International Journal of Innovative and Emerging Research in Engineering

Volume 3, Issue 5, 2016

Available online at www.ijiere.com
International Journal of Innovative and Emerging
Research in Engineering
e-ISSN: 2394 - 3343 p-ISSN: 2394 - 5494

Two Stage Grid Connected PV System

Sunil Salvi1, Hardik P Desai1
Department of Electrical Engineering, SCET, Surat, Gujarat, India 1

ABSTRACT:
In the two stage grid-connected photovoltaic systems which can procedure as domestic applications. This system
contains of a two power converter phases (1) DC-DC boost converter and (2) DC-AC inverter. The switching
scheme of inverter contains with a combination of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and square wave
along with grid synchronization form. The performance of inverter is simulated under grid-connected situation
using MATLAB. Furthermore, the intelligent PV module system is implemented using a simple maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) method employing power balance is also engaged in order to rise the systems efficiency.
Keywords: Photovoltaic , DC-DC Boost Converter, DC-AC Inverter , MPPT, SPWM and Grid

I. INTRODUCTION
The concern of alternative energy systems has been increasing continuously. Among them, the solar energy
system is one of the important solutions because it produces electric power without inducing environmental pollution.
Specifically, many studies regarding the reduction of the development cost for solar energy systems have progressed
widely.
The solar array has a nonlinear voltage-current (V-I) characteristic, and an operation condition of the maximum
solar-power delivered from the solar array exists which varies according to solar illumination and array temperature. Thus,
to effectively use solar-power, the maximum power condition needs to be tracked by an MPPT control [1].
Most of the traditional photovoltaic (PV) supply systems are composed of multi-stage converter. The input-stage
DC/DC converter is used to promote the input voltage and to draw the maximum power of solar energy source while the
output-stage inverter is used to supply AC power to various AC loads. Such a system will cause much power dissipation
due to multi-stage structure. In addition, when the illumination is insufficient during a cloudy day, rainy day or night, the
PV supply system will suspend work. Thus, the overall utility of the PV supply system will greatly reduce.
For solving the above problems, a DC power system with PV grid-connection is explained in this. the output
voltage of PV array is promoted only via single-stage DC/DC converter and supply directly DC power to the DC loads.
Thus, the power dissipation which results from multi-stage converter will be improved. Besides, for promoting effectively
the utility of PV supply system, the system except fed the surplus PV power to the grid via DC/AC inverter, the grid can
also supply insufficient power to the AC loads during illumination insufficient [2] fig.1 shows the block diagram of Two
stage Grid Connected PV system.
Depending on the AC side loads, the PV power generation has been classified into the grid-connected and the
stand-alone systems . For the grid-connected PV generation system, it can be further grouped into the single stage system
and the two-stage system. Generally, there are two control tasks in the PV power generation system:
(1) Is to regulate the output currents of the inverter to meet the grid code.
(2) Is to implement the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the PV modules .

In the single-stage PV system, these two control tasks are realized in one power conversion stage. Thus, the
system configuration can be simplified [3].

Figure 1: Block diagram of Two Stage Grid Connected PV System [1]

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II. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

Solar cells consist of a p-n junction fabricated in a thin wafer or layer of semiconductor. In the dark, the I-V
output characteristic of a solar cell has an exponential characteristic similar to that of a diode. Fig.2 shows the Circuit
Diagram of PV Model
When exposed to light, photons with energy greater than the band gap energy of the semiconductor are absorbed
and create an electron-hole pair. These carriers are swept apart under the influence of the internal electric fields of the p-n
junction and create a current proportional to the incident radiation. When the cell is short circuited, this current flows in
the external circuit; when open circuited, this current is shunted internally by the intrinsic p-n junction diode. The
characteristics of this diode therefore sets the open circuit voltage characteristics of the cell [4][9].
Ix   V
  
1

I  1  e  bVx b 
 …………………………………(1)
1  e 1/ b  
 
 Vop 
  1 ………………………(2)
b( n 1)   Vx 
  1   1  
  
ln 1     Pmax  Pmax e b ( n )   
 V I  
  op sc   
P=VI……………………………………………………………………….(3)

where, Ix is the short circuit current under Standard Test Conditions (STC), and Vx is the open circuit voltage
under STC, and b is the characteristic constant of the panel and can be approximated by equation (2) with Vop is the voltage
At which the maximum power is extracted from the panel and Pmax is the maximum power point of the panel, all under
STC. The proposed inverter design is used an intelligent PV module concept that includes a DC-DC converter with MPPT
controller.

Figure 2: The circuit diagram of the PV model [4].

Table 1: The Key specification of the Solarex TBP1260 PV Panel.

Peak Power(Pmax) 60.0W

Voltage (Vmp) 18.2 V
Current (Imp) 3.3 A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.8 V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 3.56 A
Minimum Bypass Diode Current 9A
Maximum Series Fuse 8A
Solar irradiance G 2
1000 W m
Cell Temperature 0
25 C

III. DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER WITH MPPT

A: DC-DC Boost Converter

The boost is a popular non-isolated power stage topology, sometimes called a step-up power stage. Power
supply designers choose the boost power stage because the required output is always higher than the input voltage. The
input current for a boost power stage is continuous, or non-pulsating, because the output diode conducts only during a
portion of the switching cycle. The output capacitor supplies the entire load current for the rest of the switching cycle.
A DC/DC boost converter is incorporated with the perturbation-and-observation method and used to promote
the input voltage and to draw the maximum power of solar energy source in the system. The boost converter, as shown in
above Fig.3 contains power switch S, power diode D, inductor L(2 mH), input capacitor C1(100𝜇𝐹) and output capacitor
C(1000𝜇𝐹) The relation of input voltage and output voltage is shown in equation (9), where D is turn on duty cycle of
power switch [2][10].

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Volume 3, Issue 5, 2016

Figure 3: MATLAB Model of DC-DC Boost Converter with MPPT

Vout 1
 ……………………………………..(4)
Vin 1 D

B: MPPT
A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation into electrical energy. Maximum power
point tracking technique is used to improve the efficiency of the solar panel.
According to Maximum Power Transfer theorem, the power output of a circuit is maximum when the Thevenin
impedance of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load impedance.
In the source side we are using a boost convertor connected to a solar panel in order to enhance the output voltage
so that it can be used for different applications like motor load. By changing the duty cycle of the boost converter
appropriately we can match the source impedance with that of the load impedance[5]
Perturb & Observe (P&O) is the simplest method. In this we use only one sensor, that is the voltage sensor, to
sense the PV array voltage and so the cost of implementation is less and hence easy to implement. The time complexity of
this algorithm is very less but on reaching very close to the MPP it doesn’t stop at the MPP and keeps on perturbing on
both the directions. When this happens the algorithm has reached very close to the MPP and we can set an appropriate error
limit or can use a wait function which ends up increasing the time complexity of the algorithm. However the method does
not take account of the rapid change of irradiation level (due to which MPPT changes) and considers it as a change in MPP
due to perturbation and ends up calculating the wrong MPP. [6] Fig.4 shows the Algorithm of Perturb and Observation
(P&O) Method

Figure 4:Algorithm of P&O method[6]

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IV. INVERTER

A:DC-AC Inverter

Fig.5 Shows the model of single phase Inverter. A Single phase inverter power circuit design contains a pair of two anti
parallel MOSFET gates. The control circuit combines an analog circuit. Analog circuit is used to produce switching signal
for inverter power circuit[7].
There are different switching techniques for inverter like Unipolar method and Bipolar method.

Figure 5: Model of DC-AC inverter [7]

For synchronization between grid and inverter Phase locked loop (PLL) technique is used. The basic structure of PLL is as
shown in Fig.6

Figure 6: Closed loop Synchronization structure[8]

V. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.7 Shows the Simulink model of single phase grid connected PV system where LC Filter is used where L=4 mH and
C=10𝜇𝐹

Figure 7: Simulink model of single phase Grid Connected PV system

Fig.8 Shows the closed loop of single phase grid connected PV system where grid voltage is been sensed and given that to
the PLL which will generate a signal by comparing that signal with Triangular signal of 10Khz frequency we gate the Gate
pulse of S1,S2,S3 and S4 according to this gate pulse inverter will fired. Here Unipolar method is used to Generate a gate
pulses

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Figure 8: Closed loop for single phase Grid Connected PV system

Fig. 9 &10 Shows the IV and PV curves For the Parameters of Table:1 For different irradiance variation

Figure 9: IV curves for various irradiation levels Figure 10: PV curves for various irradiation levels

Fig.11 Shows the Input voltage(a) which is 90V (5 Panel in series) and Input Current(b) which is 3.45 A

Figure 11: Input Voltage(a) and Current(b) DC-DC Boost Converter

Fig.12 Shows the Output voltage of DC-DC boost Converter with P&O method (a) which is 120V and Output
Current(b) which is 2.45 A

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Figure 12: Output Voltage(a) and Current(b) DC-DC Boost Converter with P&O method
Fig.13 Shows Input and Output Power of DC-DC Boost Converter with P&O method where yellow line suggest input
power which is 300W and Magenta Line suggest output Power which is 287W

Figure
13: Input and Output Power of DC-DC Boost Converter with P&O Method

Fig.14 shows the Voltage of Inverter(a),Grid(b), and load (c) where all voltage are in synchronization

Figure 14: Results of Voltage of Inverter, Grid and Load

Fig.15 shows the active power of inverter, Grid and Load where black line suggest Inverter power which is 240W,
Magenta line suggest grid power which is 10W and Green line suggest the load power which is 250W

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Figure 15:Results of Active power of Inverter, Grid and Load

VI. CONCLUSIONS

The work presented in is Characteristics of IV and PV for different irradiation, DC-DC Boost Converter with
MPPT. The technique which is used in MPPT is Perturb & Observation Method, The Results of DC-DC Boost Converter
0
Input and Output Power With P&O methods of MPPT at T=25 C and Suns=1, Synchronization of inverter and Grid with
MATLAB simulation also shown the results of Inverter, Grid and Load Voltages and Power.

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