WHAT ARE THE CONFIDENCE INTERVALS AND P

VALUES?
Confidence interval: A confidence interval is a range of values, derived from the
statistical sample, possibly including the value of a parameter unknown population.
Because of its random nature, it is unlikely that two samples of a particular population
produce confidence intervals identical.Confidence intervals help us with the
interpretation of data from clinical trials as they give an upper and lower limit of the
likely size of any real effect.
A p-value is calculated to evaluate whether the test results are likely to occur due to
chance (assuming there is no real difference between the new treatment and above,
and assuming, of course, that the study was conducted well ).

Confidence intervals are preferable to the values of p, and tell us the distance of
possible effect sizes compatible with the data, unlike the values of p simply provide
a limit beyond which we say that the findings are statistically significant (by
convention, that is p <0.05).
To understand the use of confidence intervals must also understand the logic of
hypothesis testing and p-values we will build in the following example: Suppose a
new treatment appears to outperform standard therapy in a research study, we are
interested in determine whether this effect is likely to be real or it could just be a
chance finding: p values help us do this.
When calculating the value of p, the first thing we assume is that there is no real
difference between the two treatments, this is called null hypothesis. Then calculate
the probability to see the difference we have observed only happen if our assumption
is true, we do this to verify that there is no difference and thus the value of p is
obtained.
So the value of p is the probability that we would observe such great effects as those
observed in the study if there was really no difference between treatments. If p is
small, the findings are unlikely to have arisen by chance and who reject the idea that
there is no difference between the two treatments (the null hypothesis is rejected). If
p is large, it is possible that the observed difference is an incidental finding, not the
idea that there is no difference between treatments is rejected. Note that the idea is
not rejected, but neither accept.
The contribution that had the document is to understand in depth the issue of value
ranges and value of p, it is an issue we're seeing these days in the class of probability
theory and therefore is quite useful this reading. I personally provided the theoretical
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As a conclusion we can say that the confidence intervals and p values take as its
starting point the results observed in a study. Fundamentally, we must first check
that the study is an unbiased study. The question we ask about confidence intervals
is: what is the range of the actual effects that is consistent with this data? The
confidence interval is only an interval such that 95% of the time will contain the true
value of the principal measure of effect.
The main measure of effect can be displayed in below table as appropriate.

That said we have two options:

1. If the confidence interval accepts the value of any effect (for example, no
difference between two treatments as equal to one or zero absolute difference
shown by a relative risk), then the results are not significant.

2. If the confidence interval does not accept the difference value, then the results
are statistically significant. Therefore, confidence intervals provide the same
information as a p value. But more than this: the upper and lower limits of the
confidence interval also tell us how big or small the real effect could be and
still give us the results observed
This additional information is very useful because it allows us to interpret both
marginal significance and non-significance. Confidence intervals large studies tend
to be quite small.