid synthase reactions are carried out by
a single multifunctional protein,[88] while in
plant plastids and bacteria separate
enzymes perform each step in the
pathway.[89][90] The fatty acids may be
subsequently converted to triglycerides
that are packaged in lipoproteins and
secreted from the liver.

The synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids

involves a desaturation reaction, whereby
a double bond is introduced into the fatty
acyl chain. For example, in humans, the
desaturation of stearic acid by stearoyl-
CoA desaturase-1 produces oleic acid. The
doubly unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid
as well as the triply unsaturated α-linolenic
acid cannot be synthesized in mammalian
tissues, and are therefore essential fatty
acids and must be obtained from the
diet.[91]

Triglyceride synthesis takes place in the

endoplasmic reticulum by metabolic
pathways in which acyl groups in fatty
acyl-CoAs are transferred to the hydroxyl
groups of glycerol-3-phosphate and
diacylglycerol.[92]

Terpenes and isoprenoids, including the

carotenoids, are made by the assembly
and modification of isoprene units
donated from the reactive precursors
isopentenyl pyrophosphate and
dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.[49] These
precursors can be made in different ways.
In animals and archaea, the mevalonate
pathway produces these compounds from
acetyl-CoA,[93] while in plants and bacteria
the non-mevalonate pathway uses
pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
as substrates.[49][94] One important
reaction that uses these activated
isoprene donors is steroid biosynthesis.
Here, the isoprene units are joined
together to make squalene and then
folded up and formed into a set of rings to
make lanosterol.[95] Lanosterol can then
be converted into other steroids such as
cholesterol and ergosterol.[95][96]
Degradation

Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by

which fatty acids are broken down in the
mitochondria or in peroxisomes to
generate acetyl-CoA. For the most part,
fatty acids are oxidized by a mechanism
that is similar to, but not identical with, a
reversal of the process of fatty acid
synthesis. That is, two-carbon fragments
are removed sequentially from the
carboxyl end of the acid after steps of
dehydrogenation, hydration, and oxidation
to form a beta-keto acid, which is split by
thiolysis. The acetyl-CoA is then ultimately
converted into ATP, CO2, and H2O using
the citric acid cycle and the electron
transport chain. Hence the citric acid cycle
can start at acetyl-CoA when fat is being
broken down for energy if there is little or
no glucose available. The energy yield of
the complete oxidation of the fatty acid
palmitate is 106 ATP.[97] Unsaturated and
odd-chain fatty acids require additional
enzymatic steps for degradation.

Nutrition and health

Most of the fat found in food is in the form
of triglycerides, cholesterol, and
phospholipids. Some dietary fat is
necessary to facilitate absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and
carotenoids.[98] Humans and other
mammals have a dietary requirement for
certain essential fatty acids, such as
linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and
alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty
acid) because they cannot be synthesized
from simple precursors in the diet.[91] Both
of these fatty acids are 18-carbon
polyunsaturated fatty acids differing in the
number and position of the double bonds.
Most vegetable oils are rich in linoleic acid
(safflower, sunflower, and corn oils).
Alpha-linolenic acid is found in the green
leaves of plants, and in selected seeds,
nuts, and legumes (in particular flax,
rapeseed, walnut, and soy).[99] Fish oils are
particularly rich in the longer-chain omega-
3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).[100] A
large number of studies have shown
positive health benefits associated with
consumption of omega-3 fatty acids on
infant development, cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, and various mental illnesses,
such as depression, attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder, and
dementia.[101][102] In contrast, it is now
well-established that consumption of trans
fats, such as those present in partially
hydrogenated vegetable oils, are a risk
factor for cardiovascular disease. Fats
that are good for you can be turned into
trans fats by overcooking.[103][104][105]

A few studies have suggested that total

dietary fat intake is linked to an increased
risk of obesity[106][107] and diabetes.[108]
However, a number of very large studies,
including the Women's Health Initiative
Dietary Modification Trial, an eight-year
study of 49,000 women, the Nurses' Health
Study and the Health Professionals
Follow-up Study, revealed no such
links.[109][110] None of these studies
suggested any connection between
percentage of calories from fat and risk of
cancer, heart disease, or weight gain. The
Nutrition Source, a website maintained by
the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard
School of Public Health, summarizes the
current evidence on the impact of dietary
fat: "Detailed research—much of it done at
Harvard—shows that the total amount of
fat in the diet isn't really linked with weight
or disease."[111]

See also
Solid lipid nanoparticle
Simple Lipid
Emulsion test
Lipid microdomain
Membrane lipid
 Fat
Lipid signaling
Lipidomics
Protein–lipid interaction
Phenolic lipid, a class of natural
products composed of long aliphatic
chains and phenolic rings that occur in
plants, fungi and bacteria

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External links

Look up lipid in Wiktionary, the free

dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Lipids.

Introductory

List of lipid-related web sites

 Nature Lipidomics Gateway – Round-up
and summaries of recent lipid research
Lipid Library – General reference on
lipid chemistry and biochemistry
Cyberlipid.org – Resources and history
for lipids.
Molecular Computer Simulations –
Modeling of Lipid Membranes
Lipids, Membranes and Vesicle
Trafficking – The Virtual Library of
Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell
Biology

Nomenclature

IUPAC nomenclature of lipids

 IUPAC glossary entry for the lipid class
of molecules

Databases

LIPID MAPS – Comprehensive lipid and

lipid-associated gene/protein
databases.
LipidBank – Japanese database of
lipids and related properties, spectral
data and references.

General

ApolloLipids – Provides dyslipidemia

and cardiovascular disease prevention
and treatment information as well as
continuing medical education programs
 National Lipid Association –
Professional medical education
organization for health care
professionals who seek to prevent
morbidity and mortality stemming from
dyslipidemias and other cholesterol-
related disorders.

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