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2
Preface
3
BIOLOGY
INDEX
2. CELL ..................................................................... 13
3. TISSUES ................................................................ 25
4. BACTERIA .......................................................... 45
7. NATURAL RESOURCES.................................... 91
4
wheat, rice, maize, bajra etc., along with
1 FOOD RESOURCES - ANIMALS fodder crops such as berseem, sorghum and
oat.
2. Agro forestry system : It involves
SYNOPSIS - 1
growing crops along with trees.
u Mixed Farming : Farming may be 3. Horti - pastoral system : It involves
defined as the technique or process of growing fodder grasses with fruit trees.
harnessing solar energy in the form of
economic produce of plants as well as 4.Agro-oleri system : it involves raising
animals. In Other words, farming is the food crops along with vegetables.
practice of agriculture for commercial
includes many purposes. Farming branches u Livestock :
such as
Ÿ All the domestic animals which are kept
i) Dairy Farming : It is the practice of or dealt in for use or profit collectively;
rearing ng cattle for producing milk and constitute livestock. It includes cattle
simultaneously raising fodder crops to feed buffaloes, sheep, goat pigs, horses, camels.
them
Ÿ Based upon the utility of livestock, they
ii) Poultry Farming : It is the practice of have been categorized into the following
rearing birds, such as hen, ducks and geese three groups;
for producing eggs and meat.
i ) Food yielding animals
iii) Piggery : Rearing pigs for meat (pork) ii) Draught animals
iii) General utility animals
iv) Fish Farming (Fisheries) : Rearing fish
for meat u Food yielding animals : These livestock
arc domesticated for the purpose of food,
u Apiculture : Keeping and rearing of such as milk (mulch), meat, fish, eggs, etc.
honey bees for the production of honey and Cows, buffaloes, goat and sheep are
bee's wax. domesticated for milk; fowls for eggs ; goat,
sheep and pigs for meat; honey bees for
u Sericulture : Rearing silk moths for honey, etc. Milk is a very good source of
extraction of raw silk When income from carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins (like
one enterprise on a small farm is A & D), minerals (like calcium, phosphorus)
insufficient, some farmers undertake these and water. Milk provides almost all the
farming practices along with agriculture. nutrients except vitamin C and iron. Eggs
Such a system of combining many and meat provide mainly proteins, fats,
enterprises is called Mixed farming . carbohydrates, vitamin sand minerals. The
nutritional value of various animal products
1. Food - fodder farming system : It is as follows :
involves growing of food crops such as
5
u Draught animals : They are the b) Exotic breeds
working animals that help human beings in c) Cross breeds.
several ways. For example, cattle and camel u Indigenous breeds : These are the
are employed in agricultural operations. Indian breeds of milch or dairy cows.
Cattle, horses, mules, camels, elephants,
i) Red Sindhi : This cow is medium sized,
asses, reindeer etc., are used for the and red in colour . It is found in Andhra
transport. The Eskimos still use huskies to pradesh.
draw sledges.
ii) Sahiwal : This breed of cow is superior
Ÿ The branch of farming which deals with to other dairy breed cows. Sahiwal breed of
the rearing, feeding, breeding and caring of cow is found in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh.
domestic animals is called animal
husbandry. iii) Gir : This is the native breed of Gir
forests in Gujarat and is also found in
u Advantages of animal husbandry : Rajasthan.
Ÿ i) It helps us in the proper management of
u Exotic breeds : These are foreign
domestic animals in terms of shelter, breeds of cows which have been introduced
feeding, care and protection against in our country
diseases.
i) Jersey : This is original breed of the
Ÿ Animal wastes are used for replenishing island of jersey England
and enriching the fertility of soil. ii) Holstein Friesian : Original breed from
Ÿ Increased yield in animal husbandry Holland
brings more income to the farmers. iii) Brown Swiss : A dual purpose breed of
u Breeds of Cow : Cows are good source cow from switzerland
Cross breeds / improved breeds of cows :
of milk whereas, bullocks help in farming Cross or improved breeds of dairy cows
and transport purposes. Based upon the milk have been developed in India at National
production and other utility, various breeds Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) Karnal
(Haryana)
of cows are categorized in three types. i.e.,
u Draught breeds : Cattle of this breed
A) Milch breeds or dairy breeds. are strong and sturdy. Some of the common
B) Draught breeds examples of these breeds are Malvi, Nageri,
C) Dual purpose or general utility breeds. Hallikar, Kangayam, etc.
u Milch or Dairy breeds : Cows of these Ÿ Dual purpose or General utility breeds :
breeds are high milk yielders and their Some of the breeds of this category are
Haryana, Tharparkar, Ongole, Kankrej,
bullocks are poor for draught purposes. etc.
Ÿ Milch or dairy breed cows in India are of u Murrah :: This is the original breed of
the following three types : Haryana and punjab . During its lactation
period, its average yield of milk is 1800 to
2500 litre. The fat contents in its Milk is
a) Indigenous breeds upto 7 percent.
6
ii) Mehsana : This is a breed of Gujarat nutrients with very little fibrous or cellulose
especially from vadodara and Mehsana matter.
districts. Its average yield of milk is about
1200 - 2500 litre during lactation period. Ÿ Grains and seeds : Grains of Maize,
Bajra, Oat, Jowar and Barley are rich
iii) Surti : This is the native breed of buffalo sources of carbohydrates.
from Kaira and Vadodara districts in
Gujarat. Their average milk yield is about u Oil cakes : These are formed from
1600 to 1800 litre. The fat content of their remains of oil seeds after the extraction
milk is about 8 to 12 percent. of oil.
Ÿ The animal feed consists of two main Ÿ Artificial method of breeding Artificial
components i.e., insemination : The process of introducing
semen into the genital tract of a selected
Ÿ Roughage Concentrates. female animal during heat period, by the
use of suitable instrument to produce a
Ÿ Roughage is a coarse and fibrous better breed of the offspring is called
substance which has low nutrient content. artificial insemination or artificial
breeding.
Leguminous green fodder : Berseem and
Lucerne.
Non - leguminous dry fodder : It includes 1. Rearing of silk moth for extraction of silk
powdered straw of wheat, rice, jowar and is called
other cereals, dry grasses and hay.
1) Seri culture 2) Silvi culture
Concentrates : The concentrates are a 3) Arbori culture 4) Agronomy
mixture of substances, rich in one or more
7
2. The process of growing crops along with 12. Natural method of breeding occurs
trees is termed as 1) It is carrid out during heat period
1) Agro - olerisystem 2) Agro - forestry 2) It is carried out during cold period
3) both 1 and 2 4) None of these 3) It is carried out during extreme cold
4) None of these
3. The sentence 'milk to one and all' belongs to
1) blue revolution 2) yellow revolution 13. The process of introducing semen into
3) operation flood 4) None genital tract of a selected female is called
1) Natural breeding
4. Jersy breed of cows belongs to 2) Artificial Insemination
1) England 2) America 3) both 1 and 2 4) None
3) Africa 4) None
14. Agro - forestry system : Growing crops
5. The causative organism of viral with : : Agro - oleri
1) Bacteria 2) Virus
3) bacteria virus 4) protozoan 15. M.S. swaminadhan : Green Revolution :
V. kruien :
6. Which is the traditional method among 16. Milchbreeds : Milk : : Draught breeds
the following ________
1) Natural method of breeding
2) Artificial method of breeding
3) Both Natural and artificial methods
4) All of the above
SYNOPSIS - 2
7. Rearing cattle for producing milk and
Gradually raising fodder crops is called
1) Fish farming u Poultry :
2) Dairy farming Poultry is the collective term used for the
3) Pig farming domestic birds, such as chicken, ducks,
4)Apiculture pheasants, geese etc., raised for their eggs
and meat.
8. The Term live stock refers to
1) buffaloes 2) sheep Rearing, breeding and caring of fowls and t-
3) goat 4) All of these related birds for eggs and meat is called
poultry, farming .An egg laying poultry
9. ________Was the founder and chairman `bird is called hen and the poultry birds
of NDDB reared for obtaining meat are called chicken
1) M. S . Swaminadhan 2) Kurein (broilers ) poultry provides the best source
3) Maheswari 4) both 2 and 3 of animal proteins and fats.
10. Who is the father of white revolution in u Laying period : The period from sexual
India ? maturity till the end of egg - laying is
1) Kurien 2) Swaminadhan known as laying period. During this
3) Darwin 4) Ross period, the chickens are known as layers
or eggers.
11. Sahiwal breed of cow is found in
1) punjab 2) Haryana u Broilers : The broilers are used for
3) utterpradesh 4) All of these meat.
8
Name of disease Causative organism Symptoms
u Fish farming :
Ÿ Fishes have been used as protein rich diet for human beings. They are aquatic animals and
their large scale production is called fish farming or water agriculture.
Ÿ Water agriculture. Fish is a cheap source of animal protein. One is from natural resources,
which is called capture fishing. The other way is by fish farming, which is called culture
fishery.
Ÿ Popular marine fish varieties include pomphret, mackerel, tuna, sardines and Bombay
duck. Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing nets from fishing boats.
Ÿ As marine fish stocks get further depleted, the demand for more fish can only be met by
such culture fisheries. This practice is called mariculture.
Ÿ More intensive fish farming can be done in composite fish culture systems.
Ÿ Production of useful aquatic plants and animals, like fishes, prawn scrabs lobsters,
molluscs etc., by the use of various water sources is called aquaculture.
Ÿ Rearing, breeding and management of fishes on large scale under controlled conditions is
called pisciculture.
u Freshwater fishes : These fishes are found in the freshwaters of rivers, ponds, lakes,
streams etc,. The freshwater edible fishes found in our country are i) catla catla catla
ii) labeo rohita rohu iii) Cirrhina mrigala (marigala) iv) Mystus singhala (singhara)
v) Wallago attu malli (vi) Tirica
u Exotic : freshwater fishes are silver carp and grass carp. The calta is the fastest growing
carp.
9
Ÿ Marine edible fishes : Edible fishes found Ÿ Viral Hacmorrhagic septicemis caused by
in sea waters of our country are : Hilsa, virus.
Cat fish, Sardine
u Bee keeping Apiculture :
u Advantages of fishery :
Ÿ Honey bee varieties used for bee keeping
Ÿ It is highly nutritious, and easily
Ÿ Apis cerana indica F., commonly
digestible
known as Indian bee
Ÿ Shark liver oil, and cod liver oil are
Ÿ Apis dorsata F.the rock bee.
natural sources of vitamin A and D.
Ÿ florae F. little bee.
Ÿ Fish oil is used in the manufacture of
soaps, and paints. Ÿ Apis mellifera, commonly known as
Ÿ Fish meal : is a rich source of protein for
Italian bee
cattle and poultry Ÿ Colony of honey
Ÿ Fish waste is also used for making u Queen : Queen is the mother of the
fertilizers, and adhesives colony, responsible for laying eggs. In
Ÿ Shark leather articles are very durable
each season upto 2000 eggs are laid in a
and fetch a high price in the market day.
u Bee hive : A bee hive a box made of
Ÿ The introduction of new techniques of
fish breeding, hatching and growing has wooden chambers for egg f laying,
resulted in tremendous increase in the honey collection and as honey reserve
production of fish..It is called blue u Honey flow and seasons : Total time
revolution. period of collection of nectar and pollen
u Methods of pisciculture: The eggs fish
by the bees is called honey flow period
seed are collected from nurseries. *Swarming : Frequent transfer results in
low/ yield of honey and maintenance
Ÿ These eggs are hatched in hatcheries. cost of hives is also increased.
Ÿ The hatched young fishes are reared for u Selection of site for bee keeping :
meat production Suitable site for apiary should have a
good pasturage with longer honey flow
Ÿ When the young fishes are fully grown,
period
they are harvested.
u Apiary location : Apiary means setting
Ÿ The central institute Bhubaneshwar, has
up of a number of bee hives in good and
made significant advances in breeding desirable location which allows
and rearing the air - breathing cat - fish maximum nectar and pollen collection.
(magur ) Moreover, salmon, catfish and
carp have been successfully farmed in u Protection from diseases and pests:
this way in our country mainly by Honey bees generally get bacterial and
bacteria and viruses two main diseases viral diseases. King crow and green bee
fishes are eater prey upon bees. They are to be
controlled.
Ÿ Infectious pancreatic necrosis caused by
bacterium.
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LEVEL - 2 10.Which is the italian bee among the
following
1. shark liver oil and cod liver oil are natural 1) Apis mellifera 2) Apis dorsata
sources of vitamin 3) both 1 and 2 4) None
1) Vitamin A 2) Vitamin D
3) Vitamin A,D 4) None 11. _______ is the fastest growing car
1) catla 2) labeo
2. Beekeeping : Apiculture mariculture: 3) cat fish 4) Rohu
1) culturing of marine fishes
2) culturing of fresh water fishes 12. Layers : Eggs, broilers
3) culturing buffaloes 1) meat 2) Eggs
4) None 3) Egg & meat 4) None
3. Rearing, breeding and management of 13.Rearing le and Keeping of honey bees is
fishes on large scale under controlled 1) Apiculture 2) Sericulture
condition is called 3) Aquaculture 4) None of these
1) Pisciculture 2) blue revolution
3) breeding 4) None of these Analogy type questions :
4. The duty, of female bees is 14. Apiculture Beekeeping : : sericulture
1) To lay the eggs 2) To destroy lives __________
3) To kill the young ones 4) both 2 and 3
5. Identify the marine fishes
1) mackerel 2) tuna REVISION EXERCISE
3) sardines 4) All of these
1. In Pasteurization milk is heated at the
6. Apis mellifera : Italian bee : Apiscerena temperature
Indica : 1) 62° 2) 72° 3) 82° 4) 92°
1) Italian bee 2) Indian bee
3) Indo - Italian bee 4) None 2. Layers are reared for the production of
1) Meat 2) Eggs
7. Fish wastes can be used for making 3) Skin 4) Bones
1) fertilizers 2) Adhesives
3) 1 and 2 4) None 3. The Indian traditional variety meant for
8. Which of the following is not a part of fighting is
blue revolution 1) Aseel the 2) Kadaknath
1) Fish breeding 2) hatching 3) Chittagang 4) Bursa
3) growing 4) killing of fishes
4. Number of queen bees in a colony is
9. Advantage of fishery are 1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
1) manufacture of soaps
2) manufacture of paints 5. Which of the following forms 4) Bursa
3) making fertilizers, adhesives, livestock?
4) All of these 1) Goat 2) Camel
3) Horse 4) All of these
11
6. European bee is called as 1) Marrah 2) Jaferabadi
1) Apis indica 2) Apis florea 3) Nagapuri 4) Chilka
3) Apis dorsata 4) Apis mellifera
16. The weight of Emu bird is nearly
7.Famous Angora wool is obtained from 1) 40 kg 2) 50 kg
1) Sheep 2) Rabbit 3) 30 kg 4) 10 kg
3) Goat 4) Yak
17.The drones in honeybee are
8. The Mediterranean type of population of 1) Fertile male 2) Fertile female
fowls: 3) Sterile male 4) Sterile female
1) White leghorn 2) New Hampshire
3) Plymouth rock 4) Rhode island red 18.Inland fisheries means the culturing of
fishes in
9. Maximum fat contents are present in the 1) Sea 2) Space
meat of 3) Freshwater 4) Marine water
1) Pork 2) Chicken
3) Mutton 4) Beef 19. Which of the following is rock bee
1) Apis mellifera 2) Apis indica
10. Beef meat is obtained from 3) Apis dorsata 4) Apis flora
1) Pig 2) Fish
3) Sea weeds 4) Cow 20. In. India which of the following species
of honeybee is reared in artificial hives?
11. Goat was tamed from the period for 1) Apis indica 2) Apis dorsata
domestication 3) Apisflorea 4) None of these
1) 30000-7000 BC 2) 11000-9000 BC
3) 9000 BC 4) 8000 BC 21. Domestication of honeybee is called
1) Sericulture 2) Tissue culture
12. Bones of dead animals can be used 3) Piciculture 4) Apiculture
mostly as
1) Decarate the selve 22. Queen bee is specified for
2) In fertilizer industry 1) Adthinistration 2) Egg laying
3) Used for food 3) Hive making 4) Collecting food
4) Used as medicine
23. The young chickens raised specially for
13. The common and dangerous disease in meat are called
cows and buffaloes is 1) Pullets 2) Hen
1) Nattala vyadhi 2) Galikuntu 3) Cockereals 4) Broilers
3) Viral infections 4) Bacterial diseases
24. Nattl Vyadhi (worm infection) is
14. The doctor who provide treatment and prevolent on
health care for the cattle 1) Cattle 2) Sheep and goat
1) Neurologist 2) Dentist 3) Prawn 4) Crabs
3) Veterinary doctor 4) None of these
25. Oysters are usefull
15. In odisa traditional live stock, the 1) As a food 2) For pearl production
3) For destroying aquatic weeds
following buffaloes are reared 4) For controlling insects
12
Ÿ Mycoplasmas are smallest cells
2 CELL measuring 0.3 U in length while bacteria
could be 3 to 5U . The largest isolated
single cell is the egg of an ostrich. In
SYNOPSIS - 1
multicellular organisms, human red blood
u History: cells are about 7.01U in diameter. Nerve
cells are some of the longest cells.
Ÿ F.Janssen and Z. Janssen (1590)
invented first useful compound Ÿ The single marine alga, Acetabularia,
microscope. Robert Hooke (1665) measures nearly 10 cm in height.
discovered the cell (non - living) in cork Ÿ The smallest cells are these of
slices and coined the term Cellala or Cell. mycoplasma gallisepticum, an organism
These finding were described in a book intermediate between virus and bacteria.
Micrographia. Their size is about 0.1μm
Ÿ Leeuwenhoek (1683) observed living u Cell Theory
cells like bacteria, protozoa. RBC, etc.
Ÿ M.J.Seleiden (1838), a German
Ÿ Marcello Malpighi studied animal tissues botanist, and T.Schwann (1839), a
where as Nehmiah Grew (1682) German Zoologist together formulated
described plant tissues contain cells and the Cell Theory or Cell Doctrine.
laid foundation for Histology and
Ÿ According to cell theory, cell is a
Anatomy.
structural and functional unit of life.
Ÿ Alfonso Corti (1772) observed living However, this theory did not explain how
matter in the cells. new cells were formed. Rudolf Virchow
Ÿ F.Fontana (1781) discovemd nucleus in (1855) first explained that cells divide
the skin cell of Eel. and give rise to new cells from pre
existing cells (Ommis cellula-e-cellula).
Ÿ Robert Brown (1831) discovemd
which is known as 'Cell lineage theory' or
nucleus in Tradescantia.
'cell inheritance theory'. Viruses are
Ÿ Dujardin (1835) named the living matter acellular and cell theory is not applicable
present in the cells as sarcode. to viruses as they do not possess, plasma
Ÿ JE.Purkinje (1839) coined the term membrane and metabolic machinery
protoplasm. (cytoplasm). Virchow modified the cell
Ÿ The last quarter of 19th century is usually
theory as follows:
considered as "Classical period of cell Ÿ (I) All living organisms are composed of
biology". cells and products of cells.
Ÿ A cell is defined as 'a unit of structure and Ÿ (ii) All cells arise from pre existing cells
function'. Living things are made up of (cell is a hereditary unit).
material units called cells. Study of Ÿ All the living organisms present on Earth
structure of cell is called Cytology. can be classified into two types:
13
u 1. Non – cellular Organisms: These do u 2. Electron Microscope : This
not contain any cell in their body instrument was developed by Knoll and
organisation. Ex: Viruses. Viruses lack any Ruska of Germany in 1932 and it was put
membrane and they do not show to use in 1940. It uses electro magnets.
characteristics of life until they enter a living Magnification is 100000 to 500000.
body.
u Gram staining
u 2. Cellular Organisms: : These contain It was developed by Christian Gram (1884),
either one or many cells in their bodies. Ex: based on their staining, bacteria classified
Bacteria, plants and animals. Cellular into Gram positive, and Gram negative.
organisms are divided into two types Bacteria stained by a dye called crystal
1. Prokaryotes 2. Eukaryotes violet.
u Prokaryotic cell u Flagella
Cells that have membrane bound nucleus It is made up of a protein called flagellin.
and membrane bound cell organelles are
u Structure of cell :
called Eukaryotic cells and the cells which
lack these membrane bound structures are
called Prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic
cells are represented by bacteria, bluegeen
algae, mycoplasma or PPLO (Pleuro
Pneumonia Like Organisms), spirochetes
and rickettsiae. Nuclear material (DNA) is
present.Nuclear region in the cytoplasm is
called nucleoid. In these cells bound
organells, mitochondria areabsent.
Ribosomes are present.
u Eukaryotic cell
1. The cell membrane or plasma membrane,
These have advanced and complete cells. and cell wall.
These cells contain membrane bound nuclei 2. The nucleus, and
and other cellular organelles and are called
3. The cytoplasm
eukaryotic cells, such cells are found in
unicellular and multicellular plants and The outer boundary of the cell is the plama
animals contain plasma membrane, nucleus, membrane. Inside it lies the cytoplasm.
DNA and cytoplasm with ribosomes and Various cellular or cell organelles and
cellular organelles such as mitochondria. inclusions are suspended in the cytoplasm.
All activities inside the cell and interaction
Microscopes are two types they are 1.
of the cell with its environment is possible
Compound microscope (light) can magnify
due to these features.
the objects into 300 to 1500 times.
14
Out of these organelles, nucleus is visible called diffusion.
under a light microscope. The other
u Osmosis : - Water also follows the law
organelles can be seen under an electron
microscope only. of diffusion a selective spontaneous
movement of water molecules through a
u Nature and Occurrence : selective permeable membrane (e.g., plasma
Most cellular organelles such as membrane) is called osmosis. The
mitochodria, Iysosomes, peroxisomes, Golgi movement of water across the plasma
apparatus, nucleus and endoplasmic membrane of the cell is affected by amount
reticulum, are all enclosed by the unit of substance dissolved in water. Thus,
membrane. osmosis is the passage of water from a
region of high water concentration through a
u Structure : - Plasma membrane is a
semi - permeable membrane to a region of
living, thin, delicate, elastic, selectively low water concentration.
permeable membrane.
Chemical analysis has shown the membrane u Edocytosis : Edocytosis is the ingestion
to be 75percent phospholipids. The of material by the cells through the plasma
membrane contains proteins, cholesterol and memgbrane. It is a collective term that
polysaccharides. describes three similar process
Phagocytosis (cell eating), potocytosis
u In 1972 singer and Nicolson suggested
("cell drinking) and receptor - mediated
a model, called fluid mosaic model, to endocytosi.
explain the ultrastructure of the plasma
membrane or any other membrane of the u Phagocytosis : It literally means "cell
cell. According to them plasma membrane is eating". It is a common method of feeding
made up of a bi layer (two molecule thick among the protozoa (Amoeba) and lower
layers) of phospholipids. metazoa (e.g., sponges)
Two types of protein molecules 'floated In the phagocytosis, an area of the plasma
about in the fluid phospholipids layer. The membrane, coated initially with actin -
fluid mosaic model of the membrane has myosin, forms a pocket that engulfs the
been described as "a number of protein solid material.
icebergs floating in the sea oflipids".
u Exocytosis : - Just as materials can be
u Functions :- brought into a cell by invagination and
Plasma membrane permits the entry and formation of a vesicle, the membrane of a
exit of some materials in the cells. vesicle can fuse with the plasma membrane
Therefore, the plasma membrane is called as and extrude its contents to the surrounding
selective permeable membrane. medium. This process is called cell vomiting
Diffusion : - Some substances (Molecules, or exocytosis.
ions) such as carbon dioxide (CO2 ),
Oxygen (02), water, etc., can move across
the plasma membrane through a process
15
LEVEL - 1 10. The longest cell in the human body is
1) nerve cell 2) muscle cell
1. Who proposed the cell theory? 3) liver cell 4) kidney cell
1) Schleiden and Schwann
2) Watson and Crick 11. The idea `omins cellula e cellula' which
3) Darwin and Wallace means that all living cells arise from pre
4) Mendel and Morgan existing cells was given by
1) Robert Brown 2) Purkinje
2. The history of the cell began in 1665 with 3) Rudolf Virchow 4) Schleiden
the publication of Micrographia in London by
1) Robert Hooke 2) Robert Brown 12. The structural or functional unit of life is
3) Straburger 4) Dujardin 1) tissue 2) organ
3) organ system 4) cell
3. Which of the following has an irregular or
variable shape ? 13. Main difference between animal cell and
1) Euglena 2) Panunecium plant cell is
3) Amoeba 4) Acetabuiaria 1) nutrition 2) growth
3) movement 4) respiration
4. Nucleus was discovered by
1) Robert Hooke 2) Robert Brown 14. First living cells were observed by
1)A N. Leeuwenhoek 2) Robert Hooke
3) Virchow 4) Schleiden
3) R. Virchow 4) Robert Brown
5. Which of the following is known as 15. Cell arise from pre - existing cell was
"physical basis of life " ? stated by
1) gene 2) protoplasm 1) Haeckel 2) Virchow
3) nucleolus 4) mitochondria 3) Hooke 4) Schleiden
5. Cell theory was given by 16. Potocytosis means
1) Schleiden and Schwann 1) Cell drinking 2) cell eating
2) Virchow 3) Hooke 3) 1 and 2 4) None
4) Haeckel
7. Phagocytosis means
1) cell drinking 2) cell eating
3) 1 and 2 4) None SYNOPSIS - 2
18
Functions : - eukaryotic cells (except mammalian RBC).
1. If forms supporting skeletal framework of u Function : Ribosome play an important
the cell.
part in the synthesis of proteins.
2. ER provides a pathway for the
distribution of nuclear material from one
cell to the other.
3. Certain enzymes present in smooth ER LEVEL - 2
synthesize fats (lipids), steroids and
cholesterol. 1. Plasma membrane is
1) permeable 2) selective permeable
4. Rough ER is concerned with the transport 3) semipermeable 4) impermeable
of proteins which are syntehisised by
ribosomes on their surface. 2. Golgi apparatus is involved in synthesis of
1) new membranes
2) new membranes and lysosomes
3) cellulose 4) glucose
19
9. Nucleolus is a seat of SYNOPSIS - 3
1) Protein synthesis 2) ribosome synthesis
3) enzyme synthesis 4) m RNA synthesis u Golgi appartus :- It was first discovered
by camello Golgi (1873) ii n the nerve cell
10. Rough ER contains of Owl. It is known as Lipochondria (or)
1) detoxification centres Idiosome (or) Dalton complex (or)
2) carbohydrate synthesizing machinery
3) ribosomes 4) lysosmes Baker's body. It is present in all eukary-otic
cells except mature sieve elements in plants,
11. Cell wall of plant cells is chiefly mature sperm cell and RBC in animals. In
composed of plants and lower invertebrates it is also
1) hemicellulose 2) cellulose called as dictyosome. A single dictyosome is
3) phospholipids 4) proteins found in the cells of Micromonas where as
the rhizoidal cells of Chara has 25,000
12. Lipid molecules in the cell are
dictyosome. Consists of set of membrane-
synthesized by
bounded, fluid - filled vesicles, vacuoles and
1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2) rough endoplasmic reticulum flattened cistemae (closed sacs.) Cisternae
3) Golgi apparatus 4) plastids are usually stacked together (placed on
above the animal cells. However, the plant
13. A set of unpaired chromosomes of each cells contian many freely distributed
kind of cell is called subunits of Glogi apparatus, called
1) diploid 2) haploid dictyosomes. Cisternae are formed at one
3) tripliod 4) 2 and 3 end of the stack, called trans face of Golgi.
Golgi apparatus is absent in bacteria, blue -
14.Ribosomes are made up of
1) lipoprotein 2) RNA green algae, mature sperms and red blood
3) Protein 4) both b and c cells of mammals and other animals. The
Golgi apparatus arises from the membrane
15. Cell wall in plant cells is made of of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
1) starch 2) glycogen Which in turn originates from the rough
3) cellulose 4) chitin endoplasmic reticulum.
16. The functions of both SER and RER u Functions :
1) Protein synthesis The main function of the Golgi apparatus is
2) lipid synthesis secretary.
3) protein and lipid synthesis It produces vaculoes or secretory vesicles
4) All the above which contain cellular secretions, e.g.,
enzymes, proteins, cellulose, melanin
pigment, lactoprotein of milk, etc., Golgi
apparatus is also involved in the synthesis of
cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosomes.
u Lysosomes :- It was observed by
Christain de Duve
20
Lysosomes are simple tiny spherical sac - membrane is thrown into folds and,
like structures evenly distributed in the therefore, have an area several times the
cytoplasm. Each lysosome is a small vesicle surface of area of the outer membrane These
surrounded by a single membrane and folds are called cristae and arc studded
contain powerful enzymes. These enzymes (dotted) with small rounded bodies known
are capable of digesting or breaking down as F1 particles or oxysomes. Circular DNA
all organic materials. Lysosomal enzymes molecule and phosphate granules.
are made by RER. Mitochondria are absent in bacteria and the
red blood cells of mammals.
u Functions : - Lysosomes serve as
intracellular digestive system, hence, called
digestive bags. they destroy any foreign
material which enter the cell such as bacteria
and virus. In this way they protect the cells
batcerial infection.
Lysomes also remove the worn out and
poorly working cellular organelles by
digesting them to make way for their new
replacements. In this way, they remove the
cell debris and are also known as demolition
squads, scavengers and cellular MITOCHONDRIA
hosuekeepers. Thus, lysosomes form a kind
of garbage disposal system of the cell. u Functions :- Mitochondria are sites of
During breakdown of cell structure, when cellular respiration. They use Mitochondria
the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst are sites of cellular respiration. They use,
and the ezymes eat up their own cells. carbohydrates and fats (lipids) present in the
Therefore, lysosomes are also known as cell to carbon dioxide and water vapour.
suicidal bags of a cell. Oxidation releases energy, a portion of
which is used to form ATP (adenosine
u The mitochondria :They were first triphosphate). Since the mitochondria
discovered by Kolliker (1850) in muscle synthesize energy-rich compounds (ATP),
cells. Altman (1856) named them as they are known as 'power house' of the cell.
bioplasts. The term mitochondrion was The energy stored in ATP is by the cell.
coined by Benda (1857). (singular
:mitochondrion) are tiny bodies of varying ATP stands for the organic compound
shapes (cylindrical, rodshaped, spherical) adenosine triphosphate. ATP is generally
and size (0.2 mm to 2 mm), distributed in known as energy carrier or energy
the cytoplasm. Each mitochondrion is currency of the cell. The body of an
bounded by a double membrane envelope. organism uses the energy stored in ATP for
Outer membrane is porous. The inner 1. synthesis of chemical compounds
21
(DNA replication, transcription of RNAs, Granum is the site of light reaction during
and synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates photosynthesis, while stroma is the site o f
"and 2. Mechanical works (contraction of dark reaction during photosynthesis.
muscles).
u Function : -
Mitochondria are able to make sonic or their
own proteins; so, they are regarded as Plastids perform the following functions :
semiautonomous' organelles. 1. Chloroplasts trap solar energy and utilises
it to manufacture food for the plant.
u Plastids : Nature and occurrence :
Plastids occur in most plant cells and are 2. Chromplasts impart various colours to
absent in animal cell. Like the mitochondria, flowers to attract insects for pollination.
the plastids also have their own genome 3. Leucoplasts store food in form of
(i.e., DNA) and ribosomes. They are sell- carbohydrates (starch), fats and protein.
replicating organelles like the mitochondria,
i.e., they have the power to divide. Plastids
are of following three types
1. Chromoplasts Coloured plastids (except
green colour)
2. Chloroplasts : Green coloured plastids.
3. Leucoplasts : The colourless plastids.
23
13. Chlorophyll is present in 3) Nutrition 4) Transport
1) matrix 2) stroma
3) cristae 4) thylakoid 8. Who observed cell division for the time
1) Rudolf Virchow 2) Robert Hooke
14. Mitochondria are regarded as 3) Hugodevries 4) Robert Brown
1) semi autonomous
2) non semi autonomous 9. Proteins are formed in
3) 1 and 2 4) None 1) Golgi bodies 2) Nucleus
3)Plastids 4) Ribosomes
15. Which of the following is incorrect pair ?
1) Chloroplast - kitchen of the cell 10. The plastids which are coloured green
2) mitochondria - power house of the cell and colourless are known respectively as
3) lysosome - secretary granules 1) Chromoplasts, chloroplasts, Leucoplasts
4) nucleus - brain of the cell 2) Leucoplasts, Chrommoplasts, Chloroplasts
3) Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts, Chloroplasts
4) None of these
REVISION EXCERCISE
11. The outer most covering of animals cell is
1. Cell membrane or plasma membrane is 1) cell wall
2) plasma membrane
made up of
3) Nuclear membrane
1) Lipids 2) proteins
4) Nucleolar envelop
3) Both 1&2 4) Cellulose
12. Identify the selectively permeable
2. Cell wall is present in
1) Animals 2) Humans membrane
3) Plants 4) Zooplanktons 1) Cell wall 2) Cell membrane
3) Tonoplast 4) Nuclear membrane .
3. It acts as cells control room
1) Cell membrane 2) Nucleus 13. Nucleus was discovered by
3) Mitochondria 4) Nucleolus 1) Schwann 2) Robert Brown
3) Robert Hooke 4) Leeuwen hoek
4. Identify the prokaryotic cell
1) Bacterium 2) Cyanobacteria 14. This part of the cell bears genetic
3) paramoecium 4) Both 1 & 2 information
1) Nucleus 2) Nucleolus
5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in 3) Ribosomes 4) Golgi complex
the manufacture of
1) Proteins 2) Lipids 15. This participates in intracellular
3) Carbohydrates 4) Vitamins transport
1) Endoplasmic reticulum 2) Lysosomes
6. Suicidal bags of the cell is 3) Golgi complex 4) Ribosomes
1) Lysosome 2) Ribosomes
3) Nucleosome 4) Golgi complex 16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum helps in
the manufacture of
7. The primary function of chloroplasts is 1) Lipids 2) Carbohydrates
1) Respiration 2) Photosynthesis 3) Proteins 4) Vitamins
24
17. The power house of the cell are 19. The fluid inside the nucleus is known as
1) Lysosomes 2) Mitochondria 1) Nucleoplasm 2) Cytoplasm
3) Ribosomes 4) Vacuole 3) Protoplasm 4) Germplasm
18. Cell theory was proposed by 20.Functional segments of DNA are called
1) Schleiden 2) Schwann 1) RNA 2) Ribosomes
3) Both 1 & 2 4) Rudolf Virchow 3) Chromosomes 4) Genes
3 TISSUES
SYNOPSIS - 1
Ÿ Tissues are group or cells similar in structure that work together to perform a partic ul ar
function.
Ÿ The term tissue was coined by Bichat 1792. Study of tissues is called histology (GK.
histos = tissue; logos = study ;)
Ÿ Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771 - 1802) was a French anatomist and pathologist,
the father of histology.
Ÿ Agroup of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function
forms a tissue. All cells of a tissue have common origin.
Ÿ based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as
meristematic and permanent tissues.
25
Classification of plant Tissues
Plant Tissue
Simple Complex
(Protective and supporting) (Tissue composed of more
(Tissues composed of single type of cells) than one type of cells)
Phloem Xylem
1. Sieve tube 1. Xylem Vessels
2. Companion cells 2. Tracheids
Ÿ Cells of meristems divide continuously and help in increasing the length and of the plant
Ÿ 1.The meristematic cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal or rectangular in shape.
Ÿ 2. The meristematic cells are compactly arranged and do not contain any intercellular spa
between them.
u Occurrence : Growth tissues and arc found in the growing regions of the plant.
u 1.Apical meristems : These are situated at the growing tip of stems and roots, i.e., at
shoot apex and root apex. Apical meristems are also found at a pieces of the leaves.
u 2. Lateral meristems : These are found beneath the bark (called cork cambium) and in
vascular bundles of dicot roots and stems (called vascular cambium). They occur thin
layers. Cambium is the region which is responsible for growth in thickness.
u 3. Intercalary meristems : They are located at the base of leaves or internodes, e.g.,
sterns of grasses and other monocots. Such tissues also occur below the nodes
(e.g., mint ) Functions : -
26
u Apical meristem : It brings about the The parenchymatous cells are oval, round,
elongation of the root and stem. It results in polygonal or elongated in shape.
an increase in the height of the plant, which u Occurrence : Plant bodies such as stem,
is called primary growth. roots, leaves, flowers and fruits. Thus, the
parenchyma is found in the soft parts of the
Apical Meristem (i)
plant such as cortex of roots, ground tissues
in stems and mesophyll of leaves. It is also
Intercalary Meristem (ii) distributed in pith, medullary rays and
packing tissue in xylem and phloem.
u Functions :
5. Which tissue plays a major role in photo- 14. Tissues that help in transport of
synthesis materials are called
1) collenchymas 2) parenchyma 1) Meristematic tissue 2) Dermal tissue
3) Arenchyma 4) Chlorenchyma 3) Ground tissue 4) Vascular tissue
6. The Natural openings of the leaves are ra 15. Dermal tissue forms.
1) Guard cells 2) stomata 1) Epidermis 2) Mesodermis
3) mesophyl 4) Both 1 and 3 3) Endodermis 4) All of these
7. A group of cells alike in form, function 16. Stomata are enclosed by two kidney
and origin are called shoped cells called ___________.
1) tissue 2) organ 1) Secretory cells 2) Guard cells
3) organelle 4) none of these 3) Wand cells 4) parenchymatous cells
28
19. Meristematic tissues are present in SYNOPSIS - 2
growing tips of
1) Root 2) Shoot
3) Both 1 & 2 4) Lateral parts of stem u Collenchyma :
29
flexibility to those organs in which it is found. The cells of collenchyma contain some
chloroplasts they manufacture sugar and starch.
u Selerenchyma : Sclerenchyma cells (Gr. sclerous - hard ) are dead cells and they are
devoid of protoplasm. The cells walls of sclerenchyma are greatly thickened of lignin Such
cell wall, walls are called lignified.
Round cell
Vacuole
Intercellular space
Thin primary Nucleus
cellulose wall
(a) Parenchyma in TS
(b) Parenchyma in L:
Lumen
Lignified secondary
wall thickening
Pil
u Protective tissue : Protective tissues include epidermis and cork (or phellem).
30
u Epidermis : The epidermis (Gr. epi = upon, derma = skin ) is usually present in the
outermost layer of the plant body such as leaves, flowers, stein and roots. Epidermis is
one cell thick and is covered with cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof layer of a waxy
substance called cutin which is secreted by epidermal cells. Cuticle possesses variable
thickness in plants , for instance it is more thicker in xerophytic (or desert) plant.
Ÿ The main function of epidermis is to protect the plant from desiccation and infection.
Ÿ The aerial surfaces of many plant bear cutinised hair over their epidermis. They are called
trichomes . They reduce the rate of transpiration.
Ÿ In roots, the younger part are covered with un cutinised layer of epidermis called
epiblema. Some of the epiblema cells give rise to tubular outgrowths called root hairs.
Ÿ Secondary meristem, called phellogen or cork cambium replaces epidermis of stem.
Ÿ The walls of cork cells are heavily thickened with an organic substance (a fatty
substance), called suberin deposits
Ÿ Cork is protective function. Cork prevent desiccation (loss of water from plant cells
body), infection and mechanical injury.
Ÿ Commercial cork is obtained from the stem surface of cork oak tree (Quercus suber)
found in Southern Europe and North Africa.
31
u Skin shows upper and lower epidermis
Ÿ Epidermis of a leaf is not continuous at some places due to the presence of small pores,
called stomata. Each stoma is bounded by a pair of specialised epidermal cells or two
kidney - shaped cells called guard cells. The concave sides of these guard cells face each
other and have a space forming stomata! opening. Guard cells are the only epidermal cells
which contain chloroplasts, the rest being colorless.
Ÿ The stoma allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration.
During transpiration too, water vapour also escapes through stomata
Ÿ Photosynthesis takes place during day time (in light). But respiration occurs both in the
day and night time.
LEVEL - 2 (I)
2. Which type of tissue forms the inner 7. Which of the following tissues are
lining of a blood vessel ? composed of mainly dead cells ?
1) epithelial 2) connective 1) phloem 2) epidermis
3) nervous 4) muscle 3) xylem 4) endodermis
11.tissue forms new cells in plants. 21. _______tissues prevent loss of water in
1) Meristematic 2) Permanent plants
3) Simple 4) None of the above 1) Protective 2) Xylem
3) Phloem 4) All of the above
12. Collenchyma mainly forms
1) Hypodermis 2) Epidermis 22. .Phloem in the plants perform the
3) Phloem 4) Inner cortex function of
13. The group of cells which are similar in 1) Conduction of food
origin and function are called 2) Conduction of water
1) Organs 2) Tissues 3) Providing support 4) Photosynthesis
3) Organ systems 4) Both 1 & 2 23. The tissues in plants made up of only
14. The 'Cell wall' of Collenchyma is made one type of cells are called tissues.
up of 1) Simple 2) Temporary
1) Cellulose 2) Pectin 3) Complex 4) Permanent
3) Lignin 4) Both 1 & 2
24. Which of the following arc the simple
15. Which of the following are Mechanical tissues ?
tissues? 1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma
1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma 3) Sclerenchyma 4) All of these
3) Sclerenchyma 4) Both 2 & 3
25.Which of the followinng are Complex
16. Water storage tissue is present in tissues ?
1) Tubers 2) Rhizomes l) Xylem 2) Phloem
3) Xerophytes 4) All of these 3) Sclerenchyma 4) Both 1 & 2
17. Which of the following are conductive
26. The tissue that gives flexibility and
tissues ?
tensile strength to the plants is .
1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma
1) Parenchyma 2) Collenchyma
3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3
3) Sclerenchyma 4) All of these
18. Which of the following tissue conducts
food materials from leaves to other parts of 27. Which of the following tissue conducts
the plant ? water and minerals in plants ?
1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma 1) Xylem 2) Parenchyma
3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3 3) Phloem 4) Both 1 & 3
19.Which of the following are Phloem 28. Which of the following are Xylem
elements ? elements
1) Sieve tubes 2) Sieve plates 1) Fibres 2) Tracheids 3) Vessels
3) Companion cells 4) All of these 4) All of these
u ANIMAL TISSUES :
Ÿ So , why do cells need oxygen ? Mitochondria present in each and every cell of our body,
utilizes oxygen tyo generate energy in the form of ATP molecules. These ATP molecules
provide energy for all sorts of activities performed by our body cells.
Ÿ Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It flows and connects different parts of body. it carries
oxygen and rood to all cells and in return collects metabolic wastes (e.g., carbon dioxide )
from them.
Ÿ Thus , muscles and blood, both are examples of tissues'found in our body. On the basis of
the functions they perform in the body of multicellular animals, the animal tissues are
classified as 1. Epithelial tissue ; 2. Muscle or muscular tissue ; 3. Connective tissue
and 4. Nervous tissue. Muscle forms the muscular tissue and blood is a type of
connective tissue.
Animal Tissues
1. Squamous
3. Columnar 4. Ciliated
1. Straited 3. Cardiac
and Glandular
2. Cubiodal
1. Blood 2. Lymph
Epithelial tissue is the simplest tissue. It is the protective tissue of the animal body (as
epidermis of plants). The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and they form a continuous
sheet. The tissue covers most organs and cavities within the body. The skin and lining of
buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli (of lungs) and kidney tubules are made of epithelial
tissue. Epithelial cells lie on a delicate non - cellular basement membrane which contains a
special form of matrix protein, called collagen.
Epithelial tissue may be simple, i.e., composed of a single layer of cells, or stratified, i.e.,
made up of several layers of cells.
35
u Functions : u Stratified Keratinized Squamous :
1.The cells of the body surface (i.e, Epicthelium : This is found in skin and
epidermis ) form the outer layer of skin . covers the external dry surface of the skin .
These cells protect the underlying cells from Cells of this tissue are arranged in many
drying, injury, and chemical effects. They layers. Deeer layers of the tissue have
also protect the body from viral or bacterial cuboidal cells which become polygonal and
infection. finally p flattened (squamous ) towards the
2. Inside the body, epithelial cells form free surface. Layer contain a fibrous protein,
lining of mouth and alimentary canal and the keratin and become dead
protect these organs. u Cuboidal Epithelium :
36
u Ciliated Epithelium : work according to our will, they are also
Nature : Certain cuboidal or columnar called voluntary muscles.
cells have a free border which bear thread
Ÿ The striated muscle fibres (cells) are long
like cytoplasmic outgrowths, called cilia
or elongated, non - tapering, cylindrical
such cells from the ciliated epithelium.
and un branched these cells have a
u Occurrence : Ciliated ctiboidal number of nuclei (1,e,, each muscle cell
epithelium is found in the sperm ducts, The is multinuclealed). Each muscle cell is
ciliated columnar epithelium lines the en- closed in a thin but distinct plasma
trachea (wind - pipe), bronchi (lungs), membrane, called sarcolemma,
kidney tubules and oviducts (1.allopian
Ÿ Its nuclei are peripheral in position, i e,
tubes).
nuclei are located just beneath the
u Muscle Tissues (or Muscular Tissues) sarcolemma, In the sarcoplasm
: The muscle tissues or muscles of the body (cytoplasm) of the muscle cell are
form the contractile tissue and are made of embedded large number of contractile
muscle cells. Muscle cells are elongated and elements , called sarcostyles or
large - sized, so they are also called muscle myofibrils.
fibers. The movements of the; body or limbs u Occurrence : Striated muscles occur in
are brought about by contraction and the the muscles of limbs (e.g. biceps and
relaxation of contractile proteins which are triceps or arms), body wall, face, neck
present in muscle cells. The movements of etc. striated muscles present in tongue,
the internal organs such as heart and pharynx , diaphragm and upper part of
alimentary canal, are caused by muscle oesophagus are called visceral striated
tissues. muscles
Fat
Ÿ Serve as a storage site of calcium and
globule
phosphate.
u Fluid Connective Tissue : It includes
Yellow fibre
blood and lymph.
Adipose cell
Blood vessel
u Blood : Blood is a fluid connective
tissue. In this tissue cells (corpuscles) move
u Skeletal Tissue : The skeletal or
in a fluid or liquid matrix or a medium
supporting tissue includes cartilage and bone
called blood plasma. The blood plasma does
which form the endoskeleton of vertebrate
not contain protein fibres but contains cells
body.
called blood corpuscles or blood cells.
u Cartilage : It has widely spaced out 1. Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) or
cells and matrix is produced and maintained erythrocytes ;
by the chondrocytes. It as a delicate network 2. White blood cell (WBCs) orleucocytes
of collagen 3.Platelets.
It can be observed in ear pinna, nose tip,
epiglottis, intervertebral discs, end of long
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Yellow marrow
Red marrow
Blood vessels
Periosteum
40
u RBC and WBCs are living, while cytoplasm with no granules. Some
plasma and platelets are non - living. Plasma lymphocytes later on transform into plasma
forms 55 Per cent of the total volume of cells.
blood. Organic substances of plasma are
Ÿ Blood platelets are minute a nucleated,
soluble proteins such as albumins (maintain
fragile fragments of giant bone marrow
osmotic pressure of blood) globulins (some
cells, called megakaryocytes.
act as antibodies), fibrinogen (used in blood
clothing); and glucose, amino acids, lipids, u Lymph : Lymph is a colorless fluid that
vitamins, enzymes, hormones and waste is filtered out of the blood capillaries. Since
materials (urea, uric acid). it is a part of blood, its composition is
similar to that of blood except Proteins are
u Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) are large
absent in it.
in number and have iron - containing red
respiratory pigment, the haemoglobin. The Ÿ 1. Lymph transports the nutrients
erythrocytes of most vertebrates are oval (oxygen, glucose) that may have been
shaped nucleated and biconvex. filtered out of the blood capillaries back into
Erythrocytes play a vital role in the transport the heart to be re circulated in the body.
of oxygen. White blood cells (WBCs) are of Ÿ 2. It brings CO2 and nitrogenous wastes
two main kinds : phagocytes and from tissue tissue fluid to blood.
immunocytes. Phagocytes are capable of
Ÿ 3. Being loaded with WBCs such as
phagocytosis and they carry out the function
lymphocytes, the lymph protects the body
of body defence by engulfing bacteria and
against infection. It forms the defence or
other foreign substances. Life span of each
immune system of the body
RBC is 120 days Phagocytes are of two
types : u Nervous Tissue : Nervous tissue is a
tissue which is specialized to transmit
u 1. Granulocytes : Which have irregular
messages within our body. Brain, spinal
- shaped nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
cord and nerves are all composed of nervous
with specific staining properties. They
tissue. Tissue contains highly specialised
include neutrophils, basophils and
unit.
eosinophils
u 2. Agranular leucocytes : have no
cytoplasmic granules and include the
monocytes. Monocytes have a large nucleus
indented on one side and large amount of
cytoplasm. They ultimately migrate to body
tissues and transform into macrophages and
histiocytes. Immunocytes produce
antibodies and are involved in the immune
response. They include lymphocytes which
have a nearly spherical nucleus and little
41
Ÿ 1. The cyton or cell body which contains 5. Bone matrix is rich in
a central nucleus and cytoplasm with 1) fluoride and calcium
characteristic deeply stained particles, called 2) calcium and phosphorus
Nissal's granules (i.e., clumps of ribosomes). 3) Phosphorus and potassium
4) Calcium and potassium
Ÿ 2. The dendrons which are short
processes arising from the cyton and further 6. Nerve cell does not contain
branching into dendrites; and 1) axon 2) nerve endings
3) tendons 4) dendrite
Ÿ 3. The axon which is a single, long
cylindrical process of uniform diameter. It 7. While doing work and running, you move
forms fine branches terminally. Each such your organs such as hands, legs, etc., which
twig - like branch of axon ends in a swollen among the following is correct ?
structure, called synaptic knob or bouton. 1) Smooth muscles contract and pull the
Bouton contains acetylcholine -.filled ligament to move the bones
vesicles. Acetylcholine (ACh) is an
important neurotransmitter (i.e., a substance 2) smooth muscles contract and pull the
that plays an important role in the tendons to move the bones
transmission of nerve impulses within the 3) skeletal muscles contract and pull the
nervous system). Axon is also called nerve ligament to move the bones
fibres. 4) skeletal muscles contract and pull the
tendon to move the bones
42
13. Tendon is a structure which connects 1) Osteocytes 2) Monocytes
1) a bone with another bone 3) Lymphocytes 4) Adipocytes
2) a muscle with a bone
3) a nerve with a muscle 25. Fat is stored in cells.
4) a muscle with a muscle 1) Adipocytes 2) Platelets
3) Fibroblasts 4) Osteocytes
14. Which connective tissue helps in storing
fats? 26. The epithelium occur in multiple layer is
1) Tendon 2) Ligament called.
3) Adipose 4) Areolar tissue 1) Simple epithelium
15. Nervous tissue is not found in 2) Squamous epithelium
1) brain 2) spinal cord 3) Stratified epithelium
3) tendons 4) nerves 4) None of these
16. Contractile proteins are found in 27. Epithelial cells lining the digestive and
1) bones 2) blood respiratory systems is _________.
3) muscles 4) cartilage 1) Cuboidal epithelium
2) Columnar epithelium
17. Which are not true cells in the blood?
3) Ciliated epithelium
1) platelets 2) monocytes
4) All of these
3) basophils 4) neutrophils
18. Which can play a major role in transport 28. Which of the following cells are present
of oxygen(symbol O2) ? in Nervous system ?
1) RBC's 2) WBC's 1) Osteocytes 2) Platelets
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None 3) Glial cells 4) Fibroblasts
19. The life span of RBC is 29. Striated muscles are also called
1) 130 days 2) 120 days 1) Skeletal muscle 2) Voluntary muscles
3) 125 days 4) 126 days 3) Smooth muscles 4) Both 1 & 2
36. The tissue that connects bones at the 45. Which one of the following has
joints is involuntary muscles?
1) Cartilage 2) Bone 1) Legs 2) Arms
3) Areolar tissue 4) Ligament 3) Neck 4) Intestine
37. RBC are produced from 46. Involuntary striated muscle is present in
1) Adipocytes 2) Heparin ________
3) Pancreas 1) Intestine 2) Heart
4) Bone marrow of long bones 3) Lungs 4) All of these
38. Voluntary muscles are also known as 47. Non-striated muscles are also called
1) Skeletal muscles 2) Unstriated muscles ______
3) Smooth muscles 4) All of these 1) Voluntary muscles
2) Smooth muscles
39. Number of RBC present in 1 ml of blood 3) Involuntary muscles
1) 6 millions 2) 5 millions 4) Both 2 & 3.
3) 4 millions 4) 3 millions
48. Which of the following are called
40. The epithelial cells with long and 'Supportive cells' ?
cylindrical cells are called _________. 1) Muscle cells 2) Neurons
1) Cuboidal epithelium 3) Glial cells 4) Both 2 & 3
2) Columnar epithelium
3) Ciliated epithelium 4) All of these 49. ______ cells are called as Scavengers
1) Lymphocytes 2) Monocytes
41. The tissue forming a covering over the 3) Neutrophils 4) Basophils
surface of the body as well as on the outside
and inside of several internal organs is 50. Striated in its structure and involuntary
1) Connective tissue in action muscles present in
2) Epithelial tissue 1) Legs 2) Alimentary canal
3) Muscular tissue 4) Nervous tissue 3) Uterus 4) Heart
44
51. The tissue which makes connection
4 BACTERIA
between organs is called
1) Epithelial 2) Connective
3) Muscular 4) Nervous SYNOPSIS - 1
45
u Shape: Bacteria exists in different cell wall so as to form an additional surface
shapes. Based on the shape. bacteria are layer . Glycocalyx if it is loosely distributed
divided into four types namely (a) cocci, (b) around the cell, it is called slime layer and
Bacilli, (c) spirilla and (d) vibrios. when it is firmly attached to the surface of
the cell, it is called capsule. capsule is made
u Coccus : Cocci are small non motile up of polysaccharides and amino acids.
spherical bacteria. They are again six types. Presence of capsule is genetically
a) Monococcus (occur singly) controlled. It protects bacteria . from host
b) Diplococcus (occur in pairs),
c) Tetracoccus (occur in groups of four), cells and also prevents its dessication.
d) Streptococcus (occur in chains), Capsulated bacteria are highly virulent
e) Staphylococcus (occur in irregular whereas non capsulated bacteria are
clusters like grapes) and generally a virulent.
f) Sarcina (occur in cubical forms of eight or
multiples of eight) u Flagella : They are the organs of
motility present in all types of bacteria
u Bacillus : It a rod shaped bacterium. except coccus type. Bacteria are of the
They may be following types based on number of flagella.
a)Monobacillus (occurs singly),
b) Diplobacillus (occur in pairs) and a) Atrichous: flagella are absent
c) Streptobacillus (occur in chains). Eg: Pasteurella, Lactobacillus
• Bacteria have rigid cell wall. The • Some green sulphur bacteria,
presence of cell wall is a plant cell character. (Chlorobium contain chlorosomes. The
The bacterial cell wall material is called pigments are found in lainellae lying
peptidoglycan or murein. Murein is a beneath the cytoplasmic membrane.
polymer of two types of sugars namely N • The food is stored in the form of
acetyl muramic acid (NAM) and N acetyl glycogen polybetahydroxy butyric acid
glucose amine (NAG) .These sugars (PHB) Starch is absent.
alternate each other and are joined by
glycosidic bonds u Mesosomes : In foldings of plasma
membrane present in some bacteria are
• A tetrapeptide chain (protein with four called mesosomes. They are mostly present
amino acids) is joined to one side ofNAM in Gram positive bacteria.
sugar. The amino acids present in it are
Lalanine, D- glutamate, Di aminopimilic • Bacterial nucleoid contains a single
acid and D - alanine. The thick aminoacid circular DNA. This is not enclosed by
varies in different bacteria. The parallel nuclear membrane. It is located in a: distinct
peptidoglycan chains are linked by region of cell called nucleoid. The DNA is
pentaglycine peptide cross bridge. circular and double stranded. It lacks
histones hence called naked DNA.
u Gram staining method : Christian
Gram divided bacteria into two types • In addition to nucleoid, bacteria often
based on differential staining in the contain small circular (extra chromosomal)
presence of Gram's stain namely crystal double stranded DNA molecules in
violet. All bacteria on treatment with the cytoplasm. These are called Plasmids. They
above stain turn purple in colour. This is can replicate autonomously and this
firmly fixed to the cell by using a property is exploited in genetic engineering.
moderant Iodine. On further addition of
alcohol and water some bacteria lose the • Bacteria are classified into two types
stain (gram negative bacteria) and some based on the source of carbon. These two
retain the stain (gram positive bacteria). types of bacteria are autotrophic bacteria
and heterotrophic bacteria.
u Cytoplasm : The aqueous living
solution present in bacteria with • The source of carbon in these bacteria is
macromolecules, macromolecules, ions atmospheric carbon dioxide. Autotrophic
and ribosomes is called Cytoplasm. bacteria are further divided into two types
based on the source of energy.
47
They are called (a) photoautotrophs and 3) Non purple green bacteria
(b) chemoautotrophs 4) both 2 and 3
1. Ehren berg called bacterium as 10. The protein present in the pilli
1) animal cules 2) slipper animalcule 1) Pilin 2) Pillin 3) Pillae 4) None
3) bell animalcule 4) both 2 and 3
11. Murein is composed of
2. Non motile spherical bacteria are 1) NAM 2) NAG
1) coccus 2) Bacilli 3) spirilla 4) vibrios 3) Both 1 and 2 4) None
5. The meaning of the word tetracoccus 14. Double stranded DNA molecules present
1) Occur in chains in the cytoplasm of bacteria
2) Occur in pairs 1) plasmidls 2) non plasmids
3) Occur in groups of four 3) 1 and 2 4) None
4) None
15. Find out Atrichous
6. Chlorobium belongs to 1) pasteurells 2) Lactobacillus
1) green sulphur bacteria 3) None 4) both 1 and 2
2) purplegreen sulphur bacteria
48
16. Match the following 1) Acetone 2) Vinegar
1) Atrichous A) E. Coli 3) Ethanol 4) Butanol
2) monotrichous B) LAB
3) Lophotrichous C) vibrio 23. Plasmids are :
4) Amphitrichous D) spirillum 1) A type of plastids in bacteria
1) 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - a 2) Extra nuclear rings of DNA
2) 1 - a, 2 - c, 3 - d, 4 - b 3) Infoldings of the cell membrane
3) 1 - b, 2 - d, 3 - c, 4 - a 4) Infective agents
4) 1 - b, 2 - a, 3 - d, 4 - c
24. Photosynthetic bacteria posses :
1) Mitochondria 2) Chromatophores
LEVEL - 1 (II)
3) Golgi complex
4) Well developed nucleus
17. Saprophytic bacteria feed:
1) In intestines of animals 25. The genus which is useful in the
2) By producing their own food production of several types of Antibiotics :
3) Feed on decaying organic matter 1) Clostridium 2) Rhodospirillum
4) All of these 3) Streptomyces 4) Bacillus
18.To form cheese, a mixture of bacteria and 26. Corynebacterium glutamicum is used in
fungi act upon the production of :
1) Fermented milk sugar 2) Lactic acid 1) Lysine 2) Methane
3) Fats 4) All of these 3) Kanamycin 4) Butanol
19. Bacteria that obtain energy from sunlight 27. The function of streptococcus during
and carbon from CO2 are called : milk fermentation is to
1) Photoautotrophs 1) Produce aerobic environment
2) Photoheterotrophs 2) Produce anaerobic environment
3) Chemoautotrophs 3) Form lactic acid
4) Chemoheterotrophs 4) All of these
20.The transfer of genetic material from one 28. Lactobacillus is used to convert milk
bacterium to another by the mediation of sugar into
bacteriophage is : 1) Glucose 2) Glycogen
1) Transformation 2) Conjugation 3) Lactic acid 4) Citric acid
3) Pleiomorphism 4) Transduction
29. In bacteria the genes for drug resistance
21. Clostridium botulinum causes : are located in
1) Decomposition of organic matter 1) Nucleoid 2) Cytoplasm
2) Food poisoning 3) Plasmid 4) Ribosome
3) Loss of soil fertility
4) Increase of soil fertility 30. Which of the following is a saprophyte :
1) Rhizobium 2) Bacillus
22. Acetobacter aceti is employed in the 3) Mycobacterium 4) Xanthomonas
manufacture of :
49
31. One of the following is helpful in the SYNOPSIS - 2
production of gobar gas :
1) Azotobacter 2) Acetobacter u Chemoautotrophs : They are bacteria
3) Methanococcus 4) Streptomyces which are able to manufacture their organic
food from in organic raw materials with the
32. Biocontrol of insect pests is possible by help of energy derived from exergonic
the growth of : chemical reactions.
1) Bacillus anthracis a) Photoheterotrophs
2) Bacillus lichenoformis b) Chemoheterotrophs
3) Bacillus thuringiensis
4) Bacillus polymyxa u a) Photoheterotrophs :
Photoheterotrophs obtain carbon from
33. The antibiotic streptomycin was
external organic source and energy from
discovered by :
1) Alexander flemming sunlight. They are pigmented and perform
2) Edward Jenner photosynthesis. Sulphur compounds do not
3) S.A.Waksman act as hydrogen donor.
4) Robert Koch Eg : Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium,
(purple non sulphur bacteria).
34. Which of the following is a
nonautotrophic bacterium : u b) Chemoheterotrophs : Chemo
1) Rhodospirillum heterotrophs obtain both carbon and energy
2) Rhodomicrobium from organic compounds. They are non
3) Rhodopsedomonas pigmented and exhibit chemosynthesis.
4) Xanthomonas
Majority of bacteria belong to this group.
Eg ; Saprophytes are those
35. Production of cheese and yogurt by
chemoheterotrophs which feed on dead
employing bacteria is related to :
1) Medical microbiology organic matter.
2) Microbial ecology Eg : Bacillus
3) Agricultural microbiology • Parasites are those chemo heterotrophs
4) Food microbiology which feed on living hosts.
Eg: salmonella
36. The bacterium that is employed in the
large scale production of human insulin is : • Symbionts are those chemo heterotrophs
1) Streptomyces fradiae which are in mutual beneficial association
2) Agrobacterium tumifaciens with the vegetative organs of higher plants.
3) Pasteurella pestis Eg : Rhizobium
4) Escherichia coli
• Vegetative reproduction is by a process
called binary fission. A single bacterium
divide directly into two in every 20 minutes.
u Amylases : Degrade starches . obtained • Blue green algae also add organic matter
from Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Bacillus sp to the soil and increase its fertility. Bacteria
called LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria ) grow in
u Lactases : Obtained from milk to convert into curd
saccharomyces fragilis, Torula cremaris
• The dough which is used to make bread
u Lipases : lipid dissolving enzymes fro is fermented by Yeast called saccharomy -
candida lipolytica, Geotricbum candidum ces cerevisiae Certain dishes such as idli and
dosa are made from dough fermented by
u Zymase : It is a complex of several
microbes.
enzymes of anaerobic respiration which
brings about fermentation.
53
18. Most famous bacterial fertilizer is
1) Nitrosomonas 2) Notrobacter 5 WHY DO WE FALL ILL
3) Nitrosococcus 4) Rhizobium
SYNOPSIS - 1
19.The puffed - up appearance of dough is
due to u Health and Disease
1) The production of oxygen Health is a state of complete physical,
2) The production of carbon
mental and social well-being of an
3) The production of carbon -dioxide
4) No production of carbon dioxide individual. Health is often affected by
diseases. Disease is the unhealthy condition
20. Curdling of milk is done by caused by microorganisms, improper diet or
1) LAB 2) Vibrio Xanthobacillus it is inherited. "Disease" literally means
3) both 1 and 2 4) None being uncomfortable. A person affected by
the disease will have improper functioning
21. Identify the symbiotic bacteria
1) Rhizobium 2) clostridium of the organ systems.
3) typhi 4) coccus
u Classification of diseases
22. Yoghurt is produced by curdling milk Diseases are categorised based on
with the help of prevalence, occurrence or spread and
1) Streptococcus thermophilus duration.
2) Lacto bacillus bulgaricus • Epidemics are the diseases based on
3) salmo nella typhi prevalence that attack many people at the
4) Both 1 and 2
same time. e.g. plague.
23. The large amount of cheese is produced • Infectious diseases are the diseases based
by on occurrence or spread and duration. These
1) Propioni bacterium sharmanii are the diseases caused by microorganisms
2) streptococcus thermophilus like bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa.
3) LAB 4) None These are spread from one person to another
24. Which is the most effective enzyme' can through air, food, water etc.
be used in the production of alcohol? • Non-infectious diseases are the diseases
1) lipases 2) zymases based on occurrence or spread. These are the
3) invertases 4) none diseases caused by genetic abnormalities.
They are called noncommunicable diseases
as they do not spread from one person to
another. e.g. cancer.
• Acute diseases are the diseases based on
duration. These diseases last for a short time
without posing adverse effects on the health.
e.g. common cold.
54
• Chronic diseases are the diseases based • Jaundice is a symptom of the liver,
on duration. Chronic diseases last for which is a target organ.
prolonged Period with drastic effects on
• If the symptoms are headache, vomiting,
health. e.g. DIABETES.
fits or unconsciousness then the brain is the
Diseases can also be categorised based on target.
level of causes. These can be immediate or
u AIDS :
contributory cause.
• Immediate cause of the disease can be AIDS is a viral disease caused by a virus
the microbes causing the disease. e.g. named Human Immuno Deficiency Virus or
Bacteria. HIV, HIV attacks the immune system of an
individual and hence he cannot fight back
• Contributory causes include causes many diseases. HIV finally causes death.
which contribute to immediate cause. e.g u Transmission :
Genetic difference or poor nourishment.
Transmission is the process of passing
u Infectious agents : something from one individual to another
Organisms which cause disease are called as individual. Infectious diseases are spread
infectious agents. They obtain nourishment through microbial organisms from 'an
from the host. e.g. Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, infected person to a healthy person.
Protozoa, Helminths. Microorganisms are transmitted through
• Bacteria cause diseases like typhoid, physical contact, air, water and carriers.
cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, pimples and u Air borne diseases :- These are the
peptic ulcers. diseases transmitted through air.
• Viruses cause the common cold, Microorganisms are transmitted in the 5
influenza, dengue fever, SARS and AIDS. form of droplet nuclei in the air. e.g.
• Fungi cause skin infections. common, cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
• Protozoa causes malaria, kala — azar u Waterborne diseases: These are the
and sleeping sickness. diseases transmitted through water. Excreta
• Helminth worms cause intestinal of infected animals and humans contaminate
infections or elephantiasis. drinking water. e.g. cholera
u Physical contact :- These are the
u Target organs :
These are the different parts of the body diseases transmitted through direct contact.
attacked by infectious agents. Mode of entry e.g. AIDS is transmitted from an infected
of microbes specifies the site of localisation. mother to her child during pregnancy. AIDS
Symptoms tell us about the target organ is also transmitted through intimate contact
infected. between partners.
• If the symptoms are cough and u Carriers :- The most common carriers
breathlessness, then the lungs are the target. or vectors that transfer micro-organisms
55
from one human being to another are female 1) Leshmania 2) Entamoeba
mosquitoes, dogs, hens, etc. e.g. Rabies 3) Plasmodium 4) All of these
virus transmitted by dogs and cats bite.
9. The round worms will stay in the humans
1) Small intestine 2) Large intestine
3) Stomach 4) Liver
57
SYNOPSIS - 2 individuals from communicable diseases by
administration of a suspension of dead
u Effects of infectious diseases :- microorganisms. Vaccine is a biological
Immune system in our body is activated. It preparation that improves immunity to a
functions to attack the foreign invaders and particular disease after inoculation. e.g.
protect the body. smallpox vaccine was the first vaccine
developed against small pox by Edward
Inflammation is the response exhibited by
Jenner, hence called "Father of
the active immune system to kill the
Immunology".
infectious agents. Inflammation includes
swelling, pain, fever etc. u Sources of Disease : -
u Infectious diseases : -
Organisms that can cause diseases are classified in a wide range of categories. Some of them
are viruses, some are bacteria, some are fungi and some are unicellular animals, the
protozoans. Some diseases are also causes by multicellular organisms such as different kinds
of worms.
Common examples of diseases caused by viruses are the common cold, influenza, dengue,
fever and AIDS, Diseases such as typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax are caused
by bacteria. Many common skin infections are caused by different kinds of fungi.
Protozoans cause many familiar diseases such as malaria and kala - azar.
u 1. Air - borne - diseases, e.g., common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Such disease
causing microbes are spread through out the air. The transmission of these microbes
occurs through the little droplets coughed out by an infected person who sneezes or
cough.
u 2. Water - borne diseases, eg., Cholera. Infectious diseases can also spread through
water. These occur when a stool from someone suffering from an infectious gut disease,
such as cholera, or amoebiasis, gets mixed with the drinking water used by people living
nearby. The cholera infested bacteria can enter new hosts through the water they drink
and can cause disease in them.
u 3. Sexually transmitted diseases, e.g., Syphilis and AIDS. Both of these pathogens ar e
trans mitt by sexual contact from one partner to the other.
u 4. Formite borne diseases : Articles coming in contact with patients act as sources of
infection, e.g., door handles, taps, garments, currency, utensils, crockery, etc.
u 5. Spread of disease through vectors : Many animals which live with us may carry
diseases, These animals can transfer infecting agents from a sick person to another
potential host, Thus, these animals act as intermediaries or vectors. Vectors are carrier of
disease or infection, Mosquitoes (Anophels) are vector of disease, called malaria.
59
Insect Vector Diseases trasnmitted
1. Mosquitoes Malaria
I) Anopheles (Female) Filariasis
ii) Culex Yellow Fever, Dengue, Filariasis
iii) Aedes
2. Flies Typhoid, Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera,
Tuberculosis, Conjunctivits (an eye disease)
Kala – azar, oriental sore,
Sleeping sickness
LEVEL - 2
6. Which drug can be used to stop HIV from 14. Reservior and Carrier organisms differ in
replecating it self 1) Possessing disease causing organisms
1) Zidovudine 2) penicillin 2) Carrying living infectitious agents
3) both 1 and 2 4) None 3) Absence of movement
4) Ability to directly infect the host
7. AIDS is due to
1) Reduction to number of helper T-cells 15. A vehicle born tranmitted diseases are :
2) reduction in number of killer T - cells 1) Plague and Malaria
3) autoimmunity 2) Chicken pox and Tetanus
4) non - production 3) Mumps and Common cold
4) Eye infection and Influenza
8. Which one of the diseases is not
infectious ? 16. In which of the following diseases pro-
1) typhoid 2) leprosy tection is offered by mosquito net :
3) measles 4) leukemia 1) Mumps 2) Measles
3) Malaria 4) All of these
9. An insect which transmits a disease in
known as
65
17. Hepatitis virus is transmitted from SYNOPSIS - 4
mother to child during child birth. It is also
u Pulse polio immunisation programme
transmitted through
1) Food 2) Water (PPIP) : Pulse polio immunisation
3) Milk 4) All of these programme forms the largest single day
public health project. Pulse means a dose of
18. A person with HIV infection may : a substance (here polio vaccine) especially
1) Become insane when over a short period of time! It was
2) Not shown symptoms of infections conducted for the first time in December
immediately 1995, in an attempt to eradicate polio from
3) Becomes obese
our country 'programme uses oral polio
4) lose his memory
vaccine or OPV.
19. Source of infection in diseases like u 1. Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis was first
tuberculosis, mumps and whooping cough discovered by German scientist Robert Koch
is in 1882. He was a warded Nobel Prize for
1) Direct contact 2) Droplet of saliva this discovery in 1905. T.B. is an infectious
3) Carrier organism 4) A vector
disease which is communicated from one
20. Jaundice symptoms are seen in the person to another directly or indirectly.
following conditions except in Tuberculosis is also contracted from animals
1) Destruction of large number of RBC of (e.g., cattle). Tuberculosis is caused by
liver bacterium - called mycobacterium
2) Infect by Hepatitis virus tuberculosis. T.B. spreads by inhaling
3) Excretion of bilirubin by the kidney infected droplets released through coughing,
4) Drugs taken that cause damages to liver sneezing, talking and spitting by the patient.
cell The incubation period of T.B.,includes a few
weeks to a few years.
21.Yellow colour of urine is due to presence
of pigment. u Symptoms : - The pateint of
1) Haemoglobin 2) Bilirubin tuberculosis feels sick and weak. There is a
3) Biliveridin 4) Chlorophyll loss appetite and weight. Typical fever
pattern and night sweats are also common.
22. HIV is generally transmitted through : The symptoms of T.B. vary depending on
1) Casual contact 2) Blood
the site of the infection (disease) in the body.
3) Saliva 4) Tears
there arc following two specific sites of
23. Entry of a disease causing organism into tuberculosis infection.
the body results in u Lung or pulmonary T.B. : - The person
1) Infection 2) Incubation suffers from pulmonary. T.B. has continuous
3) Manifestation 4) Termination fever, persistent cough and produces blood
stained sputum. There is loss of weight and
weakness. The chest – pain and
breathlessness are common features of
66
patients of lung. T.B. When the tuberculosis therapy with Oral Rehydration Solution
bacteria get into the lungs, they set up a (ORS) Should be done immediately. ORS
local inflammation and produce an abscess. solution conains 3.5g sodium chloride, 2.5g
This usally heals up and leaves a small path sodium bicarbonate, 1.5g potassium
of scar tissue shows up in X- ray chloride, 20g glucose, 40g surcose in one
photographs. Immunisation with BCG or litre water. Taking small sips of ORS
Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin vaccination solution at intervals prevents dehydration of
prevent tuberculosis. the patients.
.
u Control : - The tuberculosia can be u Typhoid :- Typhoid is the most common
cured by the following six essential drugs. communicable disease in India. Typhoid
1.Rfiampicin (RMP; 2.INH, 3.Streptomycin, fever is common in humans of the 1 to 15
4 .Pyrazinamide, 5.Ethaobutol, and 6. years age group. Every year about
Thioacetozone. Thus, T.B. can be controlled 2.5million persons suffer from Typhoid.
by the use of anti tubercular therapy. Typhoid is caused by a rod - shaped and
motile bacterium, called salmonella typhi
Cholera is an acutely infectious, fatal which is commonly found in the intestine of
disease and is more common during human beings. Human infection is direct.
overcrowded fairs festivals and after floods. Infection takes place by the oral route
Sometimes cholera occurs in "epidemic through ingestion of food, milk or water
form (epidemic means wide and destructive contaminated by contact with faecal matter
in occurrence) spread over large population. of the typhoid patient. The bacteria spread
Cholera is caused the bacterium Vibrio through faecal matter by house flies. The
cholera. It is transmitted by flies, symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14
contaminated water and food. When days after the infection.
sanitation is poor, it spreads rapidly. The
u Symptoms :-
incubation period of cholera is generally
from a few hours to two or three days. 1.Headache and typhoid fever which rises
maximum in the afternoon.
u Symptoms : 1. Watery diarrhoea (i.e., 2. High fever in the second week. Fever
rice - water like stools) which is generally gradually declines during 3rd and 4th day.
painless.
3. Typhoid oral vaccine also prevents
2. Effortless vomiting without nausea. typhoid. Control. There standard drugs (e.g.,
3. Loss of several litres of fluid from Chloromycetin) which cure typhoid.
patient's body takes place within hours. This
results in dehydration muscle cramps and u Diarrhoea : Diarrhoeal disease form a
weight loss. group of intestinal infections, including food
4. Great loss of mineral salts and body fluid poisoning. The main symptom of all such
leads to kidney failure. infections is diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is an
abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid
u Control : 1. For preventing dehydration or fluid faeces.
67
The diarrhoea spreads through infection 5. BCG vaccine is used to cure
through contaminated food, water, drinks, 1) pneumonia 2) tuberculosis
hands, clothes, bed sheets and utensils. 'lite 3) polio 4) amoebiasis
causative agents diarrhoea are mainly
6. Human disease caused by a bacterium is
bacteria such as Escherichia coli, 1) measles 2) dengue
Clostridium botulinum, Shigella dysentiriae, 3) tuberculosis 4) polio
Campylobacterejejuri and Salmonella The
protozoans (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia 7. T.B is cured be
intestinalis and Balantidium coli), some 1) griseofulvin 2) ubiquinone
viruses (Rotavirus, Enterovirus, A denovirus 3) streptomycin 4) encitol
and Norwalk) and nematodes (Ascaris) also
8. Cholera is caused by
act as causative agents of diarrhoea. 1) vibrio cholera 2) Non vibrio cholera
3) both 1 and 2 4) None
u Symptoms : 1. Frequent loose motions
and vomiting makes lead to dehydration.
LEVEL - 4 (II)
4. The most common communicable disease 13. Which of the following is NOT a
in India contageous disease ?
1) Malaria 2) Dengue 1) Influenza 2) Measles
3) Typhoid 4) 1 and 2 3) Typhoid 4) Hysteria
68
14. Which of the following is a pair of viral 4) When HIV replicates rapidly in helper
diseases ? Tlymphocytes and damages large number of
1) Typhoid, Tuberculosis these
2) Ringworm, AIDS
3) Common Cold, AIDS 21. Haemolytic Anaemia is caused by
4) Dysentery, Common Cold 1) AIDS 2) Leprosy
3) ABO incompatibility
15. The causative organism of 'Malaria' is 4) Liver cirrhosis
______
1) Plasmodium 2) Trypanosoma 22. Common cold differs from pneumonia
3) Leishmania 4) Bacillus in, that
1) Pneumonia is caused by a virus while the
16. BCG vaccine is used to develop common cold is caused by the bacterium
immunity against Haemophilus influenzae
1) Jaundice 2) Polio 2) Pneumonia pathogen infects alveoli
3) Influenza 4) Tuberculosis whereas the common cold affects nose and
respiratory passage but not the lungs
17. Fever, delirium, slow pulse, abdominal 3) Pneumonia is a communicable disease
tenderness and rose coloured rash indicate whereas the common cold is a nutritional
the disease deficiency disease
1) Typhoid 2) Measles 4) Pneumonia can be prevented by a live
3) Tetanus 4) Chicken pox
attenuated bacterial vaccine whereas the
18. Which one of the following is common cold has no effective vaccine
INCORRECT about Tuberculosis ? 23. Which one of the following pairs of
1) It commonly affects lungs diseases is viral as well as transmitted by
2) Bacteria releases tuberculin toxin
mosquitoes?
3) Patients sputum contains blood.
1) Encephalitis and sleeping sickness
4) It is accused by Diplodocus tuberculosis
2) Yellow fever and sleeping sickness
3) Elephantiasis and Dengue
19. Find the incorrect pair
4) Yellow fever and Dengue
1) DTP — Hib — Diphtheria, tetanus,
pertussis and influenza type B 24. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics
2) Polio — Tuberculosis
because it is
3) BCG—TB
1) Caused by a Gram-negative bacterium
4) Hepatitis B — Hepatitis
2) Not an infectious disease
3) Caused by a virus
20. At which stage of HIV infection does
4) Caused by a Gram-positive bacterium
one usually show symptoms of AIDS?
1) Within 15 days of sexual contact with an 25. Which of the following is a pair of viral
infected person diseases?
2) When the infecting retrovirus enters host 1)Typhoid, Tuberculosis
cells 2) Ringworm, AIDS
3) When viral DNA is produced by reverse 3) Common Cold, AIDS
transcriptase 4) Dysentery, Common Cold
69
26. Which of the following diseases induces 1) A, B and D 2) A and C
`Immunity' ? 3) B and D 4) All
1) Jaundice 2) Diabetes 3) T.B 4) Small pox
34. Suspension of attenuated pathogen that
27. Common cold is not cured by antibiotics stimulates antibody formation is
because it is 1) Antitoxin 2) Vaccine
1) Caused by a Gram-negative bacterium 3) Antibiotic 4) Serum
2) Not an infectious disease
3) Caused by a virus 35. Acculmulation of Uric crystals in the
4) Caused by a Gram-positive bacterium synovial joints resulsts in _____.
1) Rheumatism 2) Gout
28. The causative of whooping cough is 3) Osteoporosis 4) Osteoarthritis
_______
1) Corneybacterium 2) Trypanosoma 36. Match the following with correct
3) Salmonella 4) Bacillus pertusis response.
1) OPV A) Polio
29. Tapeworm infection usually comes 2) DPT B) Tuberculosis
under which of the following category ? 3) BCG C) Diptheria , Pertusis,
1) Droplet infection 2) Vector Tetanus
3) Measly pork 4) Contaminated water 4) TT D) Tetanus
1) 1-C, 2-B 3-D, 4-A
30. Which of the following is an 'Nutritional 2) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
deficiency disease' ? 3) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
1) Hypertension 2) Rickets 4) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
3) Diabetes 4) Gastroenteritis
37. Match the following with correct
31. What is the full from of BCG? response.
1) Bag Chalmette Guerin 1) Vector A) viral disease
2) Bacillus calamine Guerin 2) Rabies B) AIDS
3) Bacillus Calmette Guerin 3) Long lasting effect C) Cigarette
4) None of these smoking
4) HIV D) Female
32.Who discovered small pox vaccine Anopheles
1) Robert brown 2) Edward Jenner 1) 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B
3) Virchow 4) Robert Koch 2) 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C
3) 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A
33.Which of the following statement is 4) 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
incorrect
A. Infections diseases are caused by 38. Which of the following is not an
microorganisms antibiotic?
B. Antibiotics work against viral infections A. Penicillin B. Insulin
C. Vaccines develops immunity in the C. Streptomycin D. BCG
children 1) A and C 2) B and D
D. Female anopheles is a causal organism of 3) only A 4) A
malaria
70
living or non - living objects is termed as
6 DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD
nomenclature.
• iii) It helps us in identifying a correct It is very important to note that the specie s
desirable plant to be crossed to another is the basic level of all the modern
desirable plant to be crossed to another classification. Species is a group of similar
sedirable plant so to improve the quality of a organisms that arc capable of breeding
certain plant. amongst themselves so as to produce fertile
• iv) It guides us about the desirable plants young ones.
or animals which need to be introduced from
u Modes of classification : - Biologists,
one country to another.
since the time of Aristotle have divided the
living world into two kingdoms i.e.,
u Classification and evolution : - Darwin I) Plantae and (II) Animalia.
explained evolution as Descent - with Linnaeus also divided the living world into
modification". It means new species are two kingdoms in 175 8as Aristotle did.
formed by the modifications of pre existing
u I) Kingdom plantae : All the plants
ones.
Constitute kingdom plantae. This kingdom,
includes bacteria, fungi, algae liverworts,
u Category and hierarchy of categories : mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
Category is a rank or level in the
u II) Kingdom Animalia : All the animals
classification of living organisms. This is
collectively consttute the kingdom animalia.
done by arranging all the organisms into
This kingdom includes protozoans, sponges,
groups or categories called taxa (singular is
jelly fishes, worms, insects, spiders, fishes,
taxon).
frogs, lizards, birds, mammals, etc,.
u Category and hierarchy of categories : A clear line cannot be drawn between these
category is a rank or level in the two kingdoms, e.g., Euglena possesses
classification of living organisms. In chlorophyll and is capable of photosynthesis
biological classification. This is done by in sunlight like that of plants, but it is
arranging all the organisms into groups or heterotrophic in darkness and does not
categories called taxa (singular is taxon). possess cell wall like animals. Later, in 1866
Depending upon the relative size of the a German zoologist E.H. Haeckel raised
categories, the taxa of living organisms are third kingdom named Protista for unicelluar
ranked in a hierarchy of categories eukaryotic organisms.
as follow :-
72
9.The system of nomenclature evolved by
LEVEL - 1 (I)
Linnaeus is
1) mononomial 2) vernacular
1. The science of naming organism is called 3) binomial 4) polynomial
1) identification 2) nomenclature
3) classification 4) taxonomy 10. In binominal name , which is written in
2. Binomial nomenclature consists of two capital ?
words 1) first alphabet of generic name
1) genus and species 2) all alphabets of generic word
2) order and family 3) first alphabet of specific word
3) family and genus 4) all alphabets of specific word
4) species and variety
11. Who proposed the concept of evolution ?
3. Homo : generic name : : sapines : 1) Aristotle 2) Theophrastus
1) species name 2) human name 3) Darwin 4) Linnaeus
3) division name 4) organism name
12. The science of classification is called
4. Phylogeny is study of 1) demography 2) taxonomy
1) development of an individual 3) biology 4) none of the above
2) evolution of species
3) embryonic development of an organ 13. The basic unit of classification is
4) ecological adaptation of an organisms 1) variety 2) species
3) genus 4) family
5. Class is a category between
1) phylum and order 14. Genetic material of prokaryotes is called
2) kingdom and phylum 1) nucleoid 2) nucleolus
3) order and family 3) plasmid 4) mesosome
4) family and genes
15. 'Taxa' differs from "taxon"due to
6. A group of similar freely inter - breeding 1) this being a higher taxonomic category
organisms constitutes a than taxon
1) species 2) genera 2) this being the lower taxonomic category
3) family 4) class T than taxon
3) this being the singular of taxon
7. The ability of nitrogen fixation is found in 4) this being the singular of taxon
1) monerans only
2) bot monerans and protistans
LEVEL - 1 (II)
3) protistans only 4) fungi only
16. First step in Taxonomy is
8. The total number of species, that are 1) Naming 2) Description
3) Identification 4) Classification
known and described, range between
1) 0.5 - 1.0, million
17. The book `S stems Naturae' was written
2) 1.1-1.2 million by ______
3) 1.7 - 1.8 million
4) 2.5 - 3.0 million 1) Linnaeus 2) Charles Darwin
3) Aristotle 4) Theophrastus
73
18. Five kingdom classification was 3) Algae 4) Protozoa
proposed by
1) Engler and Prantl 26. First phylogenetic system of
2) Hutchinson classification was given by
3) Bantham and Hooker 1) John Ray 2) Engler and Prantl
4) Whittaker 3) Whittaker 4) Bantham and Hooker
39. A peculiar group of dual organism which I) They are prokaryotic organisms. Their
are formed by an association between an body cells, do not have well defined nucleus.
alga and a fungus. ii) Membrane bound cell organelles are
1) Mucor 2) Lichens absent.
3) Yeast 4) Mushroom iii) They do not show multicellular body
designs.
75
iv) Mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. Such type
heterotrophic. Kingdom monera includes of relationships are called symbiosis. These
bacteria, blue - green algae or cyanobacteria symbiotic life forms are called lichens. You
and mycoplasmas. most have seen lichens as slow growing,
large, coloured patches on the bark of trees.
u 2. Kingdom protista :
u 4. Kingdom plantae : -
I) They are multicellular eukaryoti c
organisms having autotrophic mode of
nutrition.
ii) Their body cell are covered with cell
wall. The cell wall is made up of cellulose.
Algae
iii) Green coloured chlorophyll is present in
their cells. It helps in photosynthesis.
u 3. Kingdom fungi :
iv) The body is differentatated into root,
i) They are eukaryotic, multicellular stem leaves, flowers.
organisms having absorptive mode of
v) Food is stored in the form of starch. It
nutrition.
includes algae, bryophytes and
ii) They use decaying organic material as tracheophytes.
food hence, called saprophytes, Some of
them are parasites.
iii) Cell wall made up of chitin is present.
iv) The body of fungus is filamentous and is
called mycelium. The filaments are known
as hyphae.
v) The are spore producing organisms. They
include yeast, mushrooms, moulds, etc,.
Some fungal species live in permanent
mutually dependents relationship with
76
5. Kingdom Animalia : 3) Companion cells in phloem
I) They are multicellular eukaryotic 4) All of these
organisms having ingestive mode of
nutrition. 7. ‘Coelom’ in animals is defined as :
1) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
ii) Their body cells are without cell wall. 2) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
iii) They are usually free living organisms. 3) A body cavity lined by ectoderm
4) Not lined by any layer.
iv) In their body cells food is stored as
glycogen. They include all multicellular 8.’ Gymnosperms’ do not have :
eukaryotic animals. 1) Antheridium 2) Ovule
3) Archegonium 4) Egg
20. Identify the alga known for a biological u 1. Cryptogam : (Gk. cryptos hidden,
activity called bioluminescence. gamos marriage)
1) Spirogyra 2) Noctiluca This group includes plants which are
3) Cyclotella 4) Chlorella flowerless and do not bear seeds.Then seeds
or flower. The sex organs are hidden and not
21.Which one of the following kinds of conspicous.
animals is triploblastic? 1) Thallophyta
1) Corals 2) Flat worms 2) Bryophyta
3) Sponges 4) Ctenophores 3) Pteridophyta
87
10. Phylum mollusca can be distinguished 19. Duck - billed platypus and echidna are
from other nonchordates by the presence of 1) reptiles
1) bilateral symmetry and exoskeleton 2) egg - laying mammals
2) a mantle and gills 3) marsupial mammals
3) shell and non - segmented body 4) eutherian mammals
4) a mantle and a non - segmented body
LEVEL - 4 (II)
11. Choanocytes are unique to
1) Protozoa 2) porifera
3) Mollusca 4) Echinodermata 20.Which of the following statements TRUE
about Roundworms?
12. Tapeworm is member of phylum 1) Roundworms may reach 5 cm in length.
1) Annelida 2) porifera 2) They are non-segmented
3) Nematoda 4) Platyhelminthes 3) They are generally dark-colored.
4) They occur only in the soil.
13. True coelom appeared for the first time
in 21. Water-Vascular' system is found in
1) Mollusca 2) Nematoda 1) Sea-anemone 2) Sea-pen
3) Annelida 4) Arthropoda 3) Sea-cucumber 4) Sea-horse
14. In the pila, the gastropod mollusc, the 22. Animals having a built in thermostat to
organ of the locomotion is maintain constant body temperature are
1) mantle 2) Foot known as :
3) tentacles 4) legs 1) Biothermic 2) Poikilothermic
3) Oligothermic 4) Homeothermic
15. Echinoderms have
1) water vascular system 23. Which phylum has a true coelom?
2) canal system 1) Cnidaria 2) Mollusca
3) jet propulsion 3) Porifera 4) Annelida
4) book lungs
24. A fat called blubber could be obtained
16. In higher chordates, notochord is from
transformed into 1) Bats 2) Tortoises
1) cranium 2) limbs 3) Dolphin 4) Blue whale
3) vertebral column 4) both 2 and 3
25. Which of the followings is a
17. Lateral line sense organs occur in diploblastic, radially symmetrical animal?
1) fishes 2) amphibian larva 1) Hydra 2) Earthworm
3) reptiles 4) both 1 and 2 3) Roundworm 4) Liver fluke
18. The skin is devoid of scales in 26. Which one of the following phylum is
1) cartilaginous fish 2) bony fishes characterized by absence of true coelom?
3) reptiles 4) amphibians 1) Annelida 2) Mollusca
3) Echinodermata 4) Nematoda
88
27. In a sponge the whole inner surface of exception?
the asconoid is lined by 1) Marnmalia : give birth to young ones
1) Choanocytes 2) Porocytes 2) Reptilia : possess 3- chambered heart
3) pinacocytes 4) Amoebocytes with one incompletely divided ventricle
3) Chordate : possess a mouth provided with
28. which one of the following is not a an upper and a lower jaw
member of the group Eutheria? 4) Chondrichthyes : possess cartilaginous
1) Mole 2) Squirrel endoskeleton
3) Pangolin 4) Platypus
36.Which one of the following
29. Which one of the following animals characteristics is NOT a shared by birds and
shows discontinuous distribution? mammals?
1) Green mussles 2) Bats 1) A backbone and internal skeleton
3) Lung fishes 4) Pacific salmons 2) Breathing using lungs
3) Viviparity 4) Warm blooded nature
30.Which of the following statements is
TRUE ? 37. Which one of the following pairs of
1) Invertebrates posses a tubular nerve cord
animals comprises jawless fishes'?
2) Non chordates have a vertebral column 1) Guppies and hag fishes
3) All chordates are vertebrates 2) Lampreys and eels
4) All vertebrates are chordates 3) Mackerels and Rohu
4) Lampreys and hag fishes
31. Which one of the followings belongs to
Platyhelminthes? 38. Which one of the following kinds of
1) Plasmodium 2) Trypanosoma animals is triploblastic?
3) Schistosoma 4) Wuchereria 1) Corals 2) Flat worms
3) Sponges 4) Ctenophores
32. Cell tissue grade of organization occurs
in 39. Which one of the following groups of
1) Platyhelminthes 2) Sponges animals is bilaterally symmetrical and
3) Protozoa 4) Coelenterata
triploblastic?
1) Sponges
33. _____ are devoid of respiratory,
2) Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
excretory and circulatory organs. 3) Aschelminthes (round worms)
1) Threadworms 2) Sponges 4) Ctenophores
3) Tapeworms 4) Liver fluke
SYNOPSIS - 1
u Biosphere and natural resources : - Biosphere means regions of Earth's crust and
atmosphere occupied by the living organism. Biosphere can be divided into three physical
divisions - land or lithosphere, water or hydrosphere and air to atmosphere. Lithosphere is
the outer solid crust of Earth. Which we call land. Its upper weathered part forms the soil.
• Hydrosphere is the water component of Earth. 75% of the Earth's surface covered with
water in the form of seas. Atmosphere is the blanket of air that covers the whole earth.
• Biosphere has two types of components, biotic and a biotic. Living beings constitute the
biotic component of the biosphere. Air, water and soil (land) form the non-living or a biotic
component of the biosphere.
Natural Resources
Exhaustible
Inexhaustible
u Natural resources are living and non - living components of nature which are used by
humans to meet their requirements. Since natural resource are available only from the Earth,
they are called Earth resources. Based on their abundance, natural resource are of two main
types, inexhaustible and exhaustible.
u 1. Inexhaustible natural resources : They are natural resources which occur in such
abundance that they are not likely to get exhausted despite continuous use, e.g., water, solar
energy.
u 2. Exhaustible natural resources : They are exhaustible resources which are available
in limited quantity. They may to get depleted by continuous and indiscriminate human
consumption. Exhaustible resources are of two kinds, renewable and non - renewable.
• i) Renewable resources : They are exhaustible resource with get replenished reugularly.
These include both living and non - living resources which can replenish themselves by
quick recycling, e.g., forests, wildlife, soil and underground water. Renewable resources can
last for ever if they are used responsibly.
• ii) Non - renewable resources : They are exhaustible resources which once used can not
be replenished. Thus, these resources are non - living and cannot replenish themselves by
recycling and replacement. It not used carefully they will ultimately get exhausted. Their
90
increased consumption results in quicker addition of air pollutants such as of matter,
exhaustion, eg., minerals, fossil fuels such as gases and vapours into the atmosphere, has
coal and petroleum. an adverse effect on humans, animals,
• The renewable resources such as under vegetation and human assets. In fact, air
ground water, forest and wildlife, if not Natural (e.g., pollution is of is of two main
managed properly can become non - types : (1) forest fire, dust storm, pollen) :
renewable. (2) Human made (e.g., burning of fossil
• Since the formation of soil takes fuels in industries vehicles and
thousands of years and is not renewable in thermoelectric plants, gaseous emission
the life span of many generations of human from industries, mining, processing, stone
beings, so it is thought of as a non - crushing). Particulate air pollutants are also
renewable resource. called suspended particulate matter or SPM
because they remain suspended in air for a
u Air : The multilayered gaseous envelope
good period of time. SPM consists of
surrounding the planet Earth is called
smokes, soot ( a black powder substance that
atmosphere. Atmosphere filters sunlight
is produces when coal, wood, etc,.
reaching the Earth, affects climate and is
reservoir of several elements which are • Effects of air pollution on human beings
essential for the life. It is divided into five 1. SPM causes asthma, bronchitis and
distinct layers or zones : troposphere, allergic cold.
stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere 2. Pollutant gases cause irritation in eyes,
(ionosphere) and exosphere. Troposphere is throat and lungs. They injure, liver, kidneys,
the lowest region of atmosphere which spleen and nervous system. Heart related
contains air and is subject of differential diseases tend to increase.
heating. It extends from the surface of Earth 3. Hydrocarbon vapours not only damage
up to 8 to 20km. Many important climatic the internal organs, but also cause cancer.
events such as cloud formation, lightening ;
thundering, thunder storm formation etc., all • SO2 reacts with water in the atmosphere
take place in troposphere. to form sulphuric acid. This sulphuric acid is
washedidown into the soil by rain (acid
• On Earth, we human beings along with rainfall). The acid rainfall severally affects
all other biota are surrounded with air. Air is the salmon reproduction and fish yield and
a mixture of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen also eats into the surface of buildings.
and carbon dioxide. eroding the stone (e.g., Taj Mahal) and brick
• At a much larger scale, temperature works.
difference across the Earth generate the
development of the major wind belts. Such • The carbon dioxide of the atmosphere
wind belts, define the climate some degree, keeps the Earth warm, much like a glass
mate zones of the world. wall that keeps a green warm. This effects is
called the green house effects. The increase
u Air pollution : - Air pollution is the in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
91
intensifies the greenhouse effect and leads to • Effects of ozone depletion : Depleting
global warming. i.e., an increase in the ozone layer allows more ultraviolet (UV)
average temperature of the Earth. radiations to pass through it, which reach the
• Ozone is present in significant amounts Earth's surface
1. Skin cancer.
in the stratosphere region of atmosphere.
2. Damage of eyes : also increase in
Maximum concentration occurs at a height
incidence of cataract disease in eyes.
of 23-25 Km. 3. Damage of immune system.
• The density of the ozone layer varies 4. Increased embryonic mortality i n
greatly, being thickest at high latitudes in animals and humans.
late summer and much thinner over the 5. Decreased crop yields.
tropic. 6. Reduced population of phytoplankton,
zooplankton and certain fish larvae that are
• The part of atmosphere which is rich in important constituents of aquatic food
ozone may be called ozone layer, chains.
ozonosphere, ozone umbrella or ozone 7. Smog formation
shield. Smog is a photochemical haze (dark brown
• Heat is liberated which warms that ozone or greyish smoky mist) caused by the action
layer had thinned out over Antarctica. It was of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmosphere
called an ozone hole. 'A similar but smaller polluted with primary pollutants such as
hole was also found over arctic region by hydrocarbons (methane ethane, toluene, etc.)
Augustine (1987); The hole is more and oxide of nitrogen (NO2) from
prominent in spring season in these in automobile exhaust.
regions. Over the year, Antarctic ozone s u Water : - Oceans, rivers, rivers, streams,
hole has widened. It has, grown in size from lakes, ponds, pools, polar ice caps, water
2
13 million km in 2000. Amount of vapour' , etc., collectively form the
atmospheric ozone is measured by Dobson hydrosphere. Hydrosphere comprise of
spectrometer and is expressed in Dobson water which "is an inexhaustible natural
units (DU). resource. Water persists as liquid above 0°C
• Ozone depleting substance (ODS) : and below 100°C. 71% of Earth is covered
Reduction in the concentration ofozone by which contain 97.5% of the total water.
layer is called ozone depletion. It is caused The remaining 2.5% of the total water. A
by certain chemicals called ozone depleting major part (1.9% of the total) of water
substance (ODS). The important ODS occurs as ice caps and glaciers. The
tetrachloride, CC13 ; remaining (0.6% of the total) supports total
dichlorodifluoromethane, (CC12F2 ). These life. It is called fresh water (water with salt
are rich in chlorine, fluorine and carbon. content less than 0.5%). More than 90% of
CFCs are commonly used as aerosol this fresh water is found underground as
propellants, refrigerants, shaving foams, ground water. The remaining 10% fresh
spray in scents, etc. Some ODS are released water occur as surface water (rivers, dams,
in the stratosphere by jets flying at height. lakes, ponds), Soil water or as water vapour
92
present in the atmosphere. When rain falls; use water for cooling in various operations
some water is lost as it runs off into trains. and later return this hot water to water
This water reaches the Rivers and seas and bodies. This result in thermal pollution.
some of it gets lost through evaporation. The
remaining water percolates into ground 2. Chemical water pollutants : The include
through the pores between the soil particles, organic wastes (e.g.sewage), detergents,
and is termed as ground water. fertilizes, pesticides (e.g., diseldrin, DDT,
DDE, BHC, etc.), polychlorinated biphenys
• Tiny pores spaces in soil acts as
[PCBs], inorganic chemicals (e.g., arsenic,
capillaries which allow water to move
inorganic impurities in water are
against the pull of gravity resulting in
Compounds of cal- cium and magnesium.
capillary water. Some water forms an
extremely thin, tightly held film around the u 3. Biological water pollutants : These
soil particles. It is termed as hygroscopic include pathogens such as viruses, bacteria,
water. The download moving water, called protozoa, fungi, helminths, nematodes, etc.
gravitional water, reaches the underground
• Sewage. Organic wastes are contributed
water table, if enough rain falls. Plants can
as domestic and commercial sewage by food
draw only capillary water from the soil. This
processing plants, dairy farms, piggeries,
water is known as available water.
poultry farms, slaughter houses, breweries,
• Rajendra Singh, fondly known as tanneries, etc. Animal excreta
"Water man", was awarded Magsaysay
• Petroleum oil. Drilling and shipping
Award 2001 for his ingenious technique of
operations are common in the oceans.
harvesting of rain water. He has revived age
Leakage of petroleum oil during such
old Indian technique of collection of rain
operations or due to accidents result in water
water in earth check dams (Johads ) to
pollution.
increase level of water table, recharge the
wells and restore greenery in Sirska forest • Solid particles. Rain erodes soil and
hills in Rajasthan carries silt to water. Tiny suspended particles
of clay and dust also settle in water from air.
• An undesirable change in the physical,
These soil particles cause turbidity.
biological or chemical qualities of water
(due to addition of foregin organic,
inorganic,biological or radioactive LEVEL - 1 (I)
substances ) that adversely affects the
aquatic life and makes the water unfit for 1. Among the following is a water
use, is called water pollution. component of earth
1) lithosphere 2) Hydrosphere
• Agents or substances that pollute water 3) Biosphere 4) 1,2,3
are called water pollutants.
u 1. Physical water pollutants : These 2. Give examples for renewable resources
1) Forest 2) Wild life
include heat and oil - spills. Specific
3) Underground water 4) All the above
industries and thermal / nuclear power plants
93
3. Which gas is responsible for Global 2) The addition of undesirable substance s to
warming water bodies
1) N2 2) O2 3) The removal of desirable substance s
3) CO2 4) 1,2 from water bodies
4) None
4. Which of the following is not a effect of
acid rain 11.Which of the following contribute to gre
1) Eroding the stone and brick works en house effect?
2) Changes observed in salmon reproduction 1) methane 2) carbon dioxide
3) Effectiveness in photosynthesis 3) chloro fluoro carbons 4) All of these
4) 1 & 2
12.Chloro fluoro carbons have been in use
5. Cadmium pollution of water body for
produces a disease of humans called 1) aerosol propellants
1) Plumbasim 2) formation of foam
2) Block of foot diseases 3) refrigerators 4) all the above
3) Itai - itai 4) Note
13. Outer solid Earth crust
6. Identify the chemical water Pollutant 1) lithosphere 2) Hydrosphere
1) DDT 2) BAC 1 3) Atmosphere 4) 2, 3
3) PCB 4) All of the above
14. A boitic components of biosphere are
7. Sings of eutrophication of water bodies I 1) Air 2) Water
include 3) Soil 4) All of these
1) Reduced oxygen demand
2) Rapid decomposition of-organic matter 15. Non renewable resources are
3) algal bloom 4) fluorosis 1) Coal 2) Petroleum
3) 1,2 4) None of these
8. Cloud formation takes place in which part
of atmosphere 16. Ozone depletion is due to
1) Troposphere 2) Stratosphere 1) Ozone depleting substances
3) Thermosphere 4) Ozonosphere 2) Ozone repleting substances
3) Ozone repleting & depleting substances
9. Pollution is not caused by 4) both 2 & 3
1) Thermal power plants
2) automobiles 17. Ozone hole over Antarctica appears
3) radioactive power plants during
4) hydroelectric power plants 1) Spring 2) Summer
3) Autumn 4) Winter
10. The term" water pollution" can be
defined in several ways. Which of the 18. Minimata human disease is cause by
following statements does not give the pollution of water by
correct definition ? 1) Cadmium 2) Lead
1) A change in the pressure of the water 3) Mercury 4) Arsenic
bodies.
94
19.Who is known as waterman ? u Harmful Effects of Water Pollution :
1) Rajendra singh 2) Milka singh
• Human diseases. Pathogens are
3) Rajendar Singh 4) both 2,3
biological pollutants of water. They include
20. To which height is ozonosphere present viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan,
over the equator helminths, nematodes, etc. They cause
1) 11-16 km 2) 23-25 km following diseases in humans such as cause
3) 16-20 km 4) 10-12 km typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, and
hepatitis.
21. Causes of water pollution are • Disturbance in ecological balance : All
1) Inorganic 2) organic types of water pollutants affects the life -
3) biological 4) All of these
forms living in the water.
22. Ozone hole was discovered in • Removal of desirable substance from
1) 1992 2) 1987 water bodies : With increase in the amount
3) 1995 4) 1998 of orgainc wastes in water, bacteria multiply
rapidly and use up the available oxygen.
23. Oxygen is returned to the atmosphere Lack of oxygen kill the fish and other
mainly by animals.
1) Respiration 2) photosynthesis • Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
3) Fungi 4) burning of fossil fuel
indicates the quality of waste water. BOD
24. Day time temperature of moon is refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen
1) 60° C 2)70° C needed by bacteria in decomposing the
3) 90° C 4)110° C organic waste present in water. It is
expressed in milligrams of oxygen (O2) per
25. The ozone layer of the atmosphere litre of water. A weak organic waste BOD
blocks less than 1500mg/litre ; a strong one has
1) infrared radiations 2) sunlight higher than this.
3) UV radiations • Effect of thermal pollution or change in
4) both UV and infrared radiation
temperature. Aquatic organism are used to a
certain range of temperature in the water -
body where they live, a sudden marked
SYNOPSIS - 2 change in this temperature can be dangerous
for them, e.g,. it effects breeding of aquatic
u Thermal pollution : Discharge of hot animals.
water from industries and thermal plants into
water body changes the normal temperature u Destruction of useful microorganisms
of the water. The content of oxygen : When untreated industrial wastes get
decreases. Reduced oxygen content kills mixed with water in rivers and lakes, etc.,
aquatic animals, and reduces the rate of the acids alkalies and heavy metals present
decomposition of organic matter which, in the industrial waste kill the useful
therefore, accumulates. organisms present in water bodies. As these
microbes are the natural cleaning agents
95
of water, self - purification process is cadmium.
hindered in these in these water bodies. u Bioaccumulation : This term refers to
u Eutrophication : Eutrophication is the the storage of a pollutant in body tissues of
process in which dissolved oxygen in water animals and humans (fats, bone, kidney,
gets reduced due to excessive growth of etc.) at levels higher than found in the
algae as result of extra loading of nutrients environment. Cadmium, dioxine, PAHs (=
in the water body. Presence of sewage and polycyclic atomatic hydrocarbons), PCBs
fertilizers (nitrates and phosphates) in (polychlorinated biphenyls), etc,, are some
polluted water provide a lot of nutrients to examples.
the algae (phytoplankton) present in water u Soil :-
body, resulting excessive growth of algae, Soil is the portion of the Earth's surface that
termed as algal bloom. consists disintegrated rock and decaying
u Biomagnification (food chain organic material. It provides support for
magnification) of chemical : Pesticides many plants and animals.
such as DDT, DDE, dieldrin, etc., are, 1. Formation of soil : Soil is formed from
harmful chemical that are regularly being the rocks undergoing the following two
used in agriculture to protect crops from the processes 1. Weathering : 2. Paedogenesis.
pests (fungi, insects, etc.) Also heavy metals u A. Weathering : Breakdown of bigger
(e.g., mercury, cadmium; tin lead, arsenic, rocks into smaller mineral particles is called,
etc.) are regularly poured from industries weathering. Weathering occurs by following
into the water bodies. These chemicals are three means :
non - biodegradable, i.e. • i) Physical weathering : Various
• This phenomenon of increase in climatic factors such as temperature, wind,
concentration of harmful non biodegiadable rain ice, snow, glaciers and running water
chemical substances in the body of living contribute to physical weathering, Water
organisms at each trophic level of the food causes weathering of rocks by three
chain is called biomagnification. For ex- methods: i) wetting and drying (ii) frost
ample, biomagnification of mercury in the action and (iii) abrasion.
fishes through a food chain results in • ii) Chemical weathering : It involves a
Minamata disease in fish - eating human variety of chemical process such as
population of the region. hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation and reduc-
• Cadmium (Cd), another heavy metal, bio tion.
accumulates in the liver and kidney and the The breaking down of complex corn pounds
amount of Cd stored in kidney increase with by the carbonic acid present in water and
age. Kidney damage is the most prevalent acidic substances derived from the
chronic effect of Cd exposure. The Cd decomposition of organic matter in soil, are
poisoning in Japan has once resuited in itai - some examples of chemical weathering.
itai disease, which was due to eating of rice • iii) Biological weathering : Biological
produced from soil containing high level of weathering is done by living organisms
96
such as lichens and bryophytes ( mosses) of the water in the soil is called gravita-
Lichens growing on rocks surface minerals tional water as it is free to drain downwards,
from the rocks. This creates small crevices through the soil, under the influence of
at places thin layer of soil builds up. gravity. This water causes leaching, i.e., the
Deeper crevices form cracks. These cracks washing a way of minerals (nutrients). The
become wider and deeper when roots of level to which gravitational water drains is
short lived herbs pass into them. called the water table.
u B. Paedogenesis (soil development) : u Soil Erosion : - The removal and
This process concludes the decomposition transportation of the top layer of soil from
by bacteria and fungi, during which organic its original position to another place, under
materials are broken down, leading to the effects of strong winds and fast running
humification and mineralization. rainwater, is called soil erosion.
u 2. Soil profile : - The upper of A - u Causes of Soil Erosion : -
horizon is the top soil. It contains most of
• 1. Strong winds : The soil which is
litter and humus. It also has a zone of
uncovered and loose, is eroded, when it is
leaching, through which dissolved materials
exposed to strong winds.
seep downward. The roots of small plants
are embeded in top soil. The second or B • 2. Heavy rains : When rain falls on the
horizon is composed of the mineral soil (sub un protected top soil, rain water washes it
soil). The third of C - horizon contains down into the streams and rivers, etc,.
unconsolidated parent material. The last or • 3. Improper farming and suspended
D - horizon comprises of rock or unmodified cultivation : - Farmers loosen the top soil
parent material. of the agricultural fields either for
• a) Alluvial soil : It is formed by the cultivation or for removing the weeds. Such
deposition, of silt brought down from the soil can get eroded, due to the winds or
mountains by the flowing rivers. rains. Sometimes due to certain reasons,
Alluvial soil is layered and consists of ploughed agricultural fields remain fallow
smooth round particles. This soils is rich in (not - cultivated) for a long time and is
humus and contains gravel, sand and clay. affected by soil erosion.
This soil is suitable for growing wheat, rice • 4. Human actions : - Human activities
and sugar cane. Alluvial soil is mainly found such as expansion of urban areas has led to
in the plains of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, removal of vegetation from certain regions.
Bihar and Bengal. Alluvial soil is also The bare land is thus exposed to agencies
known as Khadar. (winds, rains) of soil erosion. Thus, large
u Mountainous soil : Mountainous soil is scale deforestation and overgrazing by our
mainly found in the Himalayan region domestic animals, not only destroys bit
Water, which is retained as a thin and soil diversity but also leads to soil erosion.
tightly - bound film around individual • 5. Dust storms : - Dust storms shift
particle is called hygrascopic water. Rest huge amounts of loose soil from one place
97
to another. • 2. Terrace farming (terracing) : In ter-
• 6. Frequent floods :- Frequents flooding racing the slopes are divided into a number
of rivers is another cause of soil erosion. of flat fields to slow down the flow or water.
Fast moving water in the rivers re- moves • 3. Contour bunding : Small bounds
the top soil of the fields near the river banks (embankments or dikes) are raised on the
and carries it away. edges of fields to prevent loss of tops oil
through wind or water.
u Effects of Soil erosion. : - • 4. Wind breaks : Rows of trees and
• 1. Loss of fertility and desertification : shrubs are planted at right angles to the
Soil erosion results in the displacement of prevailing wind flow, to check erosion of
the top soil from one region to another, thus, soil by the wind.
reducing its fertility. • 5. Proper drainage canals around the
• 2. Flash floods : - Vegetation in the fields : This method involves the removal
hillyregions absorb a lot of rain water and of excess rain water through small drainage.
keep the top soil intact. Barren hills of hills canals formed around the fields,
with sparse vegetation cannot absorb much • 6. Making strong embankment along
rain water and thus can not keep the soil the river , banks : Formation of strong
intact. So, heavy rains result in rapid embankments of stones, sand bag, etc., on
movement of water in the areas resulting in both sides of the rivers particularly in
flash floods in lower areas causing enormous erosion prone, areas, this will cheek soil
loss to life and property. erosion Caved due to the fast moving river
• 3. Famines : - (excessive shortage of water.
food). Continuous soil erosion from a re- About half of the irrigated lands of the world
gion removes the fertile top soil leaving, are damaged to some extent by salinization
behind only infertile subsoil. Texture change (salt accumualtion) or alkalinization (alkali
in eroded soil, reduces its water holding accumulation).
capacity. Crops, thus, cannot grow in such u Soil pollution : Soil pollution is caused
infertile, dry soil leading to shortage of food by solid wastes and chemicals. The slag
region. Ultimately such a situation leads to heaps from mines spoil the beauty of sites of
famine in an area. mines.' This solid waste has two types of
u Prevention of soil erosion : - pollutants : 1. Degradable and 2. Non -
degradable.
• 1. Sowing grasses and planting
• i) Degradable pollutants : - Include
xerophytes : - Soil should not be left un
domestic wastes and sewage that decompose
covered. Sowing grasses on barren soil or
easily.
planting of xerophytes will bind the loose
• ii) Non - degradable :- Pollutants which
soil. The roots of grasses and xerophytes
are not degraded and persist in the
hold the soil in place. vegetative cover on
environment. e.g., plastics, inorganic
the ground also helps in percolating water
metallic compounds, oxides, pesticides
into deeper. layers of soil.
radioactive substance.
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LEVEL - 2 (I) 11. Soil erosion is caused by
1) strong wind 2) heavy rains
1. Eutrophication results in 3) keeping the fields follow for a long time
1) Excessive growth of Algal 4) all of these
2) Excessive growth
3) Excessive growth of viruses REVISION EXERCISE
4) Excessive growth of Algae & fungi
LEVEL - 2 (II)
2. Kidney damage is the most prevalent
chronic effect of
1) Nitrogen exposure 2) Cadmium exposure 1. Inexhaustible natural resources in nature
3) Mercury exposure 4) None of these are
1) Limited 2) Unlimited
3. Biological weathering is caused by 3) Scarce 4) Not present
1) Lichens 2) Mosses
3) Roots of plants 4) All the above 2. Which of the following is an exhaustible
natural resource?
4. Alluvial soil is known as 1) Air 2) Water 3) soil 4) Forest
1) Khadar 2) Khader
3) loam 4) None of these 3. Petroleum is
1) Inexhaustible 2) Exhaustible
5. Major source of formation of soil is 3) Both (1) & (2) 4) None of these
1) rocks 2) river beds
3) volcanoes 4) snow covered mountains 4. Coal can be formed from
1) Sunlight 2) Steam
6. BOD stands for ? 3) Fossils 4) Plants
1) Biological oxygen demand
2) Biological oxide demand 5. Coal is ______ in nature
3) Biological oxygen & oxide demand 1) Soft 2) Hard
4) Both 2 & 3 3) Thin 4) Hot
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The four most abundant element living
8 BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES systems - nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen have chiefly gaseous
SYNOPSIS - 1 biogeochemical cycles.
u Both non - living and living (biotic)
u 2. Sedimentary biogeochemical cycles
components of, the biosphere constantly the c are systems : in which the reservoir is
interact with each other to form a dynamic, rust of the Earth. Phosphorus, sulphur,
and yet stable system. Such interactions potassium and calcium have sediments
include transfer of matter and energy biogeochemical cycles.
between different components of biosphere.
• The nutrient elements derived from the 1. Biosphere : That part of Earth
Earth by the living organisms, for their environment in which living organisms are
growth and metabolism are called found.
biogeochemical. These" biogeochemical are 2. Detritus : Dead or partially decomposed
continuously recycled. The movement of plant and animal matter (i.e., non - living
nutrient elements through non-living organic matter)
components of biosphere, is called 3. Ecosphere : All the living organisms of
biogeochemical cycle matter. The term Earth interacting with the physical
'biogeochemical cycle' indicates that environment as a whole
chemicals circulate through life (bio) and
4. Actinomycetes : A kind of filamentous
through" "Earth (geo) again and 'again
bacteria.
(cycles). `Geo' refers to rocks sod, air and
water of the Earth. u Water or Hydrological Cycle : - There
• The biogeochemical cycles are also is constant exchange of water between the
known as nutrient cycles Each nutrient air, land and sea and between the living
cycle can also be divided into two organisms and their environments. Thus,
compartments or. pools : 1) reservoir pool, there are two overlapping water cycle in
the large, slowmoving, generally non- nature. The large global water cycle which
biological i Ecosystem component and (2) does not involve organisms, and the smaller
labile or cycling pool, a smaller but more biological water cycle.
active portion, that is exchanged (moving
u Global water cycle : water evaporates
back and forth) rapidly between organisms
from the hydrosphere (oceans, seas, rivers,
and their immediate environment.
streams, lakes, ponds, moist soil) Under
u 1. Gaseous biogeochemical cycles: in sun's heat and forms clouds.
which the reservoir is in the atmosphere or Water also evaporates from the snow,
the hydrosphere (ocean). Gaseous reservoir and ground.
biogeochemical cycles are quick and Water vapours, added by evaporation to the
relatively perfect systems, as their elements atmosphere form clouds. This completes the
remain in more or less uniform circulation. global water cycle.
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• It should be noted here that the second oxygen to form dilute nitric acid. This acid
largest global reservoir of water is polar ice comes down to Earth with rainwater.
(glacier) and third largest global reservoir of Nitrates are absorbed by plants into their
water is groundwater. Thus a large amount system and utilized for making organic
of water is locked underground and as matter (proteins), etc.
perennial snow in the polar regions and on • When animals consume plant matter,
mountain peaks. This is called locked water. they break down the plant's nitrogenous
compounds and use them to form new
u Biological water cycle : The organisms
animal proteins and other cell components.
get water from and return it to the global
After an animal excretes urea or uric acid or
water cycle. Plants absorb water from the
after an animal or plant dies, certain bacteria
soil or water reservoir and add it to the air in
carry out ammonification. Ions (NH4)
vapour from by a process called,
from nitrogen - containing molecules. Plants
transpiration.
can then assimilate this ammonium ion
• Animals take water from the water reser- themselves or other bacteria can change it to
voir or with food. nitrate (NO3) by nitrification. Plants take in
• They returns in to the air as vapour by some of the nitrates produced in this way.
respiration or to the soil as fluid by • The process of ammonia formation is
excretion. called ammonification Some
Microorganisms (nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter)
u Nitrogen Cycle : It exists in the
Convert ammonia into nitrates. The process
molecular form (N2) and in the form of some is called nitrification. There are some other
oxides in the atmosphere. But aerial bacteria (decomposers, e.g., Pseudomonas)
nitrogen, the most abundant components of Which reduce nitrates back to nitrogen or to
an (i.e., 78 percent) is chemically inert and ammonia or to some other oxides. This
cannot be used in its pure form by the process is called denitrification.
majority of organisms. First it needs to be
converted into nitrates (NO3) for the use of • 1. Nitrogen, cycle depends upon at least
plants. The conversion can be done either by four different kinds of bacteria known as the
industrial nitrogen fixation (i.e., decay causers, the nitrifiers, the denitrifiers
manufacturing of ammonium salts and urea and the nitrogen fixers and there is a regular
or chemical fertilizers) or by some nitrogen circulation of nitrogen through the air, soil,
fixing bacteria such as Azotobactor (occurs plants and animals.
freely in soil) and Rhizobium (occurs in
• 2.The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen
root nodules of leguminous plants as pea,
(N2) to the ammonium ions (NH4+) is called
gram, bean, etc) Which convert the
nitrogen fixation. The key to biofixation is
atmospheric nitrogen into water soluble
the enzyme nitrogenase which catalyzes the
nitrates. The process of biofixation of
splitting of N2.
nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation. During
lightning, nitrogen of atmosphere reacts with • 3.Nitrogen fixing bacterium of root
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nodules, Rhizobium leguminosarum, is an aerobic bacterium which needs some oxygen for
its survival. To help it in this way, root nodules of leguminous plants have a haemoglobin
like protein called leg haemoglobin.
• 4. 16 molecules of ATP are needed by the bacterium for each molecule of nitrogen that is
fixed.
• 5. In the soil microorganism Klepbsiella pneumonia a total of 17 genes, called nif genes
are known to be responsible in nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogen Cycle
u Oxygen Cycle :- oxygen is one of the constituents of water and form about 21 per cent.
Oxygen enters the living world through respiration it oxidises the food materials and
produces energy and carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Glucose
The carbon dioxide (CO2) is utilised by the plants to produce food materials during th e
process of photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12 O6+ 6O2
Carbon dioxide water glucose Oxygen
103
• The consequent free oxygen may now be used again in respiration or it may return to
environment as molecular oxygen of atmosphere thus, completing the biogeochemical cycle.
O2 C6H12O6
Co2 H2O
LEVEL - 1 (I)
2. Number of ATP molecules are needed for each molecule of nitrogen fixed
1) 17 ATP 2) 16 ATP 3) 13 ATP 4) 15 ATP
8. The process of bio fixation of Nitrogen is 17. The process of nitrogen – fixation by
called bacteria does not take place in the presence of
1) Nitrogen fixation 1) Molecular form of hydrogen
2) Nitrogen dissociation 2) Elemental form of Oxygen
3) Nitrogen assimilation 4) None 3) Water
4) Elemental form of Nitrogen
9. The third largest reservoir
1) ground water 2) polarise 18. An increase in carbon dioxide contents
3) 1 and 2 4) None in the atmosphere would not cause
1) global warming
10. The biogeochemical cycle are 2) abundance of desert plants
1) Nutrient cycles 2) locomotory cycles 3) increase in photosynthesis in plants
3) 1 and 2 4) None 4) more heat to be retained by the
environment
11. Methane burp contains
1) Methane 2) Methane hydrates 19,Among the given options, which one is
3) CO2 4) None not correct for the use of large amount of
fertilizers and pesticides
12. C6H12O6 is the formula of 1) They are ecofriendly
1) Glucose 2) Sucrose 2) They turn the fields barrens after some
3) 1 and 2 4) Water
time
13. In nitrogen cycle, which bacteria arc 3) They adversely affect the useful
responsible for nitrification component
1) Clostridium 2) Rhizobium 4) They destroy the soil fertility
3) Nitrosomonas
4) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter 20. Which are responsible for nitrogen
fixation?
14. Dead or partially decomposed plant and 1) Nif genes 2) Nef genes
animal matter is called 3) Nifl Nefgenes 4) All of these
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21. Rhizobium occurs in root nodules of devour the organic carbon compounds that
1) pea 2) gram producers Manufacture. via respiration, both
3) bean 4) all of these consumers and producers return carbon to
the nonliving environment in the form of
22. `Geo' refers to
1) rocks 2) soil carbon dioxide. Some carbon accumulates
3) water 4) All for many years in wood and is eventually
returned to the atmosphere by fixes or
23. Find out the protein of leikunirious through consumption and respiration by
1) haemoglobin 2) leg haemoglobin fungi, bacteria and other detritivores.
3) Globin 4) Globin haemoglobin Volcanic eruption also releases carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Thus, there is
24. The biogeochemicals are
1) Continuously non recycled complete cycling of carbon in the
2) Continuously recycled environment by various living and non-
3) both 1 and 2 living beings.
4) All of the above • The carbon sinks : Some of the cycling
25.Which is not played a global threat ? materials in the physical environment may
1) Carbon monoxide 2) Carbon dioxide pass into a reservoir or sink, and become in
3) Methane 4) None available to organisms for eons. For
example, there are at least three reservoirs
for the carbon :
(1) some carbon passes from organisms into
deposits of peat, coal and oil. There it waits,
SYNOPSIS - 2 perhaps millions of years before
combustion, either natural or human
u Carbon cycle : induced, releases it back into the
atmosphere,
• The carbon is an important constituent
of organic compounds found in all Living 2. Some carbon gets incorporated into
beings in the form of carbohydrates, fats, carbonate rocks, where it is unavailable to
proteins and nucleic acids. Like the water organism for million of years until erosion
cycle, the carbon cycle is linked to energy release it.
flow because producers — including 3. The oceans also acts as carbon sinks.
photosynthetic plants of the forests and Carbon present in ocean water sinks and
oceans and chemosynthetic bacteria of deep- stays deep in the ocean until chance currents
sea vents — require environmental energy bring it back near the surface where it can re
sunlight to trap enter the carbon cycle.
• Carbon into sugars (proteins and fats).
• The two other forms of carbon are
The fiapped carbon comes from carbon
present in the atmosphere in small amounts:
dioxide the surrounding air or water.
carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4).
• As the cycle proceeds, consumers Both arise from the incomplete or
106
or anaerobic decomposition of organic, matter; are oxidized to CO2 in the industry
u Global Worming (Green house effect) :- A building mostly made of glass for growing
or sheltering the delicate plants is called a greenhouse. The glass walls of greenhouse allow
sun rays to pass through to the interior. However, reflected back infrared rays are not
allowed to escape through the glass walls. Carbon dioxide gas and water vapours present
inside the glasshouse further trap the heat and make the green house warmer than the outside
air.
107
u GLOBAL WORMING : The atmosphere cover around the Earth, acts similar to the
glass walls of a greenhouse. The air cover allows solar radiations to pass through it to the
Earth's surface, but prevents the long wave infrared radiation (which is reflected back from
Earth) to escape in to the space. Gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ozone
(O3), nitrogen oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) are called greenhouse gases
(GHGS). Among them CO2 is the most important green house gas. Burning of fossil fuels i n
homes, industries, automobiles, burning associated with agricultural practices, deforestation,
etc., all such practices are increasing levels of CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere. These
greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide and methane) trap the heat (infrared radiation)
reflected by the Earth. This heating up of the atmosphere leads to an increase in Earth's
temperature. This phenomenon is called global warming or greenhouse effect. These gases
are radiatively active, i.e., they allow the solar radiations to pass through them but reflect
back the long wave radiations.
108
LEVEL - 2 7.Coal, Oil, Oil shales and natural gas are all
made of ?
1. Approximately how many years are left 1) Oxygen Atoms 2) Hydrocarbons
before we run out of fossil fuels ? 3) Ozone 4) Hydrogen and Oxygen
1) 50-60 yrs 2) 100 - 125 yrs
3) 200 - 250 yrs 4) 500 yrs 8. Choose which of the following best fits
the analogy: Wind is to renewable, as is
2. Approximately how much of the world's ________ is to ________
energy needs are met through the burning of
1) Coal; Alternative
fossil fuels?
2) Natural Gas; Nonrenewable
1) 55% 2) 62%
3) Oil; Electricity 4) Oil Shale; Burning
3) 77% 4) 86%
9. Which of the following are considered
3. Which of the following is NOT true about
nonrenewable?
the formation of fossil fuels?
1) Coal 2) Natural gas
1)Formation of fossil fuels takes millions of
3) Oil 4) All of these
years.
2) Heat and pressure allow organic matter to 10. TRUE or FALSE The rate of fossil fuel
undergo change and carbonization to form burning has been decreasing over the last ten
fossil fuels. years.
3) Coal, oil and natural gas are the remains 1) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
of old, dead, organic matter buried and hasn't changed.
deposited in sedimentary rock. 2) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
4) The formation of fossil fuels is keeping has increased only 1% in last ten years.
up with the current rate of burning of these 3) False, The rate of burning of fossil fuels
fossil fuels. is increasing about 2% each year.
4) TRUE
4. In carbon cycle, flow of energy is
1) Linear 2) Cyclical 11. Coal, natural gas and oil are forms of
3) Reversible 4) Irreversible 1) Fossil fuels
2) Carbon compounds
5.During respiration, carbon dioxide (Co2) is 3) Nitrogen compounds
1) Produced 2) Released in environment 4) Both 1 & 2
3) Absorbed 4) Depleted
12. How does carbon get into the soil?
6. How are CO2 and other greenhouse gases 1) When the plant dies
believed to be causing the temperature of the 2) When the animal dies
earth to increase? 3) When the human dies
1) They allow more solar radiation to pass 4) All of the above
through to the earth's surface
2) They prevent heat energy from leaving
the earth
3) By absorbing sunlight
4) By reducing photosynthetic rates
109