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Rock
Physics
Jack P. Dvorkin
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 1
Preface
Interpretation of Seismic Data. The main geophysical tool for illuminating the
subsurface is seismic. Seismic data yield a map of the elastic properties of the
subsurface. This map is useful as long as it can be interpreted to delineate
structures and, most important, quantify reservoir properties. Rock physics
provides links between the sediment's elastic properties and its bulk properties
(porosity, lithology) and conditions (pore pressure and pore fluid).
Transform Function
From
Rock Physics
•Measure
•Relate
•Understand
Controlled Experiment
k Sw Vs
Vp P Vsh φ
LAB LOGS
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 1
Basics
Elasticity
n
T
u
x2 x2
Ti = σ ij n j 1 ∂ ui ∂ u j
ε ij = ( + )
x3 x3 2 ∂ x j ∂ xi
σ ij = σ ji i ≠ j; ε ij = ε ji i ≠ j.
σ ij = λδ ij ε αα + 2 µε ij ; ε ij = [(1 + ν )σ ij − νδ ij σ αα ] / E.
λ and µ -- Lame's constants; ν -- Poisson's ratio; E -- Young's modulus.
E = µ (3 λ + 2 µ ) / ( λ + µ )
ν = 0.5 λ / ( λ + µ )
Young σ zz = Mε zz Compressional
Z
σ zz = Eε zz
σ yy = λε zz =
ν = − ε xx / ε zz
X Shear [ λ / ( λ + 2 µ )]σ zz =
Y σ xx = σ yy =
[ ν / (1 − ν )]σ zz
σ xy = σ xz =
σ xz = 2 µε xz ε xx = ε yy =
σ yz = 0
ε xx = ε yy = ε zz = ε xy = 0 ε xy = ε xz = ε yz = 0
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 1
Basics
Dynamic and Static Elasticity
WAVE EQUATION
ε ~ 10-7
u(z)
Compressional σ(z) σ(z+dz) z
Experiment A dz
Vp = M / ρ = ( K + 4G / 3) / ρ ; V s = G / ρ;
Dynamic definitions:
M = ρ V p2 ; G = ρ V s2 ; K = ρ (V p2 − 4V s2 / 3); λ = ρ (V p2 − 2V s2 )
ε ~ 10-2
Sample 10156-58
70
60
Axial Stress (MPa)
40
Pc = 0
20
10
Courtesy Ali Mese
RADIAL AXIAL
0
-0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Strain
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 2
φ K Dry − (1 + φ )K f K Dry / Ks + K f
KSat = Ks
(1 − φ )K f + φ Ks − K f K Dry / Ks
1 − (1 − φ )KSat / Ks − φ KSat / K f
K Dry = Ks
1 + φ − φ Ks / K f − KSat / Ks
4
V p = ( KSat + GDry ) / ρ Sat
3
Vs = GDry / ρ Sat
ρSat = ρ Dry + φρ Fluid > ρ Dry
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 3
1 φ 1− φ
Recommended Parameters
= + P-wave Velocity
V p V Fluid V Solid in Solid Phase
Rock Type Vsolid (km/s)
Sandstone 5.480 to 5.950 P-wave Velocity
Limestone 6.400 to 7.000 Sound Speed
Dolomite 7.000 to 7.925 In Pore Fluid
6 6
Raymer’s equation is more
accurate than Wyllie’s. Consolidated CLEAN
SANDSTONES
Sands SANDSTONES
w/CLAY
4 Fast
Sands
4
Examples of applying 3
Wyllie’s and Raymer’s
equation to sandstone Soft Slow
Sands
lab data
2 3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 3 4 5 6
Porosity Vp Measured (km/s)
Han (1986) Equations for Consolidated Sandstones (Empirical, Ultrasonic Lab Measurements)
Vp and Vs are in km/s; the total porosity φ is in fractions; volumetric clay content
in the whole rock (not in the solid phase) C is in fractions.
Tosaya (1982) Equations for Shaley Sandstones (Empirical, Ultrasonic Lab Measurements)
Vp and Vs are in km/s; the total porosity φ is in fractions; volumetric clay content
in the whole rock (not in the solid phase) C is in fractions.
Eberhart-Phillips (1989) Equations for Shaley Sandstones (Empirical, Based on Han’s Data)
0.8
Rock Salt 36% - 40% Glass Beads
Cracked Igneous Rocks 3% - 6% Limestone
Oceanic Basalts 20%
Rock Salt
Sintered Glass Beads 36% - 40%
Glass Foam 85% - 90% 0.6 Clean Sandstone
80 Cracked
0.4
Compressional Modulus (GPa)
Igneous Rocks
with
Percolating
60
Cracks
0.2
40
Pumice
with
Honeycomb 0
20 Structure 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Porosity/Critical Porosity
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Examples of using Critical Porosity Concept
Porosity to mimic lab data
Contact Cement Model (Theoretical)
Cement's Cement's
Critical Porosity Compressional Shear
Coordination Modulus Modulus
Number
n(1 − φ c )Mc Sn 3K Dry 3n(1 − φ c )Gc Sτ
K Dry = GDry = +
6 5 20
Dry-Rock Dry-Rock
Bulk Modulus Shear Modulus
Sn = An (Λ n )α 2 + Bn (Λ n )α + Cn (Λ n ), An (Λ n ) = −0.024153 ⋅ Λ n −1.3646 ,
Bn (Λ n ) = 0.20405 ⋅ Λ n −0.89008 , Cn (Λ n ) = 0.00024649 ⋅ Λ n −1.9864 ; Contact
Cement
Sτ = Aτ (Λ τ , ν s )α 2 + Bτ (Λ τ , ν s )α + Cτ (Λ τ , ν s ), Model
Elastic Modulus
2
Aτ (Λ τ , ν s ) = −10 −2 ⋅ (2.26 ν s 2 + 2.07 ν s + 2.3) ⋅ Λ τ 0.079 ν s + 0.1754 ν s −1.342
,
2
Bτ (Λ τ , ν s ) = (0.0573ν s 2 + 0.0937 ν s + 0.202) ⋅ Λ τ 0.0274 ν s + 0.0529 ν s − 0.8765
,
2
Cτ (Λ τ , ν s ) = 10 −4 ⋅ (9.654 ν s 2 + 4.945ν s + 3.1) ⋅ Λ τ 0.01867 ν s + 0.4011 ν s −1.8186
;
Λ n = 2Gc (1 − ν s )(1 − νc ) / [ π Gs (1 − 2 νc )], Λ τ = Gc / ( π Gs );
α = [(2 / 3)(φ c − φ ) / (1 − φ c )]0.5 ; 0.30 0.35 0.40
Porosity
νc = 0.5(Kc / Gc − 2 / 3) / (Kc / Gc + 1 / 3);
ν s = 0.5(Ks / Gs − 2 / 3) / (Ks / Gs + 1 / 3).
φ / φc 1 − φ / φ c −1 4 Uncemented Sand
K Dry = [ + ] − GHM , Model
K HM + 3 GHM K + 43 GHM
4
3
Elastic Modulus
φ / φc 1 − φ / φ c −1 G 9K + 8GHM
GDry = [ + ] − z, z = HM HM ;
GHM + z G+z 6 K HM + 2GHM
1 1
n 2 (1 − φ c )2 G 2 3 5 − 4 ν 3n 2 (1 − φ c )2 G 2 3
K HM =[ P] , GHM = [ P] .
18π 2 (1 − ν )2 5(2 − ν ) 2 π 2 (1 − ν )2
0.30 0.35 0.40
Porosity
In the above equations, K stands for bulk modulus and G stands for shear modulus. ν is
Poisson’s ratio. Subscript ”c” with a modulus means “cement” and subscript ”s” means
grain material. φ is the total porosity, and φc is critical porosity. P is differential pressure.
All units have to be consistent.
Constant Cement Model (Theoretical)
Constant
Cement
φ / φb 1 − φ / φ b −1 Model
Kdry = ( + ) − 4Gb / 3,
Elastic Modulus
Kb + 4Gb / 3 Ks + 4Gb / 3
φ / φ b 1 − φ / φ b −1 G 9Kb + 8Gb
Gdry = ( + ) − z, z = b .
Gb + z Gs + z 6 Kb + 2Gb
φb is porosity (smaller than φc) at which contact cement trend turns into constant
cement trend. Elastic moduli with subscript “b” are the moduli at porosity φb. φ
b
These moduli are calculated from the contact cement theory with φ = φb. 0.30 0.35 0.40
Porosity
Depth (mbsf)
80
(1 − φ ) / (1 − φ c ) (φ − φ c ) / (1 − φ c ) −1 4
K Dry = [ + ] − GHM ,
K HM + 43 GHM 4
3 GHM 3 100
(1 − φ ) / (1 − φ c ) (φ − φ c ) / (1 − φ c ) −1
GDry = [ + ] − z, 120
Data
GHM + z z This Model
Suspension
Kb + 3 Gs Ks + 43 Gs
4
3 50 Hashin-Shtrikman
φ / φ b 1 − φ / φ b −1 G 9Ks + 8Gs 40
GDry = [ + ] − z, z = s .
Gb + z Gs + z 6 Ks + 2Gs 30
20 (K Phi )
Elastic moduli with subscript “b” are the moduli at porosity φb. These moduli can b b
be calculated from the contact cement theory with φ = φb, or chosen at some initial
10
point as suggested by data.
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Porosity
Dry
Non-Load-Bearing Clay Clay < 35% 3% < Clay < 18% All Samples
Model (Theoretical)
No Clay
5
Quartz Contact
Cement Cement Constant Contact 3.5 Constant
4
Cement Cement Cement
Contact
P-WAVAE VELOCITY (km/s)
Clay Cement
Elastic Modulus
Vp (km/s)
Cement
3.0
CORE DATA
Friable Sorting #2
3 SATURATED
Initial
Friable Sand 2.5
Pack #1
Non-Contact
Cement
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
2
Porosity Porosity
0.2 0.3
POROSITY
35
Friable
30 8 Contact
Cement
M-Modulus (GPa)
Equation
25
Contact
Cement
7
20
P-Impedance
15 6
10
14 Unconsolidated
Shale
12 4
Equation
10
Total Porosity
8
Contact
6 Cement
Vp (km/s)
4 4
Acae_7
Depth > 9.5 kft
Caliper < 9.5
11
SHALE
10
P-Wave Impedance
9
5
SAND 4
SAND
SHALE
Vp and Vs
Summary of Theories
Dvorkin/RockPhysics 5
2 i =1 j = 0 i =1 j =0
Any mineral
4
SW = 100%
∑X
i =1
i =1