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*PHYSICAL / INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

(BT 303)

Course Co-ordinator
Dr. Mahera Moin
DCOB, Dow University of Health
Sciences

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Chapter 2

Chemical Equilibrium

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* Learning Objectives:
You should be able to define:

* Reversible reactions

* Irreversible reactions

* Chemical equilibrium

* Homogenous equilibria

* Heterogenous equilibria

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Irreversible and Reversible Reactions
Irreversible Reactions
Most of the reactions occur only in one direction. They are
called irreversible reactions.

For example when carbon is burnt in air to form carbon dioxide


the reaction goes only in one direction i.e. in the direction of
formation of carbon dioxide

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Reversible Reactions
Reversible Reactions
A reaction is said to be reversible if under certain conditions of
temperature and pressure, the forward and reverse reactions occur
simultaneously

The reactants in the forward reaction are on the left of the arrows.
The reactants in the reverse reaction are on the right of the arrows.
In the forward reaction, nitrogen and hydrogen combine to form the
product, ammonia. In the reverse reaction, ammonia decomposes
into the products hydrogen and nitrogen

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Reversible Reactions
Reversible Reactions

Figure a shows a Figure b: As H₂ Figure c and d: As the reaction proceeds,


mixture of N₂ and and N₂ combine to the rate of the forward reaction continues
H₂ just as the form NH₃, their to decrease and the rate of reverse reaction
reaction begins at a concentration continues to increase until the two rates are
definite, initial rate. decreases equal
No NH₃ is present,
hence only the
forward reaction can 8
occur
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Chemical Equilibrium
A reversible reaction is said to be in the equilibrium state when
the forward and backward reaction occur simultaneously at the
same rate in a closed system and the concentrations of
reactants and products do not change with time and get
constant. However, that does not mean that the amounts or
concentration of reactants and products are gone equal

Figure c and d: As the reaction proceeds, the rate of the forward reaction continues
to decrease and the rate of reverse reaction continues to increase until the two rates are
equal

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Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium can also be defined as a state in which
the forward and reverse reactions balance each other because
they take place at equal rates

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Chemical Equilibrium
Homogeneous Equilibria
The type of equilibrium in which all the reactants and the
products are in the same physical state

Heterogenous Equilibria
When the reactants and the products are present in more than
one physical state, the equilibrium is called a heterogenous
equilibria

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* References and Further Reading:
*Essentials of Physical Chemistry by Arun Bhal, BS Bhal,
GD Tuli Reprint 2016

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*Thank you

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