Exercise 3.

3 (Solutions) Page 137

MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.1

Evaluate the following integrals:

Question # 1 dx dx
= =
−2 x ( x + 2)
2 2
( x + 2 ) + ( 3)
2
 4 − x 2 dx +9
Put t = x + 2  dt = dx
Solution dt
−2 x So I =  2 2
Let I =  dx t +3
4 − x2 1 t
= Tan −1 + c
Put t = 4 − x 2  dt = −2 x dx 3 3
dt 1 1 x+2
So I =  =  ( t ) 2 dt
−
= Tan −1 +c
t 3 3
1
− +1
1 Question # 3
(t ) 2 (t ) 2 + c x2
=
1
− +1
+c =
1  4 + x 2 dx
2 2 Solution
1
= 2 t +c = 2 4 − x2 + c x2
[]

Important Integrals
 4 + x2 dx 2
4+ x x 2

x  4  x2 + 4
Since
d
Tan −1   = 2
a =  1 − 2 
dx − −
dx a a +x
2  4+ x  −4
By Integrating, we have dx
=  dx − 4 
 x a 4 + x2
Tan −1   =  2 dx dx
 
a a + x2 = x − 4 2
1 (2) + x 2
= a⋅ 2 dx
= x − 4 ⋅ Tan −1   + c
a + x2 1 x
2  
2
dx = Tan −1  
1 1 x
  2
= x − 2 Tan −1   + c
a +x 2 a a x
Similarly  
2
dx −1 x Question # 4
 a 2 − x 2 = Sin a 1
 x ln x dx
dx 1 x
x 2
x −a 2
=
a
Sec −1
a
Solution
1
Suppose I =  dx
Question # 2 x ln x
dx 1 1
=
 x 2 + 4 x + 13 ⋅ dx
ln x x
Solution 1
Put t = ln x  dt = dx
dx x
Let I =  2 1
x + 4 x + 13 So I =  dt = ln t + c
dx t
= = ln ln x + c
x 2 + 2( x) (2) + (2) 2 − (2) 2 + 13
dx
= 2
( x + 2) − 4 + 13
FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 2

Question # 5 1
= 2 ( tan x ) 2 + c = 2 tan x + c
ex
 e x + 3 dx Important Integral
Solution sec θ ( sec θ + tan θ )
ex  sec θ dθ =  sec θ + tan θ dθ
Suppose I =  dx
ex + 3 sec 2 θ + sec θ tan θ
= dθ
Put t = e x + 3  dt = e x dx sec θ + tan θ
dt sec θ tan θ + sec 2 θ
So I =  = ln t + c = dθ
t sec θ + tan θ
= ln e x + 3 + c Take t = sec θ + tan θ

Question # 6
(
 dt = sec2 θ + sec θ tan θ dθ )
1

x+b
1
dx So  sec θ dθ =  t dt
( x 2 + 2bx + c ) 2
= ln t + c
Solution = ln sec θ + tan θ + c
x+b
Let I =  dx
1   secθ dθ = ln sec θ + tan θ + c
(x 2
+ 2bx + c ) 2
Similarly
Put t = x 2 + 2bx + c
 dt = ( 2 x + 2b ) dx  dt = 2 ( x + b ) dx
 cosecθ dθ = ln cosec θ − cot θ + c
See proof at page 133
1
 dt = ( x + b ) dx Question # 8
2
1 dt (a) Show that
1 −1
So I =  2 1 =  t 2 dt dx
= ln x + x 2 − a 2 + c
2 2 2
t2 x −a
1 1 (b) Show that
− +1
1 t 2 1 t 2
= ⋅ +c = ⋅ + c1 a2 x x 2
2  1  1 2 1 a 2 − x 2 dx = Sin −1 + a − x2 + c
 − 2 + 1 2 2 a 2
 
1
Solution
(
= x 2 + 2bx + c ) 2
+ c1
dx
2
(a) Let I=
= x + 2bx + c + c1 x − a2 2

Question # 7 Put x = a sec θ  dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ

a sec θ tan θ dθ
sec 2 x So I = 
 tan x dx 2
( a sec θ ) − a 2
Solution a sec θ tan θ dθ
=
sec 2 x
Let I = 
tan x
dx (
a 2 sec 2 θ − 1 )
a sec θ tan θ dθ
Put t = tan x  dt = sec 2 x dx =
1 a 2 tan 2 θ
dt −
So I = = t 2 dt ∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
t
a sec θ tan θ dθ
1
− +1
2
1
= =  sec θ dθ
t t2 a tan θ
= + c = + c
1 1 = ln sec θ + tan θ + c1
− +1 2
2
= ln sec θ + sec 2 θ − 1 + c1

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 3

x x2 a2 x x 2
= ln + 2 − 1 + c1 x = a secθ = Sin −1 + a − x2 + c
a a 2 a 2
x
= sec θ Evaluate the following integrals:
a
x x2 − a2 Question # 9
= ln + + c1
a a2 dx
 3
x
= ln +
x2 − a2
+ c1 (
1 + x2 ) 2

a a Solution
dx
x + x2 − a2 Let I= 3
= ln + c1
a (1 + x )2 2

= ln x + x 2 − a 2 − ln a + c1 Put x = tan θ  dx = sec 2 θ dθ

sec 2 θ dθ
= ln x + x − a 2 2
+c I = 3
(1 + tan 2 θ ) 2
where c = − ln a + c1
sec 2 θ dθ
= 3
∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
(b) Let I = a 2 − x 2 dx (sec 2 θ ) 2

Put x = a sin θ  dx = a cos θ dθ sec 2 θ dθ

=
So I =  a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ sec3 θ
dθ
= =  cos θ dθ = sin θ + c
=  a 2 1 − sin 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
( ) sec θ
sin θ 1
=  a 2 cos 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
2
∵1−sin θ =cos θ
2 = ⋅ cos θ + c = tan θ ⋅ +c
cos θ sec θ
=  a cos θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ = tan θ ⋅
1
+c
1 + cos 2θ 1 + tan 2 θ
= a 2  cos 2 θ dθ 2
∵ cos θ =
x
2 = +c ∵ x = tan θ
1 + cos 2θ a2 1 + x2
= a2  dθ =  (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2 2 Question # 10
a2  sin 2θ  1
= θ +
2  2 
+c
 (1 + x 2 ) Tan−1x dx
a2  2sin θ cos θ +c Solution
θ+
2  
=
2  1
Let I =  dx
a2 (1 + x ) Tan −1 x
2
=
2 ( θ + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ + c) x = a sinθ
=
1
⋅
1
dx
x
a 2  −1 x x x2  = sin θ Tan −1 x (1 + x 2 )
=  Sin + 1− 2  + c a
2  a a a  1
 x Put t = Tan −1 x  dt = dx
sin−1 =θ 1 + x2
a 2  −1 x x a 2 − x 2  a
1
=  Sin + +c So I =  dt = ln t + c
2  a a a 2  t

= ln Tan −1 x + c
a 2  −1 x x a 2 − x 2 
=  Sin + +c
2  a a a  Question # 11
 
a 2  −1 x x 1+ x
=
2   Sin + 2 a 2 − x 2  + c  1 − x dx
a a 

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 4

Solution a dt
2
=
1+ x a − t2 2
Let I =  dx
1− x a t dx x
= Sin −1   + c 
−1
Put x = sin θ  dx = cos θ dθ ∵ = sin
2 a 2
a −x
2 a
1 + sin θ
So I =  ⋅ cos θ dθ a x 2

1 − sin θ = Sin −1  +c
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
2  a 
= ⋅ ⋅ cos θ dθ Question # 14
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
dx

2

=
(1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ dθ
2 7 − 6x − x2
1 − sin θ
Solution
2

=
(1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ dθ Let I =
dx
2
cos θ 7 − 6 x − x2
1 + sin θ dx
= ⋅ cos θ dθ =  (1 + sin θ ) dθ =
cos θ
= θ − cos θ + c (
− x2 + 6x − 7 )
∵ x = sin θ dx
= θ − 1 − sin 2 θ + c =
−1 2
∴ sin −1 x = θ (
− x 2 + 2(3) ( x ) + (3) 2 − (3) 2 − 7 )
= Sin x − 1 − x + c
dx
Question # 12 =
sin θ
 1 + cos2 θ dθ
(
− ( x + 3)2 − 16 )
dx
Solution =
sin θ 16 − ( x + 3)2
Let I =  dθ
1 + cos 2 θ Put t = x + 3  dx = dt
Put t = cos θ dt dx
So I = =
 dt = − sin θ dθ  − dt = sin θ dθ 16 − t 2
(4)2 − (t )2
−dt dt
So I =  = − t
1+ t 2
1+ t2 = Sin −1   + c
4
= − tan −1 t + c
= Sin −1 
x+3
= − tan −1 ( cos θ ) + c +c
 4 
Question # 13 Question # 15
ax
 a2 − x4
dx cos x
 sin x ⋅ ln sin x dx
Solution Solution
ax cos x
Let I =  dx Let I =  dx
sin x ⋅ ln sin x
a − x4
2
1 cos x
x = ⋅ dx
= a dx ln sin x sin x
a2 − x4 1
Put t = ln sin x  dt = ⋅ cos x dx
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4 sin x
1 1
dt = 2 x dx  dt = x ⋅ dx So I =  dt = ln t + c
2 t
1 = ln ln sin x + c
dt
So I = a  2
a2 − t 2

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 5

Question # 16 1 dt
 ln sin x 
=
2  (t + 1)2 + (2)2
 cos x  sin x  dx
= ⋅ Tan −1 
1 1 t +1 
Solution +c
2 2  2 
1  x2 + 1 
Let I =  cos x 
ln sin x  = Tan −1  +c
 dx 4  2 
 sin x 
cos x Question # 19
=  ln sin x ⋅ dx
sin x   x   1 
1  cos  x − 2  ×  x − 1 dx
Put t = ln sin x  dt = ⋅ cos x dx
sin x Solution
No do yourself  x   1 
Let I =   cos  x −   ×  − 1 dx
Question # 17   2   x 
x dx x
 4 + 2 x + x2 Put t = x −
2
Solution 1 −
1
1 1 1 
x dx  dt =  x 2 −  dx  dt =  − 1 dx
Let I =  2 2  2  x 
4 + 2 x + x2
 1 
1 2 x dx  2 dt =  − 1 dx
=  2  x 
2 x + 2x + 4
+ing and −ing 2 in numerator. So I =  cos t ⋅ 2 dt
1 (2 x + 2) − 2
 I=  2 dx = 2  cos t dt
2 x + 2x + 4
= 2sin t + c
1  2x + 2 2 
=  2
2  x + 2 x + 4 x + 2 x + 4 
− 2 dx Question # 20
x+2
1
=  2
2x + 2 1
dx −  2
2
dx  x + 3 dx
2 x + 2x + 4 2 x + 2x + 4
d 2 Solution
(
1 dx x + 2 x + 4 ) 2 dx Let I = 
x+2
=  2
dx −  2 dx
2 x + 2x + 4 2 x + 2x +1+ 3 x+3
1 dx Put t = x + 3 then t − 3 = x
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 −  2  dt = dx
2
( )
( x + 1) 2 + 3
t −3+ 2
1 1 x +1 So I =  dx
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 − Tan −1 +c t
2 3 3  
=  1 dx =   1 − 1  dx
t −1 t 1
Question # 18
 
x (t ) 2  (t )
2 (t ) 2 
 x 4 + 2 x 2 + 5 dx
 1 − 
1
Solution =   (t ) 2 − (t ) 2  dx
x  
Let I =  4 dx 1 1 3 1
x + 2 x2 + 5 +1 − +1
(t ) 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 2
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4 = − +c = − +c
1 1 3 1
1 +1 − +1 2 2
dt = 2 x dx  dt = x dx 2 2
2 3
1
1 2( x + 3) 2
dt = − 2( x + 3) 2 + c
1 dt 3
So I =  2 2 =  2
t + 2t + 5 2 t + 2t + 1 + 4

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 6

3 Question # 22
2( x + 3) 2 dx
= −2 x+3 +c
3 1 3
Question # 21 sin x + cos x
2 2
2 Solution
 sin x + cos x dx dx
Let I = 
Solution 1 3
sin x + cos x
2 2 2
Let I =  dx
sin x + cos x π 1 π 3
∵ cos = & sin =
1 3 2 3 2
= dx
1 dx
( sin x + cos x ) ∴ I =
2 π π
cos sin x + sin cos x
1 3 3
= dx
1 1 dx  π
=
π 
sin x + cos x = cosec  x +  dx
2 2 
sin  x +   3
π 1 π  3
Put cos = = sin
4 4
= ln cosec  x +  − cot  x +  + c
2 π π
So I =
1
dx  3  3
π π Found Error – tell us at
sin ⋅ sin x + cos ⋅ cos x
4 4 http://www.mathcity.org/error
1  π
= dx =  sec  x −  dx
 π
cos  x −   4 Error Analysts
 4 1- Usman Khilji – Fazmic Sargodha (2004-06)

= ln sec  x −  + tan  x −  + c
π π 2- Tahir Waqas – UoS Sargodha. (2003-05)
 4  4
3- Ragheeb - Nusrat Jehan College (2019)

If you found any error, please report us at

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Book: Exercise 3.3 (Page 137)

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XII
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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