Q1) Differentiate between Structure and table in the data dictionary of ABAP.

The following are the differences between table and structure -

TABLE STRUCTURE

Table can store data physically. Structure can't store data physically.

Table can include primary key. Structure can't include primary key.

Table can include technical attribute. Structure can't have a technical attribute.

Q2) Explain the 3-tier architecture of SAP ABAP.

The presentation layer of SAP ABAP includes an input device. The SAP system is controlled by
this presentation layer. The presentation can be a mobile phone or just a web browser. The process
takes place with the help of Application server. This processing system has various instances in
the Application server. A database layer is placed on another server and application server
communicates with this layer. This done for security and performance purposes. In this way, all
the layers communicate within the system right from the presentation till the database later.

Q3) What is the meaning data dictionary in ABAP?

Data dictionary is mainly used for describing the logic behind the structures of certain objects which
are used for the development of ABAP 4. Data dictionary is mainly used in the development of
such an application or programming language. The relational database is shown with the help of
data dictionary in tables.

Q4) Define Function Group. What are the differences between Function Module and
Function Group?
Function Group and Function Module are said to belong together logically. Function groups are
considered to be containers of the Function Modules.

The differences between Function Groups and Function Modules are as follows -

 Function Groups need not be defined in Function Module but however, the latter one
must be defined in Function Groups.
 Function Modules are able to be called from various kinds of programs. Function
Groups can't be called.
 Function Groups acts as Function Module's containers but the latter one doesn't act
as containers.
Q5) What are the functions of Lock Objects?
The same data can be accessed by various programs and Lock Objects which is a particular
feature of ABAP synchronizes the access to these data. Particular programs help in accessing the
data records. Sometimes, inconsistencies appear when data gets inserted into the database and
in order to avoid this, Lock Object is used.

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Q6) What are the functions of message command available in a report? Mention its types.
The message ID gets specified right at the start of the program and this is available in the reported
statement. Message command helps in displaying the message ID. Message ID includes a 2-
character code which helps in defining a total set of 1000 total messages and message command
defines what sets are to be used in the program.

The following are the different kinds of messages which appear in the program system -

 E - Error: When this message appears, the current application stops working. The
program running in the background mode also gets canceled. The job log records this
message.
 W - Warming: In order for the application to continue when this message appears,
Enter must be pressed by the user. Job log also records this message.
 I - Information: When this message appears, Enter must be pressed and this
message which appears in the pop-up window also gets recorded by job log.
 A -Abend: The current transaction used by the user gets canceled when this messy
appears.
 S - Success: This message appears mainly in the form of feedback which is given to
the users. This appears at the bottom of the screen. This is considered to be a positive
message. The program is not disturbed by this message.
 X - Abort: Mainly the entire program Gerd aborted by this and generally an ABAP
short dump gets created.
Q7) Why are insert and append statement used in SAP ABAP?
At the end of the internal table, a record gets added to the specific work area and Append statement
helps in adding this record.

A record at specific location gets added with the help of Insert Statement.

Q8) Define the various contents of Technical Specifications.

Technical Specifications consists of 5 contents -

1. Data Class
2. Buffering Permission
3. Size Category
4. Login
5. Buffering Type
Q9) Define Smart Forms.
Different kinds of forms are created by Graphical design tool with the help of Smart Forms.
Q10) Why is pretty printer user in ABAP?
Pretty printer is used to format the code of ABAP.

Q11) Differentiate between transparent and pool tables.

Transparent tables are the ones which has one to one relation to the table. The structure is also
similar to the single database field. On the other hand, pool tables are the ones which have many
to one relation to the table. Database level stores the pooled tables.

Q12) Define BDC programming.

Batch Data Communications that is BDC is a type of procedure. This automatic procedure is mainly
used for transferring large data into SAP system. The main component of the transfer is known as
the Queue file. This file gets hold of the data with the help of batch input programs. These programs
and groups are associated with various sessions.

Q13) What are the different types of data classes? Define them.
The data classes are divided into the following -

1. Master data - The data of this class rarely changes.

2. Transaction data - This type of data often changes.
3. Organization data - The data of this class also rarely changes. The data gets customized and
gets entered into the configured system.
4. System data - R/3 system uses this data.
Q14) What is the meaning of foreign key relationship?
The data consistency is ensured by using foreign key. The relationship must be defined explicitly.
In order to ensure that no contradiction is there, the data which is entered must be checked. In
foreign key relationship, cardinality must be totally specified.

Q15) What is the meaning of SAP R/3?

SAP R/3 mainly refers to the processing structure having three types of layers namely,
Presentation layer, application layer, and database layer. It is generally considered to be Systems
Application for processing of data.

Q16) Differentiate between OOABAP and ABAP.

For the development of traditional programs in R/3, ABAP is used. On the other hand, OOABAP
is used for the development of BSP/PCUI applications.

Q17) What is the meaning of table buffer? This buffer is used by which type oftable?
The word buffer here refers to the memory area. The information about the table is found on the
application server and this is the meaning of table buffer. In fact, even the data of the database
table actually comes from the application server. Cluster table can't be buffeted but however,
transparent and pool tables can be buffered.
Q18) How can cluster table be created?
The following steps must be followed to create cluster table -

 From the dictionary of ABAP, object type table must be selected. Table name should
be entered and then the create option must be chosen.
 A maintenance screen gets displayed for the table. Transparent table must be set as
default for table type option.
 On the page of attributes, changes must be done in the description box or parallel.
Next, table fields get defined.
 Save the entries for the creation of transparent table.
 The category of EXTRAS Change must be chosen.
 Pooled or cluster table - any one of the two table types must be selected from the
dialogue box.
 Next step includes returning to the field maintenance screen for the table.
 Lastly, the name of the cluster or pooled table must be selected entered.
Q19) Differentiate between Table and Template.
The main difference between Template and Table is that the former one is dynamic in nature
whereas the latter one is static in nature.

Q20) Define dispatcher.

The resources of the applications of R/3 are managed with the help of SAP dispatcher which is
basically a control agent.

Q21) How can the standard tables of SAP be modified?

The standard table of SAP can be modified mainly by two methods -

1. Customizing includes
2. Append structures
Q22) What are the various events associated with Screen Programming?
The following are the events associated with Screen Programming -

1. Process Before Output (PBO) - This event gets processed long before displaying the screen.
2. Process After Input (PAI) - This event is processed while the interaction of a user with the
screen continues.
3. Process On Help (POH) - This even gets process on request by a user after pressing F1. The
program gets appropriately coded in various event blocks. The present screen gets processed by
the system.
4. Process On Value (POV) - This gets processed by pressing F4 by users. Here also, the coding
can be done in the various event blocks.
Q23) What are the main events of which are used for Logical Database?
The main events used for Logical Database are as follows -

1. GET - The programs used for Logical Database ads executed with the help of this event. It
mainly takes place when a line from the node was read by the logical database. This has made it
very much available towards the program and GET statements determine the depth of the logical
database.
2. PUT - The flow of the program is directed by the PUT event.
Q24) How can End-of-selection be used?
While writing the code of HR-ABAP, End of the selection event can be used. Right at the beginning
of the skeleton event, the data gets retrieved. Printing of the same data is done at the end of the
selection event.

Q25) Define ALV programming in ABAP.

ALV is the abbreviation of Application List Viewer. ALV functions are provided by SAP in order for
enhancing the report output. These function modules help in improving the readability and the
functionality of the output report. Even the columns can be arranged with the help of this tool.

Q26) Differentiate between report and dialog program.

Dialog program is considered to be a module pool program while a report is considered to be an
executable program. The execution is mainly done through a transaction. Screens can be
customized with the help of Dialog programming.

Q27) Mention the various types of objects of the data dictionary.

The following are the data dictionary objects -

1. Tables
2. Domain
3. Views
4. Data Element
5. Search Helps or Matchcode Objects
6. Type Groups
7. Look Objects
8. Table Types
9. Structure
Q28) What are the various types of parameters and how are they distinguished from one
another?
There are mainly two types of parameters -

1. Formal parameters - This is basically defined when the subroutine gets defined
alongside FORM statement.
 2. Actual parameters - This is defined when the subroutine gets defined alongside the
PERFORM statement.
These can be distinguished by distinguishing the functionality. The data are passed to the
subroutines with the help of the Input parameters and data are passed from the subordinates with
the help of output parameters.

Q29) Mention the various databases integrities.

The following are the different types of database integrities -

1. Semantic Integrity
2. Primary Key Integrity
3. Relational Integrity
4. Value Set Integrity
5. Operational Integrity
6. Foreign Key Integrity
Q30) Differentiate between ABAP memory and SAP memory.
ABAP memory is considered to be the memory area included in the ABAP program available in
the internal section or the roll area of the ABAP program. Data is stored in the program calls which
allow the data to be passed from one program calls to another.

It is possible for data to be passed from one session to another with the help of using SAP Memory.
All the sessions of SAPgui have accused to the memory area known as SAP Memory. Data can
be very easily transferred from one session of the programming system to another.

Q31) What statement will be found in an SAP application program that implements a
function module exit?
Function module exits will exist in some SAP application programs to allow a customer to add
some functionality to the SAP program. Search the SAP application program globally looking for
the following search string: “CALL CUSTOMER” to determine if an exit exists.
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Q32) What is a BADI?
BADI stands for Business add-in. BADI’s are a relatively new enhancement concept that make use
of ABAP Object technology. This is a true object oriented approach to SAP enhancements using
classes, interfaces and methods to implement the BADI

In order to enhance a SAP application program, the BADI must first be defined. The developer will
create an interface for the BADI. An adapter class is created from this that will implement the
interface. Developers will then create an instance of the adapter class in the SAP application
program and create method calls as required.

Fig. 2: SE18 – BADI Maintenance

Q33) Explain the relationship between a functional area, user group and query when
developing queries using the SAP Query tool?
 Functional areas and user groups are organizational elements used in SAP Query that
must first be created in order to user the query environment.
 The data that a query will be based on is defined in a functional area. A functional area
is typically - based on a logical database but can be any table and fields within that
table.
 Users are assigned to user groups. Functional areas are also assigned for the user
group allowing users to create and start queries based on the data in that functional
area. Multiple functional areas can be assigned to a user group and a functional area
can be assigned to several different groups.
Q34) What ABAP statement will trigger list generation?
The first WRITE statement encountered in an ABAP program will trigger list processing. Upon
completion of the program, the list is output. The system will generate some standard headings
for list output that includes the program name and a page number in the heading.

Q35) What two statements are required in an ABAP program to output an icon using a write
statement?
There are 2 statements required in the ABAP program:
 1. The INCLUDE or INCLUDE statement is required in the program.
2. The WRITE statement will have the following syntax: WRITE AS ICON.
The Include files contain the names of constants that represent all system defined
icons. contains only icons that are relevant for list processing while will contain all system
defined icons.

1) What is SAP ABAP?

SAP is a type of software known as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

that large company use to manage their day to day affairs. ABAP
(Advanced Business Application Programming) is the coding language for
SAP to develop RICEFW objects. (Reports, Interfaces, Extensions, Forms
and Workflows).

2) What do you mean by an ABAP data dictionary?

To describe the logical structures of the objects that are used in application
development ABAP 4 data dictionary is used. It is also used to show the
underlying relational database in tables.

3) Explain the difference between pool tables and transparent tables?

Transparent tables: It has one to one relation with the table in the
database. Its structure corresponds to single database field.

Pooled tables: It has many to one relation with the table in the database.
Pooled tables are stored at the database level.

a) Basic List: For simple reports

b) Statistics: For Percentage, Average etc.

c) Ranked List : For analytical reports

4) What do you mean by BDC (Batch Data Communications)

programming?

It is an automatic procedure to transfer large or external data into SAP

system. 'Queue file' is the central component of the transfer, which receives
the data through batch input programs and groups that are associated into
'sessions'.
5) Describe the data classes?

The data classes are classified into following classes

Master Data: The data in this class seldom change

Transaction Data: The data can be changed often in this class

Organization Data: This data is a customized data and is entered in the

system when the system is configured. It is rarely changed.

System Data: This data is used by R/3 system itself

6) What are the internal tables?

Internal table exists only when the program is run. It is used for performing
table calculations on subset of database tables and also for re-organizing
the content of database tables as per the users need.

7) List down the functional modules used in sequence in BDC?

There are 3 functional modules which are used in sequence to perform

data transfer successfully using BDC programming. They are

a) BDC_OPEN_GROUP

b) BDC_INSERT

c) BDC_CLOSE_GROUP

8) What is a foreign key relationship?

To ensure the consistency of data, foreign keys are used. The relationship
established between the tables and must be explicitly defined at field level.
Data entered should be checked against the existing data to ensure that
there is no contradiction. Cardinality has to be specified while defining
foreign key relationship.

9) In ABAP what are the differences between table and structure in

data dictionary?

The difference between structure and table is

a) Data can be stored physically in Table, but a structure cannot

b) Structure does not have primary key but table can have
c) Table can have the technical attribute but the structure does not have

10) What is Smart Forms?

Smart forms allow you to create forms using a graphical design tool.

11) What are the components of SAP scripts?

For SAP, SAP scripts are a word processing tool. It has a function like
standard text and layout sets. Its layout set consists of: Windows and
pages, Character formats, Paragraph formats etc.

12) How to create 'table cluster'?

a) In ABAP dictionary, select object type Table, enter a table name and
choose create

b) A field maintenance screen for the table is displayed. Table type

Transparent table, set it as a default

c) Make the necessary entries in the short description and delivery

classified on the Attributes page. Then define the fields of the table.

d) Proceed as when creating a transparent table. Now save your entries

e) Now choose EXTRASàChange table category

f) When a dialogue box appears you have to select the table type 'Pooled
table' or 'Cluster table'

g) After selecting the table, return to the field maintenance screen for the
table. Field pool or cluster name is displayed on the Attributes tab page in
addition to the standard fields.

h) Now enter the name of the table cluster or table pool to which you want
to assign the cluster table.

13) How can you format the data before write statement in the report?

By using the loop event the reports output can be formatted

a) .at first

b) .at new

c) .at last
14) Explain the difference between Template and Table?

The difference between the table and template is that, table is a dynamic
and template is a static.

15) Mention what is ALV programming in ABAP? When is this grid

used in ABAP?

ALV stands for Application List Viewer. To enhance the output of the report,
SAP provides a set of ALV function modules which can be used, and it also
improves the functionality and readability of any report output. It is an
efficient tool used for arranging the columns in a report output.

16) When do we use End-of-selection?

End of the selection event is mostly used when we are writing HR-ABAP
code. In the HR-ABAP code, data is retrieved in the start of selection event
and printing on the list and all will be done at the end of the selection event.

17) Mention the difference between ABAP and OOABAP? In what

situation do you use OOABAP?

ABAP is used to develop traditional programs in R/3, while OOABAP is

used to develop BSP/ PCUI applications and also anything that an involved
object oriented like BADI's and SmartForms etc.

18) What is table buffer? Which type of tables used this buffer?

Over here, buffer means memory area, table buffer means the table
information is available on the application server. When you call data from
database table, it will come from application server. Transparent tables and
pool tables are buffered, while cluster table cannot be buffered.

19) What is the use of 'pretty printer'?

To format the ABAP code 'pretty printer' is used.

20) What is the difference between 'Type' and 'Like'?

'Type': You assign data type directly to the data object while declaring.

'Like': You assign the data type of another object to the declaring data
object.

'Type' refers the existing data type while 'Like' refers to the existing data
object.
21) What are the different ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences?

The 2 editors are SE38 and SE80 and both have the ABAP editor in place.
In SE38 , you can create programs and view online reports and basically
do all the development of objects in this editor. In SE80, there are
additional features such as creating packages, function group, module
pool, classes, programs and BSP applications.

22) Explain the difference between dialog program and a report?

A report is an executable program; dialog is a module pool program. It has

to be executed via a transaction only. Dialog programming is used for
customizations of screens.

23) What is lock object?

To synchronize access of several users using same data Lock objects are
used.

24) How data is stored in cluster table?

A cluster table contains data from multiple DDIC tables. It stores data as
name value pair.

25) How can you debug a script form?

To debug a script form, you have to follow

SE71-->give the form name->utilities->activate debugger

26) What are different types of data dictionary objects?

The different types of data dictionary objects are:

a) Tables

b) Views

c) Domain

d) Data Element

e) Type Groups

f) Search Helps/Matchcode Objects

g) Lock Objects

h) Structures

i) Table Types

27) What are the ways you can do the tuning? What are the major
steps will you use for these?

Tunning can be done in three ways disk i/o, SQL tunning and memory
tunning. Before tunning, you have to get the status of your database using
oracle utility called statpack and tkprof .

28) In the 'select' statement what is 'group by'?

To fetch the data from the table by the specified field Group by Clause is
used.

29) What is dispatcher?

A control agent referred as SAP dispatcher, manages resources for the R/3
applications.

30) Mention what are the two methods of modifying SAP standard
tables?

There are two methods for modifying SAP standard tables

a) Append structures

b) Customizing includes

31) What is the difference between a 'Database index' and a 'Match

code'?

'Database Index' contains fields from one table while 'Match Code' contain
fields from several tables. Match code objects can be built on cluster
tables, transparent tables and pooled tables.

32) Explain the benefits of modularization technique?

By using modularization techniques, you can avoid redundancy if the

program contains the same or similar blocks of statements or it is required
to process the same function several times. By modularizing the ABAP/4
programs, we make them easy to read and improve their structure.
Modularized programs are also easier to maintain and update.
33) How can you create callable modules of program code within one
ABAP/4 program?

a) By defining Macros

b) By creating include programs in the library.

34) What are different types of parameters? How can you distinguish
between different kinds of parameters?

The different types of parameters are

a) Formal Parameters: It is defined during the definition of subroutine with

the 'FORM' statement

b) Actual Parameters: It is specified during the call of a subroutine with the

'PERFORM' statement

You can distinguish different kind of parameters by their functionality. Input

parameters are used to pass data to subroutines, while output parameters
are used to pass data from subroutines.

35) What are the different databases Integrities?

a) Semantic Integrity

b) Relational Integrity

c) Primary Key Integrity

d) Value Set Integrity

e) Foreign Key Integrity

f) Operational Integrity