1.

0 INTRODUCTION

For this case study, we have chosen to analyse the Air Quality Index in Malaysia by
collecting the data in three different harbours and analyse how good or bad the air quality
index in each harbour respectively.

The data that we expect to find in this analysis is the differences of air quality index
from 3 harbours in Malaysia from 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 midnight with the data collected in
every 1 hour interval.

Through this case study, we expect to come up with a statistical result that could give
awareness to the residents in the place that we did our research. Furthermore, to encourage
people to understand what local air quality means to your health and the importance of fresh
air in daily life.

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2.0 SUMMARY OF DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The method that we use to collect our data is by observing and recording the air
quality index in each harbour from 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 midnight with every 1 hour interval.
The air quality index data is received from Real-Time Air Quality Index (AQI) from the
internet which is legit and shows the worldwide air quality via satellite.

Through this method, we expect to get a more non-linear data and help us to compare
the results over time which will aid in solidifying our conclusion without bias.

We have assigned each group member different task and division such as collecting,
analysing, calculating, and reporting the data from Port Klang, Pasir Gudang and Seri
Manjung respectively.

The data collected is shown below in table:

Area Day / Date Time Index Reading

8.00 - 9.00 51
9.00 - 10.00 50
10.00 - 11.00 46
11.00 - 12.00 44
12.00 - 1.00 43
1.00 - 2.00 43
Port Klang Sunday 2.00 - 3.00 43
(30/10/2016) 3.00 - 4.00 43
4.00 - 5.00 42
5.00 - 6.00 41
6.00 - 7.00 41
7.00 - 8.00 40
8.00 - 9.00 41
9.00 - 10.00 45
10.00 - 11.00 47
11.00 - 12.00 47

Table 2.1: Data collected for Port Klang, Selangor on Sunday

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 Area Day / Date Time Index Reading
8.00 - 9.00 30
9.00 - 10.00 29
10.00 - 11.00 29
11.00 - 12.00 27
12.00 - 1.00 26
1.00 - 2.00 27
Pasir Gudang Sunday 2.00 - 3.00 28
(30/10/2016) 3.00 - 4.00 28
4.00 - 5.00 28
5.00 - 6.00 28
6.00 - 7.00 27
7.00 - 8.00 27
8.00 - 9.00 27
9.00 - 10.00 27
10.00 - 11.00 27
11.00 - 12.00 28

Table 2.2: Data collected for Pasir Gudang, Johor on Sunday

Area Day / Date Time Index Reading

8.00 - 9.00 23
9.00 - 10.00 23
10.00 - 11.00 22
11.00 - 12.00 22
12.00 - 1.00 21
1.00 - 2.00 21
Seri Manjung Sunday 2.00 - 3.00 21
(30/10/2016) 3.00 - 4.00 21
4.00 - 5.00 21
5.00 - 6.00 21
6.00 - 7.00 21
7.00 - 8.00 20
8.00 - 9.00 21
9.00 - 10.00 20
10.00 - 11.00 19
11.00 - 12.00 19
Table 2.3: Data collected for Sri Manjung, Perak on Sunday

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 3.0 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

Descriptive Statistics: Port Klang, Seri Manjung and PasirGudang.

Variable SE
N Mean St Dev Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum
Mean

Port Klang 16 44.188 0.813 3.250 40.000 41.250 43.000 46.750 51.000

Pasir Gudang 16 27.688 0.254 1.014 26.000 27.000 27.500 28.000 30.000

Sri Manjung 16 21.000 0.289 1.155 19.000 20.250 21.000 21.750 23.000

Table 3.1: Results analysis of Air Quality Index for each different harbour.

SOLUTION:

a) MEAN
∑x
x=
n
51 + 50 + 46 + 44 + 43 + 43 + 43 + 43 + 42 + 41 + 41 + 40 + 41 + 45 + 47 + 47
=
16
707
=
16
= 44.188

b) SE MEAN
σ
σM =
√n

3.250
σM =
√16
= 0.813

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c) VARIANCE
x x2
51 2601
50 2500
46 2116
44 1936
43 1849
43 1849
43 1849
43 1849
42 1764
41 1681
41 1681
40 1600
41 1681
45 2025
47 2209
47 2209
707 31 399

∑n
i=1 xi 2
∑ni=1 xi2 − ( )
n
s2 =
n−1

7072
31 399 − 16
s2 =
15

s 2 = 10.5625

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 d) STANDARD DEVIATION
σ = √variance

σ = √10.5625
σ = 3.250
e) MEDIAN
f) FIRST QUARTILE
g) THIRD QUARTILE

CONCLUSION FROM TABLE

From the data collected shown on the table above, the median of Port Klang is the greatest
compared to the other harbour with a numerical value of 43.000 followed by Pasir Gudang
with a value of 27.500 and Sri Manjung was the lowest with a value of 32.000.

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HISTOGRAM GRAPH

Histogram of frequency and Air Quality Index of each different state:

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8
95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL
A 95% confidence interval for the population means that corresponds to the average
performance of air quality index for each different harbour.
(MINITAB software used for this purpose)

SAMPLE 1: PORT KLANG

N Mean St Dev SE Mean 95% Confidence Interval (CI)

16 44.1880 3.2500 0.8125 (42.4562, 45.9198)

SAMPLE 2: PASIR GUDANG

N Mean St Dev SE Mean 95% Confidence Interval (CI)

16 27.6880 1.0140 0.2535 (27.1477, 28.2283)

SAMPLE 3: SRI MANJUNG

N Mean St Dev SE Mean 95% Confidence Interval (CI)

16 21.0000 1.1550 0.2888 (20.3845, 21.6155)

Table 3.2: Average performance of air quality index for each different harbour

We are 95% confident that the difference in Air Quality Index between 3 harbours, which is
for Port Klang (42.4562, 45.9198), PasirGudang (27.1477, 28.2283) and for Sri Manjung
(20.3845, 21.6155). In this sample, the Sri Manjung has lower mean Air Quality Index than
PasirGudang and Port Klang. Based on this interval, we also conclude that there is no
statistically significant difference in mean Air Quality Index between 3 harbours, because the
95% confidence interval includes the null value, zero. Again, the confidence interval is a
range of likely values for the difference in means. Since the interval no difference, we do not
have sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference. Note also that this 95%
confidence interval for the difference in mean Air Quality Index is much wider here, because
the very small sample size produces a very imprecise estimate of the difference in mean Air
Quality Index.

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COMPARISON THE INTERVAL OF THE DATA
Compare the interval of air quality index for three different harbours, which is Port Klang,
Pasir Gudang and Sri Manjung in part (a), these confidence interval not have any
overlapping, so it is impossible at one point of time, since the data have different marginal
reading in each harbour.

CI for Sample 3 CI for Sample 2 CI for Sample 1

20.3845 21.6155 27.1477 28.2283 42.4562 45.9198

Diagram 1: Marginal reading in each harbours.

95% CI for the Mean

45

40

35
Data

30

25

20
Port Klang Pasir Gudang Sri Manjung

Graph 1: Interval plot of Port Klang, PasirGudang and Sri Manjung.

Graph 1 shows the comparison of Air Quality Index for 3 different harbours. From this graph,
we can draw the following conclusions.

1. The Port Klang harbour is higher air quality index compare to other harbours.

2. The air quality index levels are not the same each other.

3. Since there is no overlap between the confidence intervals, there may be statistical
difference between the three harbours.

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ANOVA RESULT TABLE
Conduct an appropriate hypothesis test to see if the estimated means of the chosen parameter
are all equal for the populations represented by these groups. Used the 5% level of
significance and assume that the three populations are normally distributed with equal
standard deviation. [Used one-way (Untracked) ANOVA through MINITAB].

Source of DF (Degree SS MS F P F crit.

Variation of freedom) (Sums of Squares) (Mean Square)

Between 2 4558.04 2279.02 528.98 0.000 3.204

Groups

Within 45 193.88 4.31

Groups

Total 47 4751.92

S = 2.076 R-Sq = 95.92% R-Sq(adj) = 95.74%

Table 3.3: ANOVA result table

Level N Mean St Dev -+---------+---------+---------+--------

Port Klang 16 44.188 3.250 (*-)
PasirGudang 16 27.688 1.014 (-*)
Sri Manjung 16 21.000 1.155 (*)
-+---------+---------+---------+--------
Table 3.4: Individual 95% CIs for Mean Based on Pooled StDev

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Based on table 3.4, the medians of each of the sample are quite distinct from each other.
Intuitively, this plot suggests that the means of the groups are NOT equal. In the language of
ANOVA hypotheses, we could assert with relative confidence, which at least one mean is
different than the other means.

CONCLUSION OF ANOVA TABLE RESULT

Based on case study 1, we had concluded that the state with the highest rate of air
quality index is Port Klang with an AQI value of 44, followed by Pasir Gudang with AQI
value of 27 and the last port is Seri Manjung with AQI value of 24. The Port Klang being the
state with the highest rate of AQI value is due to itself, the busiest harbour in Malaysia where
the import and export trading occurs since its location were strategic for ship to port for
unloading and loading stocks.

With all the information that we had observed, we concluded that the increase of the
air quality index value that causing the higher air pollution occurs is due to the number ships
docked and where higher trading and factory existed in a particular area. But based on this
interval, we also conclude that there is no statistically significant difference in mean Air
Quality Index between 3 harbours, because the 95% confidence interval includes the null
value, zero. Again, the confidence interval is a range of likely values for the difference in
means. Since the interval no difference, we do not have sufficient evidence to conclude that
there is a difference, the air quality index readings erratic and could not anticipate the
changes every time.

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4.0 OVERALL CONCLUSION

Based on our observation, we had concluded that the state with the highest rate of air
quality index is Port Klang with an AQI value of 44, followed by PasirGudang with AQI
value of 27 and the last port is Seri Manjung with AQI value of 24. The Port Klang being the
state with the highest rate of AQI value is due to itself, the busiest harbour in Malaysia where
the import and export trading occurs since its location were strategic for ship to port for
unloading and loading stocks.

With all the information that we had observed, we concluded that the increase of the
air quality index value that causing the higher air pollution occurs is due to the number ships
docked and where higher trading and factory existed in a particular area.

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