1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This hull form report is to show how the designing phase of the hull form was conducted.
Besides that, in this report is also to present the hydrostatic data calculation whether in
manually or maxsurf modeller data. For your kind information, designing phase of the
hull form is being done by three designers that produced their own lines plan based on the
same main dimension that has been done in project 1. This process was done to make sure
that we can get the result of hydrostatic data from different three designers and at the of
the process we can select the best results among the three designers.

This part of hull form report is very salient because by designing the phase of the hull
form in the maxsurf modeller we can produce the hydrostatic data calculated by the
maxsurf and the we can know whether the designing ship fulfilled the client requirement
or not. Moreover, it is also showed us the stability and the details condition of the ship.

Next, how this project was done by divided into 4 parts that are firstly, make sure we have
the main dimension that has been done in the project 1. Second step is designed the hull
form by using maxsurf modeller and undergo all the process by referred the guidance
given. The third step is calculating the hydrostatic data manually then compared to
hydrostatic data calculated by maxsurf modeller. Last part is choosing the best result of
hydrostatic data from the total of three preliminary hull form design by three designers.

Last but not least, our expected outcomes are we get the best result of the hull form design
in term of results of fairing, Bonjean curve, sectional area curve and hydrostatic curve and
also the best result of the hydrostatic data to make sure the client are satisfied with the
vessel’s final design and specifications.
 2

2.0 AIMS OF REPORT

 To present the detailed procedure taken and data used in obtaining the hull form
design.
 To express how the designing processes is being done by using Maxsurf Modeler
Advanced software.
 To show the hull form designs gained from each designer.
 To indicate the detailed calculation to calculate the hydrostatic particulars that has
been done by the designers.
 3

3.0 HULL FORM DESIGN

3.1 Hull Form Design Procedure and Basis Ship Data/Control Points

After finish design the dimension of 10000 DWT general cargo. The shape of the hull
form is designed in the maxsurf software. There are several steps in order to design the
shape of the hull form which is based on the certain references. The steps to design the
hull form of the 10000 DWT general cargo are:

1. Open the Maxsurf Modeler

In the maxsurf software, there are several types of maxsurf such as maxsurf stability,
maxsurf fitting, maxsurf link resistance and maxsurf modeler. Therefore, goes to maxsurf
software folder and choose maxsurf modeler to begin the design.

2. Check unit

Unit is very important when design a hull form in the maxsurf software. Therefore, the
unit must be corrected first. Firstly, click data on the software tools and then click unit.
Change the unit to meters and tonnes.
 4

3. Add Surface

To add the surface, click surfaces on the tool box and the choose add surface. After that
click default. Then, you will see the surface will change into the shape of ship.
 5

4. Set a Surface Dimension

Click surfaces on the tool box and then click size surface. Then, set the length, beam and
depth based on the design dimension of 10000 DWT general cargo ship which are 128.6
m, 19.78 m and 11.64 m respectively.
 6

5. Add a Control Points

i. Add Row
Firstly, click on the body plan view. Next, click controls on the tool box and then
click add row. There are several points of row that must be added at the hull form
in order to get a smooth shape of the hull form.

ii. Add Column

Firstly, click on the profile view. Next, click controls on the tool box and then
click add column.
 7

The control points can adjust the shape of the hull form. Therefore, the control point must
be added and adjusted correctly according to the design dimension of the 10000 DWT
general cargo. The control points must not exceed the design dimension. For example, the
control point at the body plan view must not exceed the beam of the hull form.

Therefore, in order to smooth the design of the hull form, the control point must be check
consistently. In order to check the control point, click on the control point and adjust the
properties of the control point and ensure that the control points are within the range of
the design dimension. This is very important part because if the control points exceed the
range of the design dimension, the length, beam and depth of the design hull form will be
false and it will affect the hydrostatic data of the 10000 DWT general cargo ship.

The figure below show the properties of the control point that can be adjusted in order to
make the hull form smoothly and not exceed the range of the design dimension.
 8

6. Change a Surface Properties

In the surface properties, the name, type and stiffness of the hull form can be changed.
Firstly, click on the surfaces and then click on the surface properties. After click the
surface properties, click default. For this 10000 DWT general cargo, the number of
stiffness for longitudinal and transverse are four and four respectively. But, it is not
necessary to design it four. Besides, the number of stiffness can be adjusted to five or
more for the further design.
 9

7. Set the Frame of Reference

Firstly, click data on the tool box. Then click frame of reference. In the frame of reference,
the point of reference can be set by click on the baseline and midship. Before that, at
vertical datum, click on the “find base”. When click the find base, the value of the baseline
will change -11.64 m, then set the DWL to -3.14. For the longitudinal datum, click on the
“set to DWL” at top, then click the “set to DWL” at bottom. Finally, click ok.
 10

8. Design Grid

Design grid is the setting to set and adjust the number of waterline, buttock line and station
of the hull form. To open design grid setting, click data on the tool box and then click
design grid.

For the waterline, firstly click add and put the number of station. The number of station
is not limited. For the 10000 DWT general cargo, the waterline is being added to 11 or
21. Meanwhile for the buttock line and waterline are based on the space. After add the
station, click space and set the space to “evenly between perpendiculars”. Then click ok.
 11

For the number of the buttock line and waterline, it depends on the beam and draft of the
design dimension of the 10000 DWT general cargo. For this design, the draft is 8.5 m,
therefore, the number of waterline is 10 including waterline zero and design waterline.
But in the design grid setting, the design waterline is not being included. Thus, the number
of waterline in the design grid is only nine. The space of the waterline is 1 m and started
from 0 m.

The space of the waterline also can be adjusted to 2 m. Therefore, the number of waterline
will be five. For the buttock line, the number of the buttock line is being added to nine
because the design beam divided by two is 9.89 m. There are no such as buttock line zero.
The space of the buttock line is 1 m. If the space of the buttock line is 2 m, the number of
the buttock line will be four.

To see the grid, on the view of the sections, buttock and waterline located on the tool box.
The line of the grid will change according to the design of the hull form.
 12

9. Design Hull Form

In order to design the 10000 DWT general cargo hull form, the control point must be
adjusted and form the shape of the hull. The shape of the hull form can be referred from
the others general cargo lines plan drawing. In order to adjust the control points, double-
click the control points and adjust the control point properties.
 13

By adjusting the control point, the hull from of 10000 DWT general cargo can be design
in the maxsurf. There are several important designs that must be made according to
references such as bulbous bow, form of stern and transom. For the general view, this
10000 DWT general cargo hull form is designed based on figure 1: the lines plane of a
general cargo (Papanikolauo, 2004, page 363) that can be referred at appendix A.

i. Bulbous Bow
Bulbous bow is designed to reduce the wave resistance by countering the
wavelength. Therefore, the correct design for the bulbous bow is very
important. Thus, the shape of the bulbous bow can be referred from figure 2:
alternative cross section sections of bulbous bows (Papanikolauo, 2004, page
335) that can be referred at appendix A.
The size and the centroid position of the bulbous bow should be considered.
Refere appendix A, figure 3 (Papanikolaou, 2004, page 337-338).
ii. Form of Stern
Form of stern is based on the type of rudder that been decided in the design.
For this 10000 DWT general cargo, the type of rudder is assumed as the
hanging or suspended rudder. Therefore, the shape of the form of stern can be
referred on the figure 4 (Appendix A) and table 1 (Appendix B), clearances
between propeller and stern-hull for suspended/hanging rudder by
Abrahamsem (Papanikolaou, 2004, page 353).
iii. Transom
In order to design the correct transom for 10000 DWT general cargo ship. The
shape of the transom can be referred to figure 5: various type of transom sterns
(Papanikolaou, 2004, page 355) that can be referred at appendix A.

10. Correcting the design of the hull form compared to the hydrostatic data.

After design the bulbous bow, transom and form of stern, it is necessary to check the
shape of the hull form by adjusting the control point at each view such as profile, body
plane and plan. But, the hydrostatic data must be checked in order to satisfy the design
dimension of the 10000 DWT general cargo ship. In order to check the hydrostatic data,
 14

click data and then click calculate hydrostatic. If the value of the hydrostatic data such as
displacement, volume displaced and block coefficient does not match with the design
dimension, the shape of the hull form must be designed again.

Usually, the small block coefficient such as this 10000 DWT general cargo ship which is
0.64 can be made by adjusting the control points at body plan view.

If the block coefficient does not reduce to 0.64, the control points at another side can be
adjusted by narrow the control points. It is hard to adjust the design of the hull form to
satisfy the design dimension of the 10000 DWT general cargo ship. Therefore, the
 15

maxsurf modeler advance can be used. The maxsurf modeler advanced can adjust the
hydrostatic data automatically by keep the certain data constant. To use the maxsurf
modeler advanced, firstly open the maxsurf modeler advanced and then open the design
that been save in the maxsurf modeler before.

Therefore, in order to adjust the design of the hull form automatically, click data and then
click “parametric transformation”. After setting all the requirement needed, click ok.
 16

Hence, repeat the steps in order to get the design dimension of 10000 DWT general cargo
ship.

11. Fairing Process and Finalizing Design

Fairing process is vital in ensuring the smoothness of the surface hull. After getting the
correct design of hull form for 10000 DWT general cargo. Click the perspective view in
the maxsurf and then click rendering to see the overall design of the hull form.
 17

12. Transfer to AutoCad

To transfer the design of the hull form maxsurf to autoCad, click on the view for example
body plan, then click file, then click export and then click DXF and IGES. Save the export
file.

Open the DXF file, and then the design body plan can be seen and adjusted in the autocad
software.

Transfer the data for both plan and profile view to the autocad.
 18

13. Tidy-up the Lines Plan

Tidy-up the lines plan by referring another general cargo lines plan. In the autocad, the
structure such as bulwark, forecastle deck, upper bulwark and pop deck can be made.

i. Draw the sheer plan

Sheer is the arc at the main deck lengthwise. For sheer height, it can be
calculated using this formula:
Part Formula Calculation
𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
25 × ( + 10) 25 × ( + 10)
AP 3 3
= 1321.67 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
11.1 × ( + 10) 11.1 × ( + 10)
1/6 LPP from AP 3 3
= 586.82 𝑚𝑚
𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
2.8 × ( + 10) 2.8 × ( + 10)
1/3 LPP from AP 3 3
= 148.03 𝑚𝑚
At Midship, the height
Midship of the sheer follow the = 0 𝑚𝑚
design height.
1/3 LPP from FP 𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
5.6 × ( + 10) 5.6 × ( + 10)
3 3
= 296.05 𝑚𝑚
1/6 LPP from FP 𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
22.2 × ( + 10) 22.2 × ( + 10)
3 3
= 1173.64 𝑚𝑚
FP 𝐿𝑝𝑝 128.6
50 × ( + 10) 50 × ( + 10)
3 3
= 2643.33 𝑚𝑚

The value at every part from a table above must be added to design height
which is 11.64 m.
 19

ii. Constructions on ship plan (superstructure)

To calculate the superstructure, the formulas given are tabulated as below:
Part Formula Calculation
At the bow ship
a) Height of Bulwark 0.9 m to 1.4 m Choose 1 m
b) Length of Forecastle 7% Lpp 0.07 x 128.6 = 9.002 m
c) Height of Forecastle 1.7 m to 2.4 m Choose 2.4 m
At the stern ship
a) Height of Bulwark 0.9 m to 1.4 m Choose 1 m
b) Length of Poop Deck 23% Lpp 0.23 x 128.6 = 29.578 m
c) Height of Poop Deck 1.7 m to 2.4 m Choose 2.4 m

The figures below show the dimension to construct the superstructure.

iii. The principle dimension

The principle dimension shows the general data for the design 10000 DWT
general cargo ship.
 20

iv. Table of offset

There are two types of table offset such as half-breadth plan and height above
baseline. To calculate the table offset, every requirement dimension for each
part must be measured in the autocad.
 21

v. Title block
The title block shows the designer name, scale and others information about
the drawing.
 22

3.2 Result

3.2.1 3D Hull Form

Design 1: Ruslan Bukhari bin Ruslan

 23

Design 2: Nor Azrulikie bin Abu Bakar

 24

Design 3: Ummu Saiyidah Najihah binti Zainudin

 25

3.2.2 Lines Plan Drawing

Design 1: Ruslan Bukhari bin Ruslan

 26

Design 2: Nor Azrulikie bin Abu Bakar

 27

Design 3: Ummu Saiyidah Najihah binti Zainudin

 28

4.0 HYDROSTATIC PARTICULARS

4.1 Hydrostatic Calculation Procedure (Maxsurf)

Maxsurf software generate the hydrostatic data value automatically. But, there are certain
values that must be put into the software such as length, beam and depth of the 10000
DWT general cargo ship. Therefore, there are also steps that must be done to see the result
from the maxsurf such as hydrostatic data, section area curve, Bonjean curve and
hydrostatic curve.

1. Hydrostatic Data

Hydrostatic data can be check directly from the Maxsurf modeler. To see the hydrostatic
data, click data on tool box, then click calculate hydrostatic. In the hydrostatic data, the
approximate values generated by maxsurf can be seen. In the hydrostatic data generated
by maxsurf, it also shows the unit of the parameter. Therefore, when open the maxsurf
modeler, it is very important to check the unit first before start the design of the hull form.
The precision of the hydrostatic data values also can be changed from normal to high for
further analysis.
 29

2. Section Area Curve, Bonjean Curve and Hydrostatic Curve.

The section area curve cannot be generated in the maxsurf modeler. Therefore, to generate
the section area curve, the maxsurf stability advanced software can be used. Firstly, open
the design that been saved before in the maxsurf stability advance.
 30

Then click analysis on the software tool box and then click displacement. In the
displacement range properties, set the initial displacement to 0 tonnes and set the final
displacement to design displacement which is 14227.24 tonnes for 10000 DWT general
cargo ship. Next, click ok.

For the next step, click analysis again on the tool box and then click draft. For the draft
range properties, set the initial and final draft amidships to 0 m and 8.5 m respectively.
Then, click ok.
 31

After that, click start analysis (the green one). The maxsurf will analyze the data for the
design 10000 DWT general cargo ship.

Therefore, to see the graph data, click window on the tool box, then click graph. When
click the graph, there several graphs that can be seen such as section area curve, Bonjean
curve and hydrostatic curve.

Thus, the graph will appear on the screen. There are four available graphs that can be seen
such as section area curve, Bonjean curve, hydrostatic curve and curve of form.
32
 33

4.2 Result (Hydrostatic Data and Graph)

Design 1: Ruslan Bukhari bin Ruslan

1. Hydrostatic Data from Maxsurf

No. Measurement Value Unit

1 Displacement 14359 t
2 Volume (displaced) 14008.457 m^3
3 Draft Amidships 8.5 m
4 Immersed depth 8.5 m
5 WL Length 130.141 m
6 Beam max extents on WL 19.776 m
7 Wetted Area 3579.27 m^2
8 Max sect. area 167.102 m^2
9 Waterpl. Area 2030.497 m^2
10 Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.644
11 Block coeff. (Cb) 0.64
12 Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 0.995
13 Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.789
14 LCB length -0.523 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
15 LCF length -3.067 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
16 LCB % -0.402 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
17 LCF % -2.356 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
18 KB 4.634 m
19 KG fluid 0 m
20 BMt 3.794 m
21 BML 145.331 m
22 GMt corrected 8.428 m
23 GML 149.965 m
24 KMt 8.428 m
25 KML 149.965 m
26 Immersion (TPc) 20.813 tonne/cm
27 MTc 167.441 tonne.m
 34

2. Area Section Curve

 35

3. Hydrostatic Curve
 36

3. Bonjean Curve
 37

Design 2: Nor Azrulikie bin Abu Bakar

1. Hydrostatic Data from Maxsurf

No Measurement Value Units

1 Displacement 14435 t
2 Volume (displaced) 14082.818 m^3
3 Draft Amidships 8.5 m
4 Immersed depth 8.5 m
5 WL Length 131.091 m
6 Beam max extents on WL 19.779 m
7 Wetted Area 3605.196 m^2
8 Max sect. area 162.661 m^2
9 Waterplane Area 1994.439 m^2
10 Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.66
11 Block coeff. (Cb) 0.639
12 Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 0.968
13 Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.769
14 LCB length -1.137 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
15 LCF length -5.162 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
16 LCB % -0.867 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
17 LCF % -3.938 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
18 KB 4.562 m
19 KG fluid 0 m
20 BMt 3.542 m
21 BML 143.685 m
22 GMt corrected 8.104 m
23 GML 148.248 m
24 KMt 8.104 m
 38

25 KML 148.248 m
26 Immersion (TPc) 20.443 tonne/cm
27 MTc 166.403 tonne.m
28 RM at 1deg = GMt.Disp.sin(1) 2041.562 tonne.m
29 Length:Beam ratio 6.628
30 Beam:Draft ratio 2.327
31 Length:Vol^0.333 ratio 5.428
32 Precision Medium 65 stations
 39

2. Section Area Curve

 40

3. Bonjean Curve
 41

4. Hydrostatic Curve
 42

Design 3: Ummu Saiyidah binti Zainudin

1. Hydrostatic Data from Maxsurf

No Measurement Value Units

1 Displacement 14412 t
2 Volume (displaced) 14060.328 m^3
3 Draft Amidships 8.5 m
4 Immersed depth 8.464 m
5 WL Length 131.14 m
6 Beam max extents on WL 19.777 m
7 Wetted Area 3577.497 m^2
8 Max sect. area 162.648 m^2
9 Waterpl. Area 1967.275 m^2
10 Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.659
11 Block coeff. (Cb) 0.641
12 Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 0.98
13 Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.759
14 LCB length 6.577 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
15 LCF length 4.142 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) m
16 LCB % 5.015 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
17 LCF % 3.158 from zero pt. (+ve fwd) % Lwl
18 KB 4.573 m
19 KG fluid 0 m
20 BMt 3.669 m
21 BML 133.337 m
22 GMt corrected 8.241 m
23 GML 137.91 m
24 KMt 8.241 m
25 KML 137.91 m
26 Immersion (TPc) 20.165 tonne/cm
 43

27 MTc 154.552 tonne.m

28 RM at 1deg = GMt.Disp.sin(1) 2072.846 tonne.m
29 Length:Beam ratio 6.631
30 Beam:Draft ratio 2.337
31 Length:Vol^0.333 ratio 5.433
32 Precision Medium 64 stations
 44

2. Section Area Curve

 45

3. Bonjean Curve
 46

4. Hydrostatic Curve
 47

4.3 Verification of Result

Design 1: Ruslan Bukhari bin Ruslan

Hydrostatic particular was being calculated manually by the past naval architect. Now,
although the data can easily be extracted from software like Maxsurf, it is essential for a
naval architect to clarify the result. In order to do this, formulas used to calculate the data
is necessary.

Sample Calculation

Designed Waterplane
ST offset SM fAw lever fML lever fIL y3 SM fIT
0 2.037 0.5 1.019 -5 -5.093 -5 25.463 8.452 0.5 4.226
0.5 4.556 2 9.112 -4.5 -41.004 -4.5 184.518 94.570 2 189.139
1 7.14 1 7.140 -4 -28.560 -4 114.240 363.994 1 363.994
1.5 8.29 2 16.580 -3.5 -58.030 -3.5 203.105 569.723 2 1139.446
2 8.84 1.5 13.260 -3 -39.780 -3 119.340 690.807 1.5 1036.211
3 9.664 4 38.656 -2 -77.312 -2 154.624 902.549 4 3610.196
4 9.874 2 19.748 -1 -19.748 -1 19.748 962.674 2 1925.349
5 9.872 4 39.488 0 0.000 0 0.000 962.089 4 3848.358
6 9.726 2 19.452 1 19.452 1 19.452 920.032 2 1840.063
7 9.269 4 37.076 2 74.152 2 148.304 796.340 4 3185.361
8 7.957 1.5 11.936 3 35.807 3 107.420 503.788 1.5 755.682
8.5 6.575 2 13.150 3.5 46.025 3.5 161.088 284.241 2 568.483
9 4.6 0.75 3.450 4 13.800 4 55.200 97.336 0.75 73.002
9.25 3.512 1 3.512 4.25 14.926 4.25 63.436 43.318 1 43.318
9.5 2.441 0.5 1.221 4.5 5.492 4.5 24.715 14.545 0.5 7.272
9.75 1.367 1 1.367 4.75 6.493 4.75 30.843 2.554 1 2.554
10 0 0.25 0.000 5 0.000 5 0.000 0.000 0.25 0.000
236.166 -53.380 1431.494 7217.013 18592.654

1
Waterplane Area (Aw) = 3 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴𝑤 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2

1 128.6
= 3 𝑥 236.166 𝑥 𝑥2
10

= 2024.726 m2

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿
LCF = Σ𝑓𝐴𝑤 𝑥 ℎ

−53.380 128.6
= 236.166 𝑥 10
 48

= -2.907 m from amidship

1
ILamidship = 3 x Σ𝑓𝐼𝐿 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2

1
= 3 x 1431.494 𝑥 12.86 𝑥 12.86 𝑥 12.86 𝑥 2

= 2029650.209 m4

ILLCF = ILamidship + Aw (k2) ; k = LCF

= 2029650.209 + 2024.726 ( -2.9072)

= 2012543.589 m4

1 1
IT = 3 x Σ𝑓𝐼𝑇 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑥 3

1
= 9 x 18592.654 x 12.86 x 2

= 53133.672 m4

𝜌𝐴𝑤
TPIcm = 100

1.025 𝑥 2024.726
= 100

= 20.753 tonnes/cm

𝜌𝐼𝐿
MCTcm = 100 𝑥 𝐿

1.025 𝑥 2012543.589
= 100 𝑥 128.6

= 160.409 tm/cm
 49

𝐴𝑤
Cw = 𝐿𝑤𝑙 𝑥 𝐵𝑤𝑙

2024.726
= 128.6 𝑥 9.874 𝑥 2

= 0.797

However, the waterplane area at designed waterline is also consist the area at transom. To
have a more accurate data on hydrostatic particular, this area must also be calculated.

ST offset SM fAw lever fML lever fIL y3 SM fIT

TRSM 1.729 1 1.729 -2 -3.458 -2 6.916 5.169 1 5.169
(TRSM+0)/2 1.8675 4 7.47 -1 -7.47 -1 7.470 6.513 4 26.052
0 2.037 1 2.037 0 0 0 0.000 8.452 1 8.452
11.236 -10.928 14.386 39.673

Similarly, formula above being used to calculate the particular. The result got is:

Aw(TRSM-0) = 5.787 m2

LCF(TRSM-0) = -0.751 m from AP

IL(AP) = 4.421 m4

ILLCF(TRSM-0) = 1.155 m4

IT = 6.811 m4

TPIcm = 0.059 tonnes/cm

MCTcm = 0.008 tm/cm

Cw = 0.919

The overall result can be get by;

Aw = Aw (0-20) + Aw(TRSM – 0)

= 2024.726 m2 + 5.787m2

= 2030.512 m2
 50

LCF;

Item Area LCF(m from midship)fAL

Aw(0-20) 2024.72555 -2.907 -5885.254
Aw(TRSM-0) 5.78654 -65.051 -376.4221
2030.51209 -6261.676

ΣfAL −6261.676
LCF = = = -3.084 m from amidship
ΣA 2030.512

ILLCF = [ ILLCF(0 – 20) + Aw(0 – 20)(k2) ]+ [ ILLCF(TRSM - 0) + Aw(TRSM -

0)(k2) ]

= 2012543.589 + 2024.726(3.084 -2.907)2 + 1.155 + 5.787(0.751 +64.3 –

3.084)2

= 2034828.417 m4

IT = IT(0-20) + IT(TRSM – 0)

= 53133.672 + 6.811

= 53140.483 m4

𝜌𝐴𝑤 1.025 𝑥 2030.512

TPIcm = = = 20.813 tonnes/cm
100 100

𝜌𝐼𝐿 1.025 𝑥 2034828.417

MCTcm = 100 𝑥 𝐿 = = 160.260 tm/cm
100 𝑥 (128.6+1.545)

𝐴𝑤 2030.512
Cw = 𝐿𝑤𝑙 𝑥 𝐵𝑤𝑙 = (128.6+1.545)𝑥 9.874 𝑥 2 = 0.79
 51

The above procedure is then repeated for each waterline up to designed waterline. In
addition, the half waterline is also calculated at waterline 0.5 and waterline 8.25. This is
to assist in the calculation of the volume displaced by the vessel.

Volume (0-4)

Waterplane Area SM fV lever fML

Baseline 539.625 1 539.625 0 0.000
WL1 1501.893 4 6007.571 1 6007.571
WL2 1685.852 2 3371.704 2 6743.407
WL3 1823.522 4 7294.090 3 21882.269
WL4 1985.539 1 1985.539 4 7942.156
19198.528 42575.403

1 1
Volume(WL0 – WL4) = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝑉 𝑥 𝑤 = 3 𝑥 19198.28 𝑥 2 = 12799.02 m3
3

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿 42575.403
VCB = 𝑥 𝑤 = 19198.528 𝑥 2 = 4.435 m from keel
Σ𝑓𝑉

Volume (4-DWL)

Waterplane Area SM fV lever fML

WL4 1985.539 1 1985.539 0 0.000
WL-8.25 2030.512 4 8122.048 1 8122.048
DWL 2007.828 1 2007.828 2 4015.657
12115.416 12137.705

1 1
Volume (WL4 – DWL) = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝑉 𝑥 𝑤 = 3 𝑥 12115.416 𝑥 0.25 = 1009.618 m3
3

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿 12137.705
VCB = 𝑥 𝑤 = 12115.416 𝑥 0.25 = 0.25 m from WL4
Σ𝑓𝑉
 52

Total Volume displaced = Volume(WL0 – WL4) + Volume(WL4 – DWL)

= 12799.02 + 1009.618

= 13808.64 m3

VCB = [12799.02 x 4.435 + 1009.618 x (1.002 + 8)] / 13808.64

= 4.714 m

Similarly, volume up to certain waterline can be calculated using this above procedure.

The volume can also be calculated using the area of each station. The area is then
formulated as same way as the volume by waterline. The area of each station up to
designed waterline is tabulated below;

Area up to designed waterline

WATERLINE BASELINE WL 1 WL 2 WL 3 WL 4 DWL fAs(wl0- fML(wl0- As(wl0- z(wl0- fAs(wl4- fML(wl4- As(wl4- z(wl4- As up to z up to
wl at 8.25
STATION 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 8.5 wl4) wl4) wl4) wl4) DWL) DWL) DWL) DWL) DWL DWL
TRSM -65.8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.23 1.48 1.73 1.23 4.91 1.64 8.00 8.86 20.42 1.48 0.58 3.11 8.27
AP -64.3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.50 1.77 2.04 1.51 6.02 2.01 7.99 10.60 28.78 1.77 0.68 3.78 8.31
0.5 -57.9 0.00 0.38 0.78 1.74 3.87 4.19 4.56 13.90 41.00 18.53 5.90 25.20 152.86 4.20 1.52 22.73 6.57
1 -51.4 0.00 1.63 2.81 4.52 6.56 6.86 7.14 36.76 98.18 49.01 5.34 41.12 391.56 6.85 2.38 55.86 5.96
1.5 -45.0 0.05 2.79 4.74 6.35 7.96 8.13 8.29 54.06 138.19 72.08 5.11 48.78 539.25 8.13 2.76 80.21 5.69
2 -38.6 0.15 4.42 6.38 7.70 8.65 8.75 8.84 70.00 170.12 93.33 4.86 52.47 618.45 8.74 2.95 102.08 5.38
3 -25.7 1.16 8.88 9.32 9.49 9.63 9.65 9.66 102.88 225.13 137.17 4.38 57.88 745.83 9.65 3.22 146.82 4.83
4 -12.9 5.96 9.83 9.85 9.86 9.87 9.87 9.87 114.30 236.54 152.39 4.14 59.23 779.81 9.87 3.29 162.27 4.57
5 0.0 5.88 9.80 9.83 9.85 9.87 9.87 9.87 114.03 236.25 152.04 4.14 59.22 779.49 9.87 3.29 161.91 4.58
6 12.9 3.51 9.06 9.42 9.58 9.70 9.71 9.73 106.62 227.70 142.15 4.27 58.28 755.83 9.71 3.24 151.87 4.72
7 25.7 2.32 6.99 8.14 8.80 9.19 9.23 9.27 90.94 174.87 121.25 3.85 55.37 684.35 9.23 3.09 130.48 4.36
8 38.6 1.51 4.60 5.75 6.74 7.74 7.85 7.96 66.12 153.23 88.16 4.63 47.09 499.57 7.85 2.65 96.01 5.13
8.5 45.0 1.14 3.45 4.48 5.25 6.28 6.43 6.58 51.15 119.77 68.20 4.68 38.55 337.96 6.43 2.19 74.62 5.16
9 51.4 0.78 2.47 3.21 3.70 4.36 4.47 4.60 36.24 84.52 48.32 4.66 26.85 164.61 4.47 1.53 52.80 5.08
9.25 54.7 0.62 2.05 2.61 2.93 3.34 3.42 3.51 29.09 67.14 38.78 4.62 20.55 96.17 3.42 1.17 42.21 4.99
9.5 57.9 0.45 1.62 2.03 2.17 2.35 2.39 2.44 22.01 49.99 29.35 4.54 14.36 46.71 2.39 0.81 31.75 4.86
9.75 61.1 0.28 1.16 1.41 1.36 1.34 1.35 1.37 14.52 31.99 19.36 4.41 8.11 14.76 1.35 0.46 20.71 4.67
FP 64.3 0.09 0.64 0.72 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.45 9.51 7.27 3.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.27 3.49

For the purpose of sample calculation, the area calculation of station 5 is being used.

1 1
Area5 = 3 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴𝑠(0 − 4) 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴𝑠(4 − 𝐷𝑊𝐿) 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 2

1 1
= 3 𝑥 114.03 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 59.22 𝑥 0.25 𝑥 2

= 152.04 + 9.87

= 161.91 m2
 53

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿(0−4)
Z (0-4) = 𝑥𝑤
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑠

236.25
= 114.03 𝑥 2

= 4.14

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿(4−𝐷𝑊𝐿)
Z(4-DWL) = 𝑥𝑤
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑠

779.49
= 𝑥 0.25
59.22

= 3.29

Z(0 – DWL) = Z(0 – 4) x Area5(0 – 4) +[ Z(4 - DWL) + 8 x Area5(4 - DWL) ]

= 4.58m

The area for each station is then tabulated in a table to calculate the volume of vessel.

Volume
Station Area(m2) SM fV lever fML
AP 3.78 0.5 1.887583 -5 -9.43792
0.5 22.73 2 45.46067 -4.5 -204.573
1 55.86 1 55.864 -4 -223.456
1.5 80.21 2 160.4243 -3.5 -561.485
2 102.08 1.5 153.115 -3 -459.345
3 146.82 4 587.286 -2 -1174.57
4 162.27 2 324.531 -1 -324.531
5 161.91 4 647.6347 0 0
6 151.87 2 303.737 1 303.737
7 130.48 4 521.9233 2 1043.847
8 96.01 1.5 144.0095 3 432.0285
8.5 74.62 2 149.243 3.5 522.3505
9 52.80 0.75 39.598 4 158.392
9.25 42.21 1 42.20717 4.25 179.3805
9.5 31.75 0.5 15.8725 4.5 71.42625
9.75 20.71 1 20.71083 4.75 98.37646
FP 7.27 0.25 1.8165 5 9.0825
3215.321 -138.78

1
Volume = 3 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝑉 𝑥 ℎ
 54

1
= 3 𝑥 3215.321 𝑥 12.86

= 13783 m3

Σ𝑓𝑀𝐿
LCB = 𝑥ℎ
Σ𝑓𝑉

−138.78
= 3215.321 𝑥 12.86

= -0.551m from amidship

The volume displaced is then can be used to calculate mass displacement, BMT, BML
and others. Hydrostatic table generated from this value is shown.

Mass displacement (up to DWL) = rho x volume displaced

= 1.025 x 13808.64

= 14153.85 tonne

IT 53140.483
BMT = Volume = = 3.85m
13808.64

KMT = KB + BMT = 4.714 + 3.85 = 8.564 m

IL 2034828.417
BML = Volume = = 147.36m
13808.64

KML = KB + BML = 4.714 + 147.36 = 152.074 m

Volume 13808.64e
Cp = = 162.27 x 131.141 = 0.649
Am x L

The data is then calculated for other draft too. The result is tabulated in a table called
hydrostatic data.
 55

Hydrostatic data

Draft(m) Displacement(tonne) Cb KB(m) BMT(m) BML(m) MCTcm TPIcm LCF(m from midship)
8.5 14153.85 0.631 4.71 3.85 147.36 160.26 20.81 -3.084
8 13118.99 0.623 4.44 4.01 150.63 151.83 20.35 -2.670
6 9168.41 0.585 3.37 5.03 175.78 124.59 18.69 -0.944
4 5625.92 0.550 2.28 7.25 241.42 102.97 17.28 0.087
2 2510.66 0.489 1.13 13.71 421.58 79.77 15.39 0.477

Therefore, the result of verification is:

Item Value from Maxsurf Value Calculated Error(%)

Displacement 14359 t 14153.85 t 1.43
Volume (displaced) 14008.46 m^3 13808.64 m^3 1.43
Waterpl. Area 2030.497 m^2 2030.512 m^2 0
Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.644 0.649 0.77
Block coeff. (Cb) 0.64 0.631 1.4
Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 0.995 0.963 3.22
Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.789 0.79 0.13
LCB length -0.523 m from amidship -0.551 m from amidship 5
LCF length -3.067 m from amidship -3.084 m from amidship 0.56
KB 4.634 m 4.714 m 1.7
BMt 3.794 m 3.85 m 1.45
BML 145.331 m 147.36 m 1.38
KMt 8.428 m 8.564 m 1.6
KML 149.965 m 152.074 m 1.4
Immersion (TPc) 20.813 tonne/cm 20.813 tonne/cm 0
MTc 167.441 tonne.m 160.26 tonne.m 4.3
 56

Design 2: Nor Azrulikie bin Abu Bakar

1. Waterplane Area (Aw)

In order to verify the value of the waterplane area in the table 1, the example calculation
is made at the design waterline of the ship which is 8.5 m. In order to satisfy the first
simpson rule multiplier (1 4 1), the waterplane area is divided into three part.

i. Transom

ST y (B/2) SM fAw
0x 3.6022 1 3.6022
APx 5.0161 4 20.0644
1 5.915 1 5.915
29.5816

The length of waterplane at transom is 9.002 m, therefore

9.002
ℎ= = 4.501 𝑚
2

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2
3

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 29.5816 𝑥 4.501 𝑥 2
3

𝐴𝑊 = 88.7645 𝑚2

ii. From station 19 to FP

ST y (B/2) SM fAw
19 1.856 1 1.856
19x 0.9603 4 3.8412
FP 0 1 0
5.6972

The length of waterplane in this part is 6.43 m, therefore

6.43
ℎ= = 3.215 𝑚
2
 57

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2
3

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 5.6972 𝑥 3.215 𝑥 2
3

𝐴𝑊 = 12.211 𝑚2

iii. From station 1 to 19

ST y (B/2) SM fAw
1 5.915 1 5.915
2 6.814 4 27.256
3 7.573 2 15.146
4 8.237 4 32.948
5 8.819 2 17.638
6 9.287 4 37.148
7 9.613 2 19.226
8 9.799 4 39.196
9 9.89 2 19.78
10 9.89 4 39.56
11 9.883 2 19.766
12 9.831 4 39.324
13 9.671 2 19.342
14 9.294 4 37.176
15 8.446 2 16.892
16 7.066 4 28.264
17 5.424 2 10.848
18 3.664 4 14.656
19 1.856 1 1.856
441.937

The length of the waterline from station 1 to 19 is 115.74 m, therefore

115.74
ℎ= = 6.43 𝑚
18

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2
3

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 441.937 𝑥 6.43 𝑥 2
3
 58

𝐴𝑊 = 1894.44 𝑚2

Thus, the total waterplane area at the design waterline can be calculated by sum all the
value obtained at these three part.

𝐴𝑊 = 𝐴𝑤(𝑖) + 𝐴𝑤(𝑖𝑖) + 𝐴𝑤(𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝐴𝑊 = 88.7645 + 12.211 + 1894.44𝐴𝑊 = 1894.44 𝑚2

𝐴𝑊 = 1995.4155 𝑚2

2. Longitudinal Centre of floatation (LCF)

The LCF can be calculated by multiple the value of fAw with the lever. Then calculated
the summation of the fML value and put into the formula to find LCF. In order to satisfy
the simpson first rule, the waterplane is being divided into three parts.

i. Transom

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML

0x 3.6022 1 3.6022 1 3.6022
APx 5.0161 4 20.0644 0 0
1 5.915 1 5.915 -1 -5.915
29.5816 -2.3128

1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 ℎ

𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

In order to make the reference of LCF at amidship, then the value of LCF
need to be added with 62.371 m.

−2.3128 𝑥 4.501
𝐿𝐶𝐹 = + 62.371
29.5816

𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 62.0191 𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

 59

ii. From station 19 to FP

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML

19 1.856 1 1.856 1 1.856
19x 0.9603 4 3.8412 0 0
FP 0 1 0 -1 0
5.6972 1.856

1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 ℎ

𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

In order to make the reference of LCF at amidship, then the value of LCF
need to be minus with 61.085 m.

1.856 𝑥 3.215
𝐿𝐶𝐹 = − 61.085
5.6972

𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 60.0376 𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

iii. From station 1 to 19

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML

1 5.915 1 5.915 9 53.235
2 6.814 4 27.256 8 218.048
3 7.573 2 15.146 7 106.022
4 8.237 4 32.948 6 197.688
5 8.819 2 17.638 5 88.19
6 9.287 4 37.148 4 148.592
7 9.613 2 19.226 3 57.678
8 9.799 4 39.196 2 78.392
9 9.89 2 19.78 1 19.78
10 9.89 4 39.56 0 0
11 9.883 2 19.766 -1 -19.766
12 9.831 4 39.324 -2 -78.648
13 9.671 2 19.342 -3 -58.026
14 9.294 4 37.176 -4 -148.704
15 8.446 2 16.892 -5 -84.46
16 7.066 4 28.264 -6 -169.584
17 5.424 2 10.848 -7 -75.936
18 3.664 4 14.656 -8 -117.248
19 1.856 1 1.856 -9 -16.704
441.937 198.549
 60

1𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 ℎ

𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

198.549 𝑥 6.43
𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
441.937

𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 2.8888 𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

Then, in order to find the actual value for the LCF at design waterline, these three part are
being combined together by using a formula

Part fAW LCF ML

Transom 88.7645 62.0191 5505.094
A1-19 1894.44 2.8888 5472.658
A19-FP 12.211 -60.0376 -733.119
1995.416 10244.63

Σ𝑀𝐿
𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

10244.63
𝐿𝐶𝐹 =
1995.416

𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 5.1341 𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

3. Waterplane Area Coefficient (Cwp)

The Cwp at the design waterline is:

AW
𝐶𝑊𝑃 =
𝐵 𝑥 𝐿𝑤𝑙

1995.4155
𝐶𝑊𝑃 =
19.78 𝑥 131.17

𝐶𝑊𝑃 = 0.7691
 61

4. Tonnes per Centimeter (TPc)

The TPc at the design waterline is:

𝜌 𝑥 𝐴𝑊
𝑇𝑃𝑐 =
100

1.025 𝑥 1995.4155
𝑇𝑃𝑐 =
100

𝑇𝑃𝑐 = 20.453 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚

5. Moment about amidship (IL)

The waterplane at design waterline is divided into three parts

i. Transom

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML Lever fIL

0x 3.6022 1 3.6022 1 3.6022 1 3.6022
APx 5.0161 4 20.0644 0 0 0 0
1 5.915 1 5.915 -1 -5.915 -1 5.915
29.5816 -2.3128 9.5172

1
𝐼𝐿 = ( 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥2) + (𝐴𝑤 × 𝐿𝐶𝐹 2 )
3

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 4.5013 𝑥 9.5172 × 2 + (88.7645 × 62.01912 )
3

𝐼𝐿 = 342000 𝑚4
 62

ii. From station 1-19

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML Lever fIL

1 5.915 1 5.915 9 53.235 9 479.115
2 6.814 4 27.256 8 218.048 8 1744.384
3 7.573 2 15.146 7 106.022 7 742.154
4 8.237 4 32.948 6 197.688 6 1186.128
5 8.819 2 17.638 5 88.19 5 440.95
6 9.287 4 37.148 4 148.592 4 594.368
7 9.613 2 19.226 3 57.678 3 173.034
8 9.799 4 39.196 2 78.392 2 156.784
9 9.89 2 19.78 1 19.78 1 19.78
10 9.89 4 39.56 0 0 0 0
11 9.883 2 19.766 -1 -19.766 -1 19.766
12 9.831 4 39.324 -2 -78.648 -2 157.296
13 9.671 2 19.342 -3 -58.026 -3 174.078
14 9.294 4 37.176 -4 -148.704 -4 594.816
15 8.446 2 16.892 -5 -84.46 -5 422.3
16 7.066 4 28.264 -6 -169.584 -6 1017.504
17 5.424 2 10.848 -7 -75.936 -7 531.552
18 3.664 4 14.656 -8 -117.248 -8 937.984
19 1.856 1 1.856 -9 -16.704 -9 150.336
441.937 198.549 9542.329

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥2 + (𝐴𝑤 × 𝐿𝐶𝐹 2 )
3

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 6.433 𝑥 9542.329 × 2 + (1894.44 × 2.88882 )
3

𝐼𝐿 = 1707013.415 𝑚4

iii. From station 19-FP

ST y (B/2) SM fAw Lever fML Lever fIL

19 1.856 1 1.856 1 1.856 1 1.856
19x 0.9603 4 3.8412 0 0 0 0
FP 0 1 0 -1 0 -1 0
5.6972 1.856 1.856
 63

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥2 + (𝐴𝑤 × 𝐿𝐶𝐹 2 )
3

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 3.2153 𝑥 1.856 × 2 + (12.211 × −(60.03762 ))
3

𝐼𝐿 = 44055.9𝑚4

The total moment about a midship is:

𝐼𝐿 = 342000 + 1707013.415 + 44055.9

𝐼𝐿 = 2093069.315 𝑚4

6. Moment about Centerline (IT)

The waterplane at design waterline is divided into three parts

i. Transom

ST y (B/2) y3 (B/2)3 SM fIT

0x 3.6022 46.74159 1 46.74159
APx 5.0161 126.2114 4 504.8456
1 5.915 206.9494 1 206.9494
758.5366

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 2
3 3

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 4.501 𝑥 758.5366 x 2
3 3

𝐼𝑇 = 758.705 𝑚4
 64

ii. From station 19 to FP

ST y (B/2) y3 (B/2)3 SM fIT

19 1.856 6.39343 1 6.39343
19x 0.9603 0.885566 4 3.542263
FP 0 0 1 0
9.935693

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 2
3 3

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 3.215 𝑥 9.935693 x 2
3 3

𝐼𝑇 = 7.0985 𝑚4

iii. From station 1 to 19

ST y (B/2) y3 (B/2)3 SM fIT

1 5.915 206.9494 1 206.9494
2 6.814 316.3781 4 1265.512
3 7.573 434.314 2 868.6281
4 8.237 558.8654 4 2235.461
5 8.819 685.8956 2 1371.791
6 9.287 800.9886 4 3203.954
7 9.613 888.3351 2 1776.67
8 9.799 940.9039 4 3763.616
9 9.89 967.3617 2 1934.723
10 9.89 967.3617 4 3869.447
11 9.883 965.3091 2 1930.618
12 9.831 950.152 4 3800.608
13 9.671 904.5116 2 1809.023
14 9.294 802.8012 4 3211.205
15 8.446 602.4947 2 1204.989
16 7.066 352.7938 4 1411.175
17 5.424 159.5729 2 319.1457
18 3.664 49.18882 4 196.7553
19 1.856 6.39343 1 6.39343
34386.67
 65

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 Σ2𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑥 2
3 3

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 6.43 𝑥 34386.67 x 2
3 3

𝐼𝑇 = 49134.7 𝑚4

The total moment about centerline is:

𝐼𝑇 = 758.705 + 7.0985 + 49134.7

𝐼𝑇 = 49900.5 𝑚4

7. Volume Displaced (∇)

From the waterline 0 to waterline 8.5 (design waterline), the waterplane area can be
calculated by using the same method in (1). After getting all the waterplane area at each
waterline, the volume displaced of the ship can be find. In order to satisfy the first simpson
rule, the table of calculation is being divided into two part:

i. From WL 0 to WL 8

WL Aw SM fV
0 987.52 1 987.52
1 1392.04 4 5568.16
2 1558.53 2 3117.06
3 1648.77 4 6595.08
4 1687.9 2 3375.8
5 1726.94 4 6907.76
6 1782.09 2 3564.18
7 1855.59 4 7422.36
8 1948.67 1 1948.67
39486.59

The spacing for each waterline (w) is 1 m.

1
∇= 𝑥 Σ𝑓∇ 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 1
3
 66

1
∇= 𝑥 39486.59 𝑥 1
3

∇= 13162.19667𝑚3

ii. From WL 8 to WL 8.5

WL Aw SM fV
8 1948.67 1 1948.67
8.25 1971.23 4 7884.92
8.5 1995.41 1 1995.41
11829

The waterline spacing (w) is 0.25 m.

1
∇= 𝑥 Σ𝑓∇ 𝑥 𝑤
3

1
∇= 𝑥 11829 𝑥 0.25
3

∇= 985.75 𝑚3

Thus, the total volume displaced for the ship is:

∇= 13162.19967 + 985.75

∇= 14147.95 𝑚3

8. Moulded and External Displacement (∆)

i. Moulded Displacement

∆𝑀𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐷 = ∇ x 𝜌

∆𝑀𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐷 = 14147.95 x 1.025

∆𝑀𝑂𝑈𝐿𝐷 = 14501.6487 tonnes

 67

ii. External Displacement

∆𝐸𝑋𝑇 = ∇ x 𝜌 𝑥 1.005

∆𝐸𝑋𝑇 = 14147.95 x 1.025 𝑥 1.005

∆𝐸𝑋𝑇 = 14574.1570 tonnes

9. Vertical of Centre Buoyancy (VCB)

Based on the data from (7), the VCB can be calculated. The table of calculation also been
divided into 2 parts.

i. From WL 0 to WL 8

WL Aw SM fV Lever fMLV
0 987.52 1 987.52 0 0
1 1392.04 4 5568.16 1 5568.16
2 1558.53 2 3117.06 2 6234.12
3 1648.77 4 6595.08 3 19785.24
4 1687.9 2 3375.8 4 13503.2
5 1726.94 4 6907.76 5 34538.8
6 1782.09 2 3564.18 6 21385.08
7 1855.59 4 7422.36 7 51956.52
8 1948.67 1 1948.67 8 15589.36
39486.59 168560.5

∑𝑓𝑀𝐿∇
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
∑𝑓∇

168560.5
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥1
39486.59

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 4.2688 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

 68

ii. From WL 8 to WL 8.5

WL Aw SM fV Lever fMLV
8 1948.67 1 1948.67 0 0
8.25 1971.23 4 7884.92 1 7884.92
8.5 1995.41 1 1995.41 2 3990.82
11829 11875.74

∑𝑓𝑀𝐿∇
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
∑𝑓∇

The VCB that we get must add with 8 m.

11875.74
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥1 + 8
11829

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 8.2510 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

Then, in order to find the actual value for the VCB, these two part are being combined
together by using a formula

Part V VCB fVML

WL0-8 13162.2 4.2688 56186.8
WL8-8.5 985.75 8.251 8133.423
14147.95 64320.22

∑𝑓∇𝑀𝐿
𝑉𝐶𝐵 =
∑𝑓∇

64320.22
𝑉𝐶𝐵 =
14147.95

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 4.5463 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

10. Moment to change trim by one cm (MTc)

𝜌 𝑥 𝐼𝐹
𝑀𝑇𝑐 =
100 𝑥 𝐿
 69

From the calculation, IL (6), the calculation is already for IF, which the reference is already
at LCF, therefore, IL is equal to IF.

𝐼𝐹 = 𝐼𝐿 = 2093069.315

1.025 𝑥2093069.315
𝑀𝑇𝑐 =
100 𝑥 131.17

𝑀𝑇𝑐 = 163.56 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒. 𝑚

11. Longitudinal Metacentric Radius (𝐵𝑀𝐿 )

𝐼𝐹
𝐵𝑀𝐿 =
∇

2093069.315
𝐵𝑀𝐿 =
14147.95

𝐵𝑀𝐿 = 147.9415 𝑚

12. Transverse Metacentric Radius (𝐵𝑀𝑇 )

𝐼𝑇
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
∇

49900.5
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
14147.95

𝐵𝑀𝑇 = 3.5270 𝑚

13. Area of a Midship (Am)

Area of amidship, Am can be calculated by using the simpson rule.

1
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴𝑚 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 2
3
 70

From the formula above, the table of calculation must satisfy the first simpson rule.
Therefore, the area of a midship (station 10) can be calculated. For area of a midship, the
table of calculation is divided into two part.

i. WL 0 to 8

WL y SM fAm
0 7 1 7
1 8.977 4 35.908
2 9.537 2 19.074
3 9.747 4 38.988
4 9.84 2 19.68
5 9.87 4 39.48
6 9.89 2 19.78
7 9.89 4 39.56
8 9.89 1 9.89
229.36

The waterline spacing is 1 m.

1
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑥 229.36 x 1 x 2
3

𝐴𝑚 = 152.9067

ii. WL 8 to 8.5

WL y SM fAm
8 9.89 1 9.89
8.25 9.89 4 39.56
8.5 9.89 1 9.89
59.34

The waterline spacing (w) is 0.25 m.

1
𝐴𝑚 = 𝑥 59.34 x 0.25 x 2
3

𝐴𝑚 = 9.89
 71

Thus, the total volume for the ship is:

𝐴𝑚 = 152.9067 + 9.89

𝐴𝑚 = 162.7967 𝑚3

14. Midship Section Area Coefficient (Am)

𝐴𝑚
𝐶𝑚 =
𝐵𝑥𝑇

162.7967
𝐶𝑚 =
19.78 𝑥 8.5

𝐶𝑚 = 0.9683

15. Prismatic Coefficient (Cp)

∇
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝑚 𝑥 𝐿𝑤𝐿

14147.95
𝐶𝑝 =
162.7967 𝑥 131.17

𝐶𝑝 = 0.6625

16. Longitudinal Center of Buoyancy (LCB)

The LCB can be find by using the simpson rule and the table of calculation. The area of
every station need to be found first. Area of every station can be calculated by using the
same method as (13). After getting all the area, we use the simpson rule again to calculated
the LCB. The volume of the ship also can be calculated. The formula of LCB and the
volume of the ship is:

∇= 𝑆𝑅 𝑥 Σ𝑓∇𝑚 𝑥 ℎ
 72

∑𝑓𝑀𝑚
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
Σ𝑓∇𝑚

Where h is 6.43.

Therefore, the table of calculation is made below.

ST fAm SM fVm Lever fMm

-2 6.51643 1 6.51643 11 71.68073
AP 6.6725 3 20.0175 10 200.175
1 30.7708 3 92.3124 9 830.8116
2 56.8431 2 113.6862 8 909.4896
3 83.4722 3 250.4166 7 1752.916
4 108.885 3 326.655 6 1959.93
5 129.518 2 259.036 5 1295.18
6 144.466 3 433.398 4 1733.592
7 154.403 3 463.209 3 1389.627
8 160.002 2 320.004 2 640.008
9 162.625 3 487.875 1 487.875
10 162.797 3 488.391 0 0
11 162.603 2 325.206 -1 -325.206
12 161.143 3 483.429 -2 -966.858
13 156.66 3 469.98 -3 -1409.94
14 145.957 2 291.914 -4 -1167.66
15 125.677 3 377.031 -5 -1885.16
16 99.1243 3 297.3729 -6 -1784.24
17 71.7934 2 143.5868 -7 -1005.11
18 45.6161 3 136.8483 -8 -1094.79
19 21.5797 3 64.7391 -9 -582.652
FP 1.905 1 1.905 -10 -19.05
5853.529 1030.637

3
∇= 𝑥 5853.529 𝑥 6.43
8

∇= 14114.3218 𝑚3

1030.637
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥 6.43
5853.529

𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 1.1321 𝑚 𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

 73

17. Block coefficient (Cb)

∇
𝐶𝐵 =
𝐿𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝐵𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝑇

14147.95
𝐶𝐵 =
131.17 𝑥 19.78 𝑥 8.5

𝐶𝐵 = 0.6415

18. Percentages of Errors

Based on the manual calculation for all hydrostatic data, we can calculate the percentage
of error between the manual calculation and hydrostatic data from the maxsurf by using
this formula.

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙

Thus, the values of the hydrostatic data based on the manual and maxsurf with their error
are tabulated as below.

No Manual Manual Maxsurf Error Description

(%)

1 Displacement (tonnes) 14501.65 14435 0.46 Acceptable

2 Volume Displaced (m3) 14147.95 14082.82 0.46 Acceptable

3 Max Section Area (m2) 162.80 162.66 0.09 Acceptable

4 Waterplane Area (m2) 1995.42 1994.44 0.05 Acceptable

5 Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.6625 0.66 0.38 Acceptable

6 Block coeff. (Cb) 0.6415 0.639 0.39 Acceptable

7 Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 0.9683 0.968 0.03 Acceptable

 74

8 Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.7691 0.769 0.01 Acceptable

9 LCB length (m aft amidship) 1.1321 1.137 0.43 Acceptable

10 LCF length (m aft amidship) 5.1341 5.162 0.54 Acceptable

11 KB or VCB (m from keel) 4.5463 4.562 0.34 Acceptable

12 BMT (m) 3.5270 3.542 0.42 Acceptable

13 BML (m) 147.94 143.685 2.88 Acceptable

14 Immersion (TPc)(tonnes/cm) 20.453 20.443 0.05 Acceptable

15 MTc (tonnes.m) 163.56 166.403 1.71 Acceptable

 75

Design 3: Ummu Saiyidah Najihah binti Zainudin

Verification process occur at the design waterline of the ship which is 8.5 m because the
hydrostatic data results from the maxsurf is from design waterline of the ship.

Waterline 8.5

3
Station y (1/2 b) SM fAw Lever fMl Lever fIL SM fIT
AP 0.465 1 0.465 -5 -2.325 -5 11.625 0.10054 1 0.10054
1 3.936 4 15.744 -4 -62.976 -4 251.904 60.9769 4 243.908
2 6.765 2 13.53 -3 -40.59 -3 121.77 309.602 2 619.203
3 8.644 4 34.576 -2 -69.152 -2 138.304 645.869 4 2583.48
4 9.643 2 19.286 -1 -19.286 -1 19.286 896.678 2 1793.36
5 9.884 4 39.536 0 0 0 0 965.602 4 3862.41
6 9.884 2 19.768 1 19.768 1 19.768 965.602 2 1931.2
7 9.804 4 39.216 2 78.432 2 156.864 942.345 4 3769.38
8 9.478 2 18.956 3 56.868 3 170.604 851.432 2 1702.86
9 7.359 4 29.436 4 117.744 4 470.976 398.526 4 1594.1
FP 0.02 1 0.02 5 0.1 5 0.5 8E-06 1 8E-06
230.533 78.583 1361.6 18100

1. Waterplane Area (Aw)

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐴 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 2
3

1
𝐴𝑊 = 𝑥230.53𝑥12.86 𝑥 2
3

𝐴𝑊 = 1976.44𝑚2

2. Waterplane Area Coefficient (Cwp)

AW
𝐶𝑊𝑃 =
𝐵 𝑥 𝐿𝑤𝑙

1976.44
𝐶𝑊𝑃 =
19.77 𝑥 131.14

𝐶𝑊𝑃 = 0.7597
 76

3. Longitudinal Centre of floatation (LCF)

Σ𝑀𝐿
𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 𝑥ℎ
Σ𝑓𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

78.583
𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 𝑥 12.86
230.533

𝐿𝐶𝐹 = 4.384 𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

4. Longitudinal Center of Buoyancy (LCB)

∑𝑓𝑀𝑙𝑣
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
Σ𝑓∇

2170.48
𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥 12.86
3958.2

𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 7.05 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

5. Tonnes per Centimeter (TPc)

𝜌 𝑥 𝐴𝑊
𝑇𝑃𝑐 =
100

1.025 𝑥 1976.44
𝑇𝑃𝑐 =
100

𝑇𝑃𝑐 = 20.258 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚

6. Moment about amidship (IL)

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 ℎ3 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐼𝐿 𝑥2
3

1
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑥 12.863 𝑥 1361.6 × 2
3

𝐼𝐿 = 1 930 552 𝑚4
 77

7. Moment about Centerline (IT)

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 Σ𝑓𝐼𝐿𝑥 2
3 3

1 1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑥12.86 𝑥 1361.6 x 2
3 3

𝐼𝑇 = 51 725.79 𝑚4

8. Moment to change trim by one cm (MTc)

𝜌 𝑥 𝐼𝐹
𝑀𝑇𝑐 =
100 𝑥 𝐿

1.025 𝑥1 957 384

𝑀𝑇𝑐 =
100 𝑥 131.14

𝑀𝑇𝑐 = 152.55 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒. 𝑚

9. Volume Displaced (∇)

WL Aw SM fVolume Lever fML volume

0 937.099 1 937.0986 0 0
1 1731.085 4 6924.338 1 6924.3384
2 1435.639 2 2871.278 2 5742.55584
3 1591.792 4 6367.166 3 19101.49812
4 1659.171 2 3318.343 4 13273.37184
5 1653.719 4 6614.875 5 33074.3768
6 1691.87 2 3383.74 6 20302.44208
7 1762.161 4 7048.643 7 49340.50212
8 1828.017 1 1828.017 8 14624.1348

39293.5 162383.22

The spacing for each waterline (w) is 1 m.

1
∇= 𝑥 Σ𝑓∇ 𝑥 𝑤
3
 78

1
∇= 𝑥39293.5𝑥 1
3

∇= 13 097.83 𝑚3

WL Aw SM fVolume Lever fML volume

8 1828.02 1 1828.017 0 0
8.25 1846.371 4 7385.485 1 7385.48514
8.5 1976.436 1 1976.436 2 3952.872507
11189.94 11338.35765

1
∇= 𝑥 Σ𝑓∇ 𝑥 𝑤
3

1
∇= 𝑥 11189.94 𝑥 0.25
3

∇= 932.50 𝑚3

Thus, the total volume displaced for the ship is:

∇= 13 097.83 + 932.50

∇= 14030.33 𝑚3

10. Vertical of Centre Buoyancy (VCB)

Based on the data from 8a and 8b, the VCB can be calculated:

From table WL 0-8,

∑𝑓𝑀𝐿∇
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
∑𝑓∇

162 383
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥1
39 293.5

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 4.133 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

 79

From table WL 8-8.5,

∑𝑓𝑀𝐿∇
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥ℎ
∑𝑓∇

11 338.36
𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 𝑥1
11 189.94

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 0.2533 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

Hence, total of Vertical of Centre Buoyancy (VCB) is:

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 4.133 + 0.2533

𝑉𝐶𝐵 = 4.39 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

11. Longitudinal Metacentric Radius (𝐵𝑀𝐿 )

𝐼𝐹
𝐵𝑀𝐿 =
∇

1 957 385
𝐵𝑀𝐿 =
14 030.33

𝐵𝑀𝐿 = 139.511 𝑚

12. Transverse Metacentric Radius (𝐵𝑀𝑇 )

𝐼𝑇
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
∇

58 191.51
𝐵𝑀𝑇 =
14 030.33

𝐵𝑀𝑇 = 4.15 𝑚
 80

13. Midship Section Area Coefficient (Cm)

𝐴𝑚
𝐶𝑚 =
𝐵𝑥𝑇

194.2
𝐶𝑚 =
19.77 𝑥 8.5

𝐶𝑚 = 1.156

14. Prismatic Coefficient (Cp)

∇
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝑚 𝑥 𝐿𝑤𝐿

14 030.33
𝐶𝑝 =
194.2 𝑥 131.14

𝐶𝑝 = 0.551

15. Block coefficient (Cb)

∇
𝐶𝐵 =
𝐿𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝐵𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝑇

14030.33
𝐶𝐵 =
131.14 𝑥 19.77 𝑥 8.5

𝐶𝐵 = 0.637
 81

16. Error Percentage

Based on the manual calculation for all hydrostatic data, then calculate the percentage of
error between the manual calculation and hydrostatic data from the maxsurf modeler by
using this formula.

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓 − 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓

No Manual Manual Maxsurf Error Description

(%)

1 Displacement (tonnes) 14381.09 14412 0.21 Acceptable

2 Volume Displaced (m3) 14030.33 14060.33 0.21 Acceptable

3 Waterplane Area (m2) 1976.44 1967.28 0.47 Acceptable

4 Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 0.551 0.659 16.39 Not Acceptable

5 Block coeff. (Cb) 0.637 0.641 0.62 Acceptable

6 Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 1.16 0.98 18.4 Not Acceptable

7 Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.76 0.759 0.13 Acceptable

8 LCB length (m aft amidship) 7.051 6.577 7.21 Acceptable

9 LCF length (m aft amidship) 4.384 4.142 5.84 Acceptable

9 KB or VCB (m from keel) 4.39 4.57 3.94 Acceptable

10 BMT (m) 4.1 3.669 11.75 Not Acceptable

11 BML (m) 139.51 133.337 4.63 Acceptable

12 Immersion (TPc)(tonnes/cm) 20.26 20.165 0.47 Acceptable

13 MTc (tonnes.m) 152.55 154.552 1.3 Acceptable

 82

5.0 DISCUSSION

Hull form design is a continuous spiral process. It is necessary to research and observe
the hull form design of basis ship of the same type of ship. The observation is including
the height and the width of the bulbous bow, the forecastle deck of the vessel, the a
midship area of the ship and so on.

After comparing each of the actual design of ship, the best hull form properties need to be
formed on maxsurf. To get a better result, it is necessary to be careful of the control point
made in the design process. Although more control point will provide a smoother line for
the ship curve, the control points need to be placed carefully as it may intersect with each
other causing the curve to be positioned unreasonably.

After making a first hull form design, it is necessary to recheck the hydrostatic data for
the vessel. The curve is then repositioned by controlling the control points until the
desirable result is met. At this time, it is essential to make sure the ship line and the curves
are in a reasonable position. This can be done by zooming in the vessel design.

The vessel is also need to be checked for any hole in the designed ship. Holes are any
incompletely merging of plate to become the ship plates. Although the design may be seen
as perfect, the vessel may still be consisting of holes at certain region.

The process is then continued until the perfect vessel for the main dimension of the ship
is met. Although the process is long, the process is crucial before the ship can be built.

Hydrostatic particular is important in the ship building industry. The particular will give
a detailed value of important data such as Cb and BMT at certain draft. This value will
determine whether the ship will be stable or not stable. For example, if at low draft, the
BMT and BML value is high, the stability assessment will be lower. This is based on the
value of KMT and KML itself. Then, the ship may consider about adding weight as to
increase draft.

Furthermore, the hydrostatic particular will give an overall overview of the ship. The
particular is being plotted in one graph only called hydrostatic curve.
 83

For any ship, the most important data that must be required and preserved is the value at
the designed waterline. The value here will be determining whether the ship is goodly
designed or not. Based on the hydrostatic particular given by maxsurf, process of verifying
the result can be done.

For example, which is for design 1 (Ruslan Bukhari), the Aw calculated manually give
value of 2030.512 m2 while from maxsurf, the value given is 2030.497 m2. Error for the
calculation is approximately 0%. For the Cw, the value in maxsurf give value of 0.789
while the value calculated is 0.79. Error for this calculation is also 0%. For the TPIcm
value, maxsurf give the same value as the manual calculation which is 20.813 tonne/cm.
The error found in LCF calculation is just 0.56%. This is because the value of LCF is only
depending on the area of the surface.

The bigger error is found in determination of MCTcm. While the maxsurf give value of
167.441 tm/cm, the calculation give value of 160.260 tm/cm. The error for this calculation
is 4.3%. The same range of error are encountered by other ship which is ship A and ship
C. The only possible value that can contribute to this error in calculation is the value of
ILLCF.

To determine the stability of the vessel, BMT and BML need to be determined. The way
to find this have been shown in the sample calculation. The crucial data that have to be
determined is the IL, IT and volume displaced. Volume displaced taken from maxsurf is
14008.457 m3 while data calculated manually using the area of waterplane is 13808.64
m3. The error calculated is 1.43%. Data calculated manually using the area of each station
provide a lesser volume, which is 13783 m3. This provide a bigger error which is 1.6%.
This is expected because when calculating volume displaced up to designed waterline, the
bulbous bow and the transom volume are being ignored.

The volume calculated will affecting the LCB value. This is because the volume of
bulbous bow will move the LCB forward than the calculated LCB using the volume of
AP to FP only. LCB found manually is 0.551m aft of amidship while from maxsurf, the
value of LCB is 0.523m aft of amidship. The error is about 5%. From manual calculation,
the value of BMT is found to be 3.85m while the value of BML is 147.36m. The value of
BMT and BML given by the maxsurf is 3.794m and 145.331m. The error found for this
 84

value is 1.45% and 1.38% respectively. The error here is actually error carried forward as
the volume displaced is also having error.

The same can be applied for the calculation of KB. The KB value from the maxsurf is
4.634 while from manual calculation is 4.714m. The error calculated is 1.7%. This error
will definitely be affecting the value of KMT and KML. From maxsurf, the value of KMT
and KML are 8.428m and 149.965m. Using the value of calculated KB, the result for
KMT and KML manually is 8.564m and 152.074m. The resulting error this time are 1.6%
and 1.4%. The bigger error is arising from the error in calculating BMT and BML that
involving volume displaced, IL and IT.

Volume displaced also will be greatly influence the Cb value. For the design 1 (Ruslan
Bukhari) case, the value of Cb calculated manually is 0.631 while the actual Cb is 0.64.
The error is around 1.4%.

This shows that the value of volume displacement is one of the main data that must be
accurately determined. To do this, the waterline spacing must as small as possible. In
addition, to increase the accuracy, semi-waterline and quarter-waterline can be added.

The result for the three design is tabulated below:

Item Range of Error - Max(%)

Displacement 1.43
Volume (displaced) 1.43
Waterpl. Area 0.47
Prismatic coeff. (Cp) 16.39
Block coeff. (Cb) 1.4
Max Sect. area coeff. (Cm) 18.4
Waterpl. area coeff. (Cwp) 0.13
LCB length 7.21
LCF length 5.84
KB 3.94
BMt 11.75
BML 4.63
Immersion (TPc) 0.47
MTc 4.3
 85

The unacceptable error is regarding the prismatic coefficient and maximum sectional area
coefficient which is 16.39% and 18.4%. The similarity between this two coefficients is
both of their formula consisting the area of midship, Am. This shows that there is a
problem in the calculation and determination of the area.

6.0 CONCLUSION

The design process of hull form is a very crucial process in ship building. The process
will involve a huge amount of time spent and huge working hours to make sure the ship
designed can working properly. The ship need to working efficiently too as the ship need
to work for a long time to gain a high revenue.

The hydrostatic particular of each ship is different as it represents the value of the ship
itself. From manual calculation, the data shows that the hydrostatic curve shown by
Maxsurf is acceptable although some of the errors are big.

From the represented ships, the ship that will be chosen as the best design representing
group 3 is design 2 (Nor Azrulikie).
 86

7.0 REFERENCES

1) Watson D.G.M. (1998), Practical Ship Design, Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford
United Kingdom.
2) Papanikolauo A. (2014), Ship Design: Methodologies of Preliminary Design,
Springer, Attiki Greece.
 87

APPENDIX

Appendix A (Figure)

Figure 1: Ship lines plan of a cargo ship (Friis et al. 2002 cited by Papanikolaou, 2004).

Figure 2: Alternative cross section of bulbous bow (Papanikolauo, 2004).

 88

Figure 3: Effect of bulbous bow protrusion on freeboard length (ICLL cited by

Papanikolauo, 2004).

Figure 4: Clearances between propeller and stern hull for suspended rudder (without
sternpost) (Abrahamsen cited by Papanikolauo, 2004).
 89

Figure 5: Various type of transom sterns (Papanikolaou, 2004).

 90

Appendix B (Table)

Table 1: Clearances between propeller and stern-hull for suspended/hanging rudder by

Abrahamsem (Papanikolauo, 2004).
 91

Appendix C (Detail Calculation)