MATH EXAM REVIEWER

*Probability *Probability of Dependent and Independent Events *Percentiles

*Simple Ebent *Measure of Central Tendency *Quartile for

*Compound Event *Quartile Grouped data

*Union and Intersection *Deciles of Ungrouped Data *NME and ME

PROBABILITY

1.) Sample space- Set of all outcomes P(e)= outcomes

2.) Outcome- Each element of sample space Sample space

PROBABILITY OF SIMPLE EVENTS

A simple event is an event where all possible outcomes are equally likely to occur. So
the probability of simple events will have all possible outcomes equally likely to happen
or occur.
A set of all possible outcomes of an event is called sample space

Ex. A committee has 8 females and 12 males members. What is the probability of choosing a
female as the president of this commitee?

Probability of choosing a female as a president

=
P (choosing a female president) = 8/20 or 2/5

COMPOUND EVENTS
compound event is one in which there is more than one possible outcome.
compound event describes the probabilistic outcomes from two or more events. Probability of
a compound event is combination of probability of two or more simple events. For example,
rolling two dices or rolling a dice and tossing a coin.

Mutually Exclusive Events

Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time. Another
word that means mutually exclusive is disjoint.
If two events are disjoint, then the probability of them both occurring at the same time
is 0.

Disjoint: P(A and B) = 0

If two events are mutually exclusive, then the probability of either occurring is the
sum of the probabilities of each occurring.

Specific Addition Rule

Only valid when the events are mutually exclusive.

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)

Non-Mutually Exclusive Events

IF 2 Events can happen or occur at the same time

General Addition Rule

Always valid.

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Independent Events
When two events are said to be independent of each other, what this means is that the
probability that one event occurs in no way affects the probability of the other event occurring.
An example of two independent events is as follows; say you rolled a die and flipped a coin.
The probability of getting any number face on the die in no way influences the
probability of getting a head or a tail on the coin.

Dependent Events
When two events are said to be dependent, the probability of one event occurring influences
the likelihood of the other event.

For example, if you were to draw a two cards from a deck of 52 cards. If on your first draw you
had an ace and you put that aside, the probability of drawing an ace on the second draw
is greatly changed because you drew an ace the first time. Let's calculate these different
probabilities to see what's going on.
Example:

There are 4 Aces in a deck of 52 cards

On your first draw, the probability of getting an ace is given by:

If we don't return this card into the deck, the probability of drawing an ace on the second pick
is given by

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES

Rules

*Arrange to ascending order

Find MEDIAN MEAND MODE

Median-Middle part

MEAN- Use Formula

Mode- Most frequentscores in a array of data

EXAMPLE

QUARTILE

-The score points which divide a distribution into 4 equal parts

FORMULA=

DECILES

-Are the 9 points that divide into equal parts

FORMULA=
 PERCENTILES
-Are the 99 points that divide into 100 equal parts

FORMULA=

QUARTILES (GROUPED DATA)

FORMULA=

Quartiles for grouped data.

The formulae for calculating Q1, Q2 and Q3 for grouped data are:

where:

 is the lower limit of interval (or class) containing

 is the frequency of the interval containing

 w is the width of the interval containing
 cf is the cumulative frequency up to, but not including the interval.

Find Q1 from these grouped data:

Class Limit Frequency Cumulative frequency
0-10 2 2
10-20 3 5
20-30 5 10
30-40 2 12
40-50 6 18
50-60 2 20

N/4=5