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Autor:
Asesor:
Lima – Perú
2018
Informe
Considere que se tiene una columna de concreto armado de 40 cm x 40 cm. 𝐹 ′ 𝑐 =
350 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 , 𝐹𝑦 = 4200 𝐾𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 16 ø 5/8", 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 3/8".
a) Determinar la capacidad nominal (𝑀𝑛, 𝑃𝑛) y la capacidad de diseño
(∅𝑀𝑛, ∅𝑃𝑛), cuando se presenta una deformación 𝜀𝑠 = 0.001.
Hallar R:
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑅 = 𝑟 + ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 +
2
Donde:
𝑟: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 4𝑐𝑚
ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
Calculo:
1.59𝑐𝑚
𝑅 = 4𝑐𝑚 + 0.95𝑐𝑚 +
2
𝑅 = 5.75𝑐𝑚
Donde:
𝑑: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝐻: 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 (𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜)
Calculo:
𝑑 = 40𝑐𝑚 − 5.75𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 34.25𝑐𝑚
𝐻 − (2 × 𝑅)
𝑋=
(𝑁°𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠 − 1)
Donde:
Calculo:
40𝑐𝑚 − (2 × 5.75𝑐𝑚)
𝑋=
(5 − 1)
𝑋 = 7.13𝑐𝑚
Donde:
Calculo:
(0.003 + 0.001) 0.003
=
34.25𝑐𝑚 𝐶
𝐶 = 25.69𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 𝑑 − 𝐶
Donde:
Calculo:
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 34.25𝑐𝑚 − 25.69𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 8.56𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑖: 𝜀 ≥ 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 × 𝜀𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠
Analizando la zona a compresión:
h𝐸𝑁−ε4 = h𝐸𝑁 − 𝑋
h𝐸𝑁−ε4 = 1.43𝑐𝑚
h𝐸𝑁−ε3 = 𝑋 − h𝐸𝑁−ε4
h𝐸𝑁−ε3 = 5.7𝑐𝑚
Hallando 𝜺1:
0.003 ε1
=
𝐶 (h𝐸𝑁−ε3 + 𝑋 + 𝑋)
0.003 ε1
=
25.69𝑐𝑚 (5.7𝑐𝑚 + 7.13𝑐𝑚 + 7.13𝑐𝑚)
ε1 = 0.0023
Como:
ε1 ≥ 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐶1 = 𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠1
𝐶1 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝐶1 = 41790𝑘𝑔 = 41.79𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.003 ε2
=
25.69𝑐𝑚 (5.7𝑐𝑚 + 7.13𝑐𝑚)
ε2 = 0.0015
Como:
ε2 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓
𝐹𝑠 = 3000𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝐶2 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠2
𝐶2 = 3000𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝐶2 = 11940𝑘𝑔 = 11.94𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.003 ε3
=
25.69𝑐𝑚 (5.7𝑐𝑚)
ε3 = 0.00067
Como:
ε3 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕
𝐹𝑠 = 1660𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝐶3 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠3
𝐶3 = 1340𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝐶3 = 5333.2𝑘𝑔 = 5.33𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝐶 = 0.85 × 𝐹´𝑐 × 𝑎 × 𝑏
Donde a:
𝑎 = 𝐵1 × 𝐶
𝑎 = 0.85 × 25.69𝑐𝑚
𝑎 = 21.84𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝐶 = 259896𝑘𝑔 = 259.90𝑇𝑜𝑛
Analizando la zona a tracción:
0.001 ε4
=
8.56𝑐𝑚 (1.43𝑐𝑚)
ε4 = 0.00017
Como:
ε4 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝐹𝑠 = 340𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇4 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠4
𝑇4 = 340𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝑇4 = 1353.2𝑘𝑔 = 1.35𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝐹𝑠 = 2000𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇5 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠5
𝑇5 = 2000𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝑇5 = 19900𝑘𝑔 = 19.90𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝑇4 − 𝑇5
𝑃𝑛 = 297.71𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝑀𝐻⁄ = 0
2
𝐻 𝑎 𝐻 𝐻
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶𝐶 × ( − )) + (𝐶1 × ( − 𝑅)) + (𝐶2 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝐶3 × (0))
2 2 2 2
𝐻 𝐻
+ (𝑇4 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝑇5 × ( − 𝑅))
2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 3333.60𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑚 = 33.34𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚
Hallar R:
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑅 = 𝑟 + ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 +
2
Donde:
𝑟: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 4𝑐𝑚
ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
Calculo:
1.59𝑐𝑚
𝑅 = 4𝑐𝑚 + 0.95𝑐𝑚 +
2
𝑅 = 5.75𝑐𝑚
Donde:
𝑑: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝐻: 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 (𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜)
Calculo:
𝑑 = 40𝑐𝑚 − 5.75𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 34.25𝑐𝑚
𝐻 − (2 × 𝑅)
𝑋=
(𝑁°𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠 − 1)
Donde:
Calculo:
40𝑐𝑚 − (2 × 5.75𝑐𝑚)
𝑋=
(5 − 1)
𝑋 = 7.13𝑐𝑚
Donde:
Calculo:
(0.003 + 0.002) 0.003
=
34.25𝑐𝑚 𝐶
𝐶 = 20.55𝑐𝑚
Donde:
Calculo:
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 34.25𝑐𝑚 − 20.55𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 13.7𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑖: 𝜀 ≥ 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 × 𝜀𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠
h𝐸𝑁−ε4 = h𝐸𝑁 − 𝑋
h𝐸𝑁−ε4 = 6.57𝑐𝑚
h𝐸𝑁−ε3 = 𝑋 − h𝐸𝑁−ε4
h𝐸𝑁−ε3 = 0.56𝑐𝑚
Hallando 𝜺1:
0.003 ε1
=
𝐶 ( 𝐶 − 𝑅)
0.003 ε1
=
20.55𝑐𝑚 (20.55 − 5.75𝑐𝑚)
ε1 = 0.0022
Como:
ε1 ≥ 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
𝐶1 = 𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠1
𝐶1 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝐶1 = 41790𝑘𝑔 = 41.79𝑇𝑜𝑛
ε2 = 0.0011
Como:
ε2 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏
𝐹𝑠 = 2200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝐶2 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠2
𝐶2 = 2200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝐶2 = 8756𝑘𝑔 = 87.56𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.003 ε3
=
20.55𝑐𝑚 (0.56𝑐𝑚)
ε3 = 0.00008
Como:
ε3 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝐹𝑠 = 160𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝐶3 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠3
𝐶3 = 160𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝐶3 = 636.8𝑘𝑔 = 0.64𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝐶 = 0.85 × 𝐹´𝑐 × 𝑎 × 𝑏
Donde a:
𝑎 = 𝐵1 × 𝐶
𝑎 = 0.85 × 20.55𝑐𝑚
𝑎 = 17.47𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝐶 = 207893𝑘𝑔 = 207.89𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.002 ε4
=
13.7𝑐𝑚 (6.57𝑐𝑚)
ε4 = 0.00096
Como:
ε4 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔
𝐹𝑠 = 1920𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇4 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠4
𝑇4 = 340𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝑇4 = 7641.6𝑘𝑔 = 7.64𝑇𝑜𝑛
ε5 = 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑠 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇5 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠5
𝑇5 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝑇5 = 41790𝑘𝑔 = 41.79𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 − 𝑇4 − 𝑇5
𝑃𝑛 = 288.54𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝑀𝐻⁄ = 0
2
𝐻 𝑎 𝐻 𝐻
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶𝐶 × ( − )) + (𝐶1 × ( − 𝑅)) + (𝐶2 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝐶3 × (0))
2 2 2 2
𝐻 𝐻
+ (𝑇4 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝑇5 × ( − 𝑅))
2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 4211.73𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑚 = 42.12𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚
Hallar R:
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
𝑅 = 𝑟 + ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 +
2
Donde:
𝑟: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 4𝑐𝑚
ø𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜
ø𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 : 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙
Calculo:
1.59𝑐𝑚
𝑅 = 4𝑐𝑚 + 0.95𝑐𝑚 +
2
𝑅 = 5.75𝑐𝑚
𝑑: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝐻: 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑎 (𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑜)
Calculo:
𝑑 = 40𝑐𝑚 − 5.75𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 34.25𝑐𝑚
𝐻 − (2 × 𝑅)
𝑋=
(𝑁°𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑠 − 1)
Donde:
Calculo:
40𝑐𝑚 − (2 × 5.75𝑐𝑚)
𝑋=
(5 − 1)
𝑋 = 7.13𝑐𝑚
Donde:
𝐶 = 12.84𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 𝑑 − 𝐶
Donde:
Calculo:
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 34.25𝑐𝑚 − 12.84𝑐𝑚
ℎ𝐸𝑁 = 21.41𝑐𝑚
𝑆𝑖: 𝜀 ≥ 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑇 = 𝐸𝑠 × 𝜀𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠
Analizando la zona a compresión:
h𝐸𝑁−ε2 = h𝐸𝑁 − 𝑋
h𝐸𝑁−ε2 = 0.02𝑐𝑚
h𝐸𝑁−ε1 = 𝑋 − h𝐸𝑁−ε4
h𝐸𝑁−ε1 = 7.11𝑐𝑚
Hallando 𝜺1:
0.003 ε1
=
𝐶 ( 𝐶 − 𝑅)
0.003 ε1
=
12.84𝑐𝑚 (12.84𝑐𝑚 − 5.75𝑐𝑚)
ε1 = 0.0017
Como:
ε1 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝐹𝑠 = 3400𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝐶1 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠1
𝐶1 = 3400𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝐶1 = 33830𝑘𝑔 = 33.83𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝐶 = 0.85 × 𝐹´𝑐 × 𝑎 × 𝑏
Donde a:
𝑎 = 𝐵1 × 𝐶
𝑎 = 0.85 × 12.84𝑐𝑚
𝑎 = 10.91𝑐𝑚
𝐶𝐶 = 129829𝑘𝑔 = 129.83𝑇𝑜𝑛
Analizando la zona a tracción:
0.005 ε4
=
21.41𝑐𝑚 (0.02𝑐𝑚)
ε4 = 0.0000047
Como:
ε2 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝐹𝑠 = 9.4𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇2 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠4
𝑇2 = 9.4𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝑇2 = 37.412𝑘𝑔 = 0.37𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.005 ε3
=
21.41𝑐𝑚 (7.13𝑐𝑚 + 0.02𝑐𝑚)
ε3 = 0.0017
Como:
ε4 < 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝜺
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐸 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
Donde:
𝐸 = 2 × 106
𝐹𝑠 = 2 × 106 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕
𝐹𝑠 = 3400𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇3 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠4
𝑇3 = 3400𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝑇3 = 13532𝑘𝑔 = 13.53𝑇𝑜𝑛
0.005 ε4
=
21.41𝑐𝑚 (7.13𝑐𝑚 + 7.13𝑐𝑚 + 0.02𝑐𝑚)
ε4 = 0.0033
Como:
ε4 > 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑠 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇4 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠4
𝑇4 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 3.98𝑐𝑚2
𝑇4 = 16.716𝑘𝑔 = 16.72𝑇𝑜𝑛
Hallando la tracción en 5 (T5):
Como:
ε5 > 0.002 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑠 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
Desarrollo:
𝑇5 = 𝐹𝑠 × 𝐴𝑠5
𝑇5 = 4200𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 × 9.95𝑐𝑚2
𝑇5 = 41790𝑘𝑔 = 41.79𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝐹𝑌 = 0
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐶1 − 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 − 𝑇4 − 𝑇5
𝑃𝑛 = 91.25𝑇𝑜𝑛
∑𝑀𝐻⁄ = 0
2
𝐻 𝑎 𝐻 𝐻
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶𝐶 × ( − )) + (𝐶1 × ( − 𝑅)) − (𝑇2 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝑇3 × (0))
2 2 2 2
𝐻 𝐻
+ (𝑇4 × ( − 𝑅 − 𝑋)) + (𝑇5 × ( − 𝑅))
2 2
𝑀𝑛 = 30.82.37𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐𝑚 = 30.82𝑇𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚
Mn (Ton-m) Pn (Ton) ø øMn øPn
1 B 30.82 91.25 0.90 27.74 82.13