TITLE : WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF WIMAX

NO. NAME MATRIX CARD’S NUMBER

1 KENNY TAN D021710299
2 LEE GUAN WEI D021710296
3 DEVAKARAN A/L RAKU D021710300
4 YIM WEN LONG D021710298

LECTURED BY : MADAM MAS HASLINDA BINTI MOHAMMAD

PART A

Question 1:

No Components Value/type
1 Resistor 1k, 56k, 4.7k, 15k, 10k
(ohm)
2 Capacitor 100nF, 470pF

3 Transistor BC107BP
Question 2

For m<1

For m=1
For m>1

Question 3

By using,

1
𝐸𝑚 = (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝐸𝑚 = (671.981𝑚 − 341.081𝑚)
2

𝐸𝑚 = 0.17𝑉

1
𝐸𝑐 = (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝐸𝑚 = (671.981𝑚 + 341.081𝑚)
2
𝐸𝑚 = 0.51𝑉

For m<1,

𝐸𝑚
𝑚=
𝐸𝑐

0.17
𝑚=
0.51

𝑚 = 0.33

𝑀 = 0.33 ∗ 100% = 33%

By using,

1
𝐸𝑚 = (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝐸𝑚 = (1.105 − 63.677𝑚)
2

𝐸𝑚 = 0.52𝑉

1
𝐸𝑐 = (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝐸𝑚 = (1.105 + 63.677𝑚)
2

𝐸𝑚 = 0.58𝑉

For m<1,

𝐸𝑚
𝑚=
𝐸𝑐

0.52
𝑚=
0.58

𝑚 = 0.89, near to 1.

𝑀 = 0.89 ∗ 100% = 89%

For m>1, cannot be simulate in Multisim because of the scale in Multisim oscilloscope too small.

Discussion

For the part 1,

Two signal generators are used in this circuit, one representing a high frequency (600kHz) carrier
signal, the other signal generator is used to inject a 1KHz audio signal. The two signals are mixed
and amplified by the transistor and an amplitude modulated signal appears at the collector of the
transistor. The DC component is removed by C3 and R5 and the waveform output now appears
across the load resistor R5. Produced waveform can be present by using oscilloscope connected at
the collector of the transistor. In this circuit, the values of the carrier signal is the constant where
we adjusted the peak voltage of the audio signal to obtain the demanded types of modulation index
signal. In an AM transmission the carrier frequency and amplitude always remain constant, while
the sidebands are constantly varying in frequency and amplitude. Thus, the carrier contains no
information since it never changes. This means that the carrier power is a pure dissipation when
transmitting an AM signal. A series of calculations had been applied to confirm the accuracy of
our research. The index modulation of the index can be calculated by:

𝐸𝑚
𝑚=
𝐸𝑐

1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑚 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑐 = (𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛)
2 2

The transistor circuit works because the gain of transistor is changed as its emitter current changes
caused by the audio waveform appearing at the emitter. The amplitude of the carrier waveform is
modulated by the transistor's non-linearity. In the other words, change in voltage supply (Vp) of
audio signal will result three types of waveforms signal where m<1 called under-modulation, m=1
called full-modulation and m>1 called over-modulation. From that, we managed to construct a
AM modulation circuit using BJT amplifier- circuit method and compared it with the calculation
part proved that the simulation circuit is accurate.
Question 4

1. MULTISIM SIMULATION OF AM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHiWJ2lxSqI&t=16s
2. BJT AM MODULATION http://everycircuit.com/circuit/6662092669059072/bjt-am-
modulation
3. HOW DOES MODULATION WORK
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/136755/how-does-this-am-modulator-
work
4. AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
https://mazeofamazement.wordpress.com/2010/06/13/amplitude-modulation-am-
demodulation-and-their-circuit-implementations/
 CONTENT PAGE NUMBER

Title page 1

Introduction

i. Theory 2

ii. History 13

iii. Origin 14

Research methods 16

Operation and application 17

Pros and cons 19

Development 22

Conclusion

i. Competence 23

ii. How should it be marketed

Limitations and references 24

INTRODUCTION
I. Theory of WiMax

WiMAX is one of the hottest broadband wireless technologies around today. WiMAX systems
are expected to deliver broadband access services to residential and enterprise customers in an
economical way. Loosely, WiMax is a standardized wireless version of Ethernet intended
primarily as an alternative to wire technologies (such as Cable Modems, DSL and T1/E1 links)
to provide broadband access to customer premises.

More strictly, WiMAX is an industry trade organization formed by leading communications,

component, and equipment companies to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability
of broadband wireless access equipment that conforms to the IEEE 802.16 and ETSI HIPERMAN
standards. WiMAX would operate similar to WiFi , but at higher speeds over greater distances
and for a greater number of users. WiMAX has the ability to provide service even in areas that
are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and the ability to overcome the physical limitations
of traditional wired infrastructure. WiMAX was formed in April 2001, in anticipation of the
publication of the original 10-66 GHz IEEE 802.16 specifications. WiMAX is to 802.16 as the
WiFi Alliance is to 802.11.

WIMAX is

 Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

 Based on Wireless MAN technology.

 A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area.

 A scalable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary broadband

networks.

 A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16 or

compatible standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that address
two types of usage models –

o A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).

 o A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).

WiMax based on 802.16a :

WiMAX is such an easy term that people tend to use it for the 802.16 standards and technology
themselves, although strictly it applies only to systems that meet specific conformance criteria
laid down by the WiMAX Forum.The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless metropolitan
area network (MAN) technology that will provide broadband wireless connectivity to Fixed,
Portable and Nomadic devices.It can be used to connect 802.11 hot spots to the Internet, provide
campus connectivity, and provide a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband
access.

WiMax Speed and Range :

WiMAX is expected to offer initially up to about 40 Mbps capacity per wireless channel for both
fixed and portable applications, depending on the particular technical configuration chosen,
enough to support hundreds of businesses with T-1 speed connectivity and thousands of
residences with DSL speed connectivity. WiMAX can support voice and video as well as Internet
data.WiMax developed to provide wireless broadband access to buildings, either in competition
to existing wired networks or alone in currently unserved rural or thinly populated areas. It can
also be used to connect WLAN hotspots to the Internet. WiMAX is also intended to provide
broadband connectivity to mobile devices. It would not be as fast as in these fixed applications,
but expectations are for about 15 Mbps capacity in a 3 km cell coverage area.With WiMAX, users
could really cut free from today's Internet access arrangements and be able to go online at
broadband speeds, almost wherever they like from within a MetroZone.WiMAX could potentially
be deployed in a variety of spectrum bands: 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz.
WiMax and Wi-Fi Comparison:

1. IEEE Standards :

Wi-Fi is based on IEEE 802.11 standard whereas WiMAX is based on IEEE 802.16. However,
both are IEEE standards.

2. Range :

Wi-Fi typically provides local network access for a few hundred feet with the speed of up to 54
Mbps, a single WiMAX antenna is expected to have a range of up to 40 miles with the speed of
70 Mbps or more. As such, WiMAX can bring the underlying Internet connection needed to
service local Wi-Fi networks.

3. Scalability :

Wi-Fi is intended for LAN applications, users scale from one to tens with one subscriber for each
CPE device. Fixed channel sizes (20MHz).WiMAX is designed to efficiently support from one to
hundreds of Consumer premises equipments (CPE)s, with unlimited subscribers behind each CPE.
Flexible channel sizes from 1.5MHz to 20MHz.

4. Bit rate :

Wi-Fi works at 2.7 bps/Hz and can peak up to 54 Mbps in 20 MHz channel.WiMAX works at 5
bps/Hz and can peak up to 100 Mbps in a 20 MHz channel.

5. Quality of Service:

Wi-Fi does not guarantee any QoS but WiMax will provide your several level of QoS.As such,
WiMAX can bring the underlying Internet connection needed to service local Wi-Fi networks.
Wi-Fi does not provide ubiquitous broadband while WiMAX does.
 6. Comparison Table :

WiMax Salient Features :

WiMAX is a wireless broadband solution that offers a rich set of features with a lot of flexibility
in terms of deployment options and potential service offerings. Some of the more salient features
that deserve highlighting are as follows −

1. Two Type of Services :

o Non-line-of-sight − service is a WiFi sort of service. Here a small antenna on your

computer connects to the WiMAX tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency
range -- 2 GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi).
o Line-of-sight − service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMAX tower
from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, so it's able
to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies,
with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz.

2. OFDM-based Physical Layer :

The WiMAX physical layer (PHY) is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, a
scheme that offers good resistance to multipath, and allows WiMAX to operate in NLOS
conditions.

3. Very High Peak Data Rates :

WiMAX is capable of supporting very high peak data rates. In fact, the peak PHY data rate
can be as high as 74Mbps when operating using a 20MHz wide spectrum.More typically, using
a 10MHz spectrum operating using TDD scheme with a 3:1 downlink-to-uplink ratio, the peak
PHY data rate is about 25Mbps and 6.7Mbps for the downlink and the uplink, respectively.

4. Scalable Bandwidth and Data Rate Support :

WiMAX has a scalable physical-layer architecture that allows for the data rate to scale easily
with available channel bandwidth.For example, a WiMAX system may use 128, 512, or 1,048-
bit FFTs (fast fourier transforms) based on whether the channel bandwidth is 1.25MHz, 5MHz,
or 10MHz, respectively. This scaling may be done dynamically to support user roaming across
different networks that may have different bandwidth allocations.
5. Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

WiMAX supports a number of modulation and forward error correction (FEC) coding schemes
and allows the scheme to be changed as per user and per frame basis, based on channel
conditions.AMC is an effective mechanism to maximize throughput in a time-varying channel.

6. Link-layer Retransmissions :

WiMAX supports automatic retransmission requests (ARQ) at the link layer for connections
that require enhanced reliability. ARQ-enabled connections require each transmitted packet to
be acknowledged by the receiver; unacknowledged packets are assumed to be lost and are
retransmitted.

7. Support for TDD and FDD :

IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005 supports both time division duplexing and
frequency division duplexing, as well as a half-duplex FDD, which allows for a low-cost
system implementation.

8. WiMAX Uses OFDM :

Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDM) as a multiple-
access technique, whereby different users can be allocated different subsets of the OFDM
tones.

9. Flexible and Dynamic per User Resource Allocation :

Both uplink and downlink resource allocation are controlled by a scheduler in the base station.
Capacity is shared among multiple users on a demand basis, using a burst TDM scheme.
10. Support for Advanced Antenna Techniques :

The WiMAX solution has a number of hooks built into the physical-layer design, which allows
for the use of multiple-antenna techniques, such as beamforming, space-time coding, and
spatial multiplexing.

11. Quality-of-service Support :

The WiMAX MAC layer has a connection-oriented architecture that is designed to support a
variety of applications, including voice and multimedia services.WiMAX system offers
support for constant bit rate, variable bit rate, real-time, and non-real-time traffic flows, in
addition to best-effort data traffic.WiMAX MAC is designed to support a large number of
users, with multiple connections per terminal, each with its own QoS requirement.

12. Robust Security :

WiMAX supports strong encryption, using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and has a
robust privacy and key-management protocol.The system also offers a very flexible
authentication architecture based on Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), which
allows for a variety of user credentials, including username/password, digital certificates, and
smart cards.

13. Support for Mobility :

The mobile WiMAX variant of the system has mechanisms to support secure seamless
handovers for delay-tolerant full-mobility applications, such as VoIP.
 14. IP-based Architecture :

The WiMAX Forum has defined a reference network architecture that is based on an all-IP
platform. All end-to-end services are delivered over an IP architecture relying on IP-based
protocols for end-to-end transport, QoS, session management, security, and mobility.

WiMax Building Blocks:

A WiMAX system consists of two major parts –

 A WiMAX base station.

 A WiMAX receiver

a) WiMAX Base Station :

A WiMAX base station consists of indoor electronics and a WiMAX tower similar in
concept to a cell-phone tower. A WiMAX base station can provide coverage to a very
large area up to a radius of 6 miles. Any wireless device within the coverage area
would be able to access the Internet.The WiMAX base stations would use the MAC
layer defined in the standard, a common interface that makes the networks
interoperable and would allocate uplink and downlink bandwidth to subscribers
according to their needs, on an essentially real-time basis.Each base station provides
wireless coverage over an area called a cell. Theoretically, the maximum radius of a
cell is 50 km or 30 miles however, practical considerations limit it to about 10 km or
6 miles.

b) WiMAX Receiver :

A WiMAX receiver may have a separate antenna or could be a stand-alone box or a

PCMCIA card sitting in your laptop or computer or any other device. This is also referred
as customer premise equipment (CPE).WiMAX base station is similar to accessing a
wireless access point in a WiFi network, but the coverage is greater.
WiMax Reference Network Model :

The IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard provides the air interface for WiMAX, but does not define the
full end-to-end WiMAX network. The WiMAX Forum's Network Working Group (NWG) is
responsible for developing the end-to-end network requirements, architecture, and protocols for
WiMAX, using IEEE 802.16e-2005 as the air interface.The WiMAX NWG has developed a
network reference model to serve as an architecture framework for WiMAX deployments and to
ensure interoperability among various WiMAX equipment and operators.

The network reference model envisions a unified network architecture for supporting fixed,
nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based on an IP service model. Below is simplified
illustration of an IP-based WiMAX network architecture. The overall network may be logically
divided into three parts −

 Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.

 The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and one or
more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.

 Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP core
network functions.

The network reference model developed by the WiMAX Forum NWG defines a number of
functional entities and interfaces between those entities. The following figure shows some of the
more important functional entities.
  Base station (BS) − The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MS.
Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions,
such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS
policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy,
key management, session management, and multicast group management.
 Access service network gateway (ASN-GW) − The ASN gateway typically acts as a
layer 2 traffic aggregation point within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part of
the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource
management, and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles, and encryption keys,
AAA client functionality, establishment, and management of mobility tunnel with base
stations, QoS and policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and
routing to the selected CSN.
 Connectivity service network (CSN) − The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet,
ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and
includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users, and specific
services. The CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS and security. The
CSN is also responsible for IP address management, support for roaming between different
NSPs, location management between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs.

The WiMAX architecture framework allows for the flexible decomposition and/or
combination of functional entities when building the physical entities. For example, the ASN
may be decomposed into base station transceivers (BST), base station controllers (BSC), and
an ASNGW analogous to the GSM model of BTS, BSC, and Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN).

WiMax Mobility Support :

WiMAX envisions four mobility-related usage scenarios –

 Nomadic − The user is allowed to take a fixed subscriber station and reconnect from
a different point of attachment.
  Portable − Nomadic access is provided to a portable device, such as a PC card, with
expectation of a best-effort handover.
 Simple mobility − The subscriber may move at speeds up to 60 kmph with brief
interruptions (less than 1 sec) during handoff.
 Full mobility − Up to 120 kmph mobility and seamless handoff (less than 50 ms
latency and < 1% packet loss) is supported.

It is likely that WiMAX networks will initially be deployed for fixed and nomadic
applications and then evolve to support portability to full mobility over time.The IEEE
802.16e-2005 standard defines a framework for supporting mobility management. In
particular, the standard defines signaling mechanisms for tracking subscriber stations as
they move from the coverage range of one base station to another when active or as they
move from one paging group to another when idle.The standard also has protocols to
enable a seamless handover of ongoing connections from one base station to another.The
standard also has protocols to enable a seamless handover of ongoing connections from
one base station to another. The WiMAX Forum has used the framework defined in IEEE
802.16e-2005, to further develop mobility management within an end-to-end network
architecture framework. The architecture also supports IP-layer mobility using mobile IP.

WiMax Security Functions :

WiMAX systems were designed at the outset with robust security in mind. The standard includes
state-of-the-art methods for ensuring user data privacy and preventing unauthorized access with
additional protocol optimization for mobility.

Security is handled by a privacy sublayer within the WiMAX MAC. The key aspects of WiMAX
security are as follow –
 Support for Privacy :

User data is encrypted using cryptographic schemes of proven robustness to provide privacy.
Both AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard) are
supported.The 128-bit or 256-bit key used for deriving the cipher is generated during the
authentication phase and is periodically refreshed for additional protection.

 Device/user Authentication :

WiMAX provides a flexible means for authenticating subscriber stations and users to prevent
unauthorized use. The authentication framework is based on the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) EAP, which supports a variety of credentials, such as username/password,
digital certificates, and smart cards.WiMAX terminal devices come with built-in X.509 digital
certificates that contain their public key and MAC address. WiMAX operators can use the
certificates for device authentication and use a username/password or smart card
authentication on top of it for user authentication.

 Flexible Key-management Protocol :

The Privacy and Key Management Protocol Version 2 (PKMv2) is used for securely
transferring keying material from the base station to the mobile station, periodically re-
authorizing and refreshing the keys.

 Protection of Control Messages :

The integrity of over-the-air control messages is protected by using message digest schemes,
such as AES-based CMAC or MD5-based HMAC.

 Support for Fast Handover :

To support fast handovers, WiMAX allows the MS to use pre-authentication with a particular
target BS to facilitate accelerated re-entry.A three-way handshake scheme is supported to
optimize the re-authentication mechanisms for supporting fast handovers, while
simultaneously preventing any man-in-the-middle attacks.
 II. History of WiMax

In 1998, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) formed a group called 802.16
to develop a standard for what was called a wireless metropolitan area network, or wire-less MAN.
Originally, this group focused on developing solutions in the 10GHz to 66GHz band, with the
primary application being delivering high-speed connections to businesses that could not obtain
fiber. These systems, like LMDS, were conceived as being able to tap into fiber rings and to
distribute that bandwidth through a point-to-multipoint configuration to LOS businesses. The
IEEE 802.16 group produced a standard that was approved in December 2001. This stan-dard,
Wireless MAN-SC, specified a physical layer that used single-carrier modulation tech-niques and
a media access control (MAC) layer with a burst time division multiplexing (TDM) structure that
supported both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD).After
completing this standard, the group started work on extending and modifying it to work in both
licensed and license-exempt frequencies in the 2GHz to 11GHz range, which would enable NLOS
deployments. This amendment, IEEE 802.16a, was completed in 2003, with OFDM schemes
added as part of the physical layer for supporting deployment in multipath environments. By this
time, OFDM had established itself as a method of choice for dealing with multipath for broadband
and was alreadypart of the revised IEEE 802.11 standards. Besides the OFDM physical layers,
802.16a also specified additional MAC-layer options, including support for orthogonal frequency
division multiple access (OFDMA).Further revisions to 802.16a were made and completed in
2004. This revised standard, IEEE 802.16-2004, replaces 802.16, 802.16a, and 802.16c with a
single standard, which has also been adopted as the basis for HIPERMAN (high-performance
metropolitan area network) by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). In 2003,
the 802.16 group began work on enhancements to the specifications to allow vehicular mobility
applications. That revision, 802.16e, was completed in December 2005 and was published formally
as IEEE 802.16e-2005. It specifies scalable OFDM for the physical layer and makes further
modifications to the MAC layer to accommodate high-speed mobility.
As it turns out, the IEEE 802.16 specifications are a collection of standards with a very broad
scope. In order to accommodate the diverse needs of the industry, the standard incorpo-rated a
wide variety of options. In order to develop interoperable solutions using the 802.16 fam-ily of
standards, the scope of the standard had to be reduced by establishing consensus on what options
of the standard to implement and test for interoperability. The IEEE developed the spec-ifications
but left to the industry the task of converting them into an interoperable standard that can be
certified. The WiMAX Forum was formed to solve this problem and to promote solutions based
on the IEEE 802.16 standards. The WiMAX Forum was modeled along the lines of the Wi-Fi
Alliance, which has had remarkable success in promoting and providing interoperability testing
for products based on the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.The WiMAX Forum enjoys broad
participation from the entire cross-section of the industry, including semiconductor companies,
equipment manufacturers, system integraters, and service providers. The forum has begun
interoperability testing and announced its first certified product based on IEEE 802.16-2004 for
fixed applications in January 2006. Products based on IEEE 802.18e-2005 are expected to be
certified in early 2007. Many of the vendors that previously developed proprietary solutions have
announced plans to migrate to fixed and/or mobile WiMAX. The arrival of WiMAX-certified
products is a significant milestone in the history of broadband wireless.
RESEARCH METHODS

Research Method:

Before solving the assignment together as a team, we have discussed about variety of methods to

research the materials for WIMAX. Here are the ways that we use to research about the rese4arch

of WIMAX.

First method that we utilize is we research the precious materials though online (which

means on the internet or some websites). Through this method, we actually have found a lot of

interesting materials and some researches as well as some researches on some webpages. The

second method was through video review. For further information, we had been sampling a video

in Youtube and some videos that are being attached in some websites (websites are attached with

this assignment) about the details of WIMAX, the history of WIMAX, pros and cons of WIMAX,

development of WIMAX and every single thing about WIMAX. Through this method we get to

know a lot of information about WIMAX that really broadens our visions about WIMAX

technologies since WIMAX has more than 10 years long of history, developments and

achievements. Although having poor connection when it comes to serving a lot of users at a time,

but WIMAX still has the best quality of connectivity of high data rates because it can just travel

through air and connect to our phone without any problems no matter where we are.

Secondly, we do the research by asking for information and details of WIMAX from

friends. One of our friends helps us out by helping us to brief the details related to WIMAX and

some special history of WIMAX that really draw our attention and focus in doing the research

about WIMAX. With the aid from the friend, we get to know the evolution of WIMAX and how

it really works to provide us the best service and best broadband wireless network.
OPERATIONS AND APPLICATIONS (WIMAX WIRELESS NETWORK)
As we may already know, WIMAX (which is based on IEEE 802.16) stands for
WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY for MICROWAVE ACCESS that provides internet
access point from destination to destination though transmission path. A communication system is
basically just like a phone. One receives data from the transmitter through a telecommunication
station directly. Then, the base station would broadcast the wireless data with the aids of various
numbers of transmission solutions or transmission procedures. But, the base station of WIMAX is
a bit special because it has high broadcasting power, enhanced additional algorithms and advanced
antenna. Basically, WIMAX base station enables to widespread or to serve a robust
communication access across many kilometres or rocks. If we recall back the convenience of
connection of WIMAX, it has the best broadband internet access to the user because it just simply
connects to the base station without any problem in mountain areas or rural areas. Unlike WIFI, it
requires DSL or internet cables to be deployed in the rural areas or mountain areas. The reason
why it has the best internet connectivity service is because WIMAX only utilizes the advanced
multiplexed access which is also known as the orthogonal frequency division multiplexed access
(OFDMA). ODFMA takes the great advantage from the frequency band by decreasing the cost of
a wireless network from the (2.3MHz to 3.5GHz) transmission frequency of WIMAX. In the
frequency world of WIMAX, it has a variety frequency of spectrum and each of them contains
different channel bandwidth. Here is where sub carrier is introduced to carry data.
APPLICATIONS
As we have become more familiarised with this advanced and robust technology which is known
as WIMAX, we would become more aware of its existence. As days go, one question would raise
amongst us and be spread amongst us, what variety of application does it bring to us to help us to
ease our daily life, works and technologies? Here are the few examples of the applications of the
WIMAX that aids our daily life, works and technologies.

One of the examples of the WIMAX applications is the greatness of keeping the public
safety safe and on guard. Here is how it works. The experiment conductors or the operators would
deploy the computers with wireless access onto transportations or vehicles. This is because they
serve robust video security cameras with broadband connectivity to monitor centres and give
support by enabling officers to view situations and to decide decisions in real time.

One of the main uses of WiMAX will be as a fill-in or an alternative to cable and DSL. Fixed
WiMAX offers a good solution for broadband access in green field sites. At least 15% of the US
market, and huge portions of the rest of the world, do not have a broadband infrastructure. WiMAX
is therefore a good solution as it can be rolled out quickly with less expense than a wired network.
Besides, if we want to hold a broadcast show or do a live video, WIMAX is the best choice to be
mentioned because it provides the temporal broadband access by deploying WIMAX here or there.
In terms of cost and convenience, WIMAX would be better because even if it is being deployed in
rural areas, the connection would not be slow or interrupted while the connection is still connected
to the user. In terms of money, it is indeed a very good choice since WIFI cannot function properly
in rural or mountain areas because it requires the DSL and internet facilities to be installed. So,
instead of spending a lot of expenses in deploying the cables and DSLs, WIMAX stands amongst
other broadband because it just simply connects from base station to users directly even if a
resident who resides in forest could receive the transmission of data or the broadband internet
access from the base station no matter what in high speed. In addition, WIMAX also provides
users to roam outside office by giving them the access internet remotely. This is what we all are
familiar with – wifi hotpots. Thy WIMAX backhauls which serve wireless solutions to wireless
networks.
PROS AND CONS
As we know WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access services
brings long time term evolution in wireless data market. WiMAX is IP based wireless broadband
access technology. It provides performance similar to Wi-Fi networks with coverage and QoS
(Quality of Service) of cellular networks. WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access upto 30
miles for fixed stations and 3 to 10 miles for mobile stations. WiMAX Technology is facing many
hurdles in market while it has some great advantages which make it a technology of todays.

Advantages of WiMAX include the use of a standardized technology, rapid deployment,

spectral efficiency, penetrating radio coverage, security, high data throughout, quality of service,
and cost effectiveness. WiMAX is an industry-standardized technology. This allows multiple
manufacturers to produce compatible equipment, which usually results in lower cost equipment.
WiMAX systems can be rapidly deployed. Because each WiMAX transmitter site can serve
hundreds of square kilometers of area, it is posible to deploy high-speed WiMAX communication
services in a city or relatively large geographic region with weeks or months.

The technologies used in WiMAX enable it to be very spectrally efficient. Spectral efficiency
is a measurement characterizing a particular modulation and coding method that describes how
much information can be transferred in a given bandwidth. This is often given as bits per second
per Hertz. The WiMAX system uses very efficient modulation and coding methods to achieve
spectral efficiency that is higher than mobile telephone or other types of wireless systems.
WiMAX can use a mix of robust types of access technologies. This enables WiMAX systems to
provide radio coverage into a wide range of geographic areas. This allows WiMAX signals to
penetrate through and around trees and into buildings when necessary.

There are various security processes that are available in WiMAX systems. Security is the
ability of a system or service to maintain its desired well being or operation without damage, theft
or compromise of its resources from unwanted people or events. The WiMAX system has a
security later integrated into its overall operation permitting reliable authentication and encryption
of user and system data. High security also permits revenue assurance and strong privacy which
can increase consumer confidence. High security also offers the ability of WiMAX system
operators to entice high-value content owners to allow distribution of their content.

WiMAX have the potential to provide very high data transmission rates. Data throughput is the
amount of data information that can be transferred through a communication channel or transfer
through a point on a communication system. The WiMAX system has the capability of using wide
channel bandwidths and segmenting of data rates providing a very high potential data throughput
rate. WiMAX systems offer a much higher potential data transmission rate than almost all other
wireless systems giving system operators a competitive advantage.

WiMAX systems can be configured to offer services that have different types of quality of
service (QoS) levels. QoS is one or more measurement of desired performance and priorities of a
communications system. QoS measures may include service availability, maximum bit error rate,
minimum committed bit rate and other measurements that are used to ensure quality
communications service. The QoS capabilities of WiMAX systems permit system operators to
provide priority services to high-value customers and best effort services to less demanding
consumers.

The costs of providing WiMAX data communication services can be lower than other types of
wireless systems. The highly efficiently modulation and coding characteristics of
WiMAX systems enables the providing services to more customers per radio channel than
alternative types of systems. This means that WiMAX can have lower capital cost and operational
cost per customer.

Like all things WiMAX has a few drawbacks, one of which is Spectrum Allocation, there are
two main types of spectrum Allocation. Licensed and unlicensed, the unlicensed bands such as 2.4
GHz and 5.8 GHz, which are used for some applications, may reduce the performance and QoS of
WiMax, which may affect the commercial viability of the service. And for the licensed bands 2.5
GHz and 3.5 GHz bands, they are currently occupied by some other services such as fixed-satellite,
broadcasting satellite, et cetera in some countries. Another problem with WiMAX is Orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is the high peak-to-average power ratio, which
significantly reduces the efficiency of the transmitter high power amplifier.
 The WiMAX network has lack of quality service because there are hundreds of people trying
to get access at the same tower so due to heavy traffic it is very hard to maintain high quality. The
other disadvantage of WiMAX network is range. As WiMAX offer 70Mbps in range with moving
station but in practice it is quite different because it is possible only in specify or ideal
circumstances. If a user staying away from the specified environment then speed can drop
considerably. Like other network Bandwidth is collective amongst clients in a specified zone. But
if there are a lot of users in one area the speed decreases which may be 2 to 10 Mbps of shared
bandwidth.

The major drawback of WiMAX is its installation and operational cost. Due to heavy structure,
tower, antennas etc. makes the WiMAX network collectively high cost network. Plus the quality
of services decreases in rainy season because the weather condition could interrupt the signal
which may cause of bad signal and broadcasting may be stop or interrupted. If someone trying to
use much wireless equipment at a time within WiMAX network then these equipment’s may cause
of interference and could interfere broadcasting data or face some compromised speed. WiMAX
network is very heavy in structure therefore consume a lot of electricity for running the overall
network. The data rate of WiMAX as compared to other network such as fiber optics,
satellite, cables et cetera are very slow. However, the advantages of WiMAX technology eclipse
its disadvantages.
DEVELOPMENTS
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family of wireless broadband

communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards, which provide multiple

physical layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) options. It actually dates back seventeen

years to 2001, when the “WiMax” named was created by the WiMax Forum (formed in June 2001)

to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The original IEEE 802.16 standard was

first published in 2001, and it was initially designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data

rates. This standard was amended in 2005 to the 802.16e standard (called “Fixed WiMax”), and

the WiBro service in South Korea was launched in 2005. It used IEEE 802.16e and was able to

offer a staggering 25Mbps (an amazing speed for the time). This allowed for video conferencing,

HD video streaming and so on. The 2011 update (802.16m or Mobile WiMax) even allowed for

up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. Mobile WiMax was intended as a replacement for cellular phone

technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or it was used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed

WiMax was also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in

both developed and developing nations. The latest version of WiMAX, WiMAX release 2.1,

popularly branded as/known as WiMAX 2+, is a smooth, backwards-compatible transition from

previous WiMAX generations. It is compatible and inter-operable with TD-LTE.

CONCLUSION
As the era gets enhanced and advanced, WIMAX keeps on getting better by proving that

they will provide more convenience, enhanced broadband wireless network and other

improvements of itself. For example, through the history, we know that the archaic form of

WIMAX is in dial-up form. It evolves into ADSL, 2G, 3G, H+ and other life-aiding wireless

networks. This proves that as this high tech era grows, our communication technologies improve

as well. But, not only WIMAX is the only wireless technology that exists in the world, there are

other competitors that exist in the world of market. For instances, WI-FI, TERRAGRAPHS, 5G

technologies and other advanced wireless network. What are needed to be enhanced and improved

to be able to calculate in the market are the high data rates, low cost, availability to let huge

numbers of customers to connect to the base station.

LIMITATIONS AND REFERENCES
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