1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Optical Characteristics of Barium Titanate Polyethylene Nanocomposites

[Type text] Characteristics of Barium
Optical [Type text] Polyethylene Nanocomposites

Titanate [Type text]
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of a brief introduction regarding the study done in this
dissertation work. First a little description about nanotechnology then a little
information about nanofiller, nanocomposites and polymers and different of its types.
Then the classification, properties, methods of synthesis and application of polymer
nanocomposites. Also, future motivation and purpose of work are included.
1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Nano means 10-9 which one billion of something. So, nanoscience is the study of
structures and materials in a nanometre scale. It’ s property is different in
macroscale compared to nanoscale due to quantum confinement effect.
Nanotechnology is the applying concept of nanoscience for creating the product
using nanomaterials and nanosized components. The material properties change as
there is decrease in size due to increase in the surface to volume ratio. This field is
quite modern and have a lot of forefront research scope in it.
1.2 Nanofillers
Nanofillers are basically additives in solid form, which are added in polymer matrix
and differ from it in terms of their composition and structure. They are generally
inorganic materials and a very example of rarely organic materials. Inactive fillers
play an important role by raising the quantity and lower the prices, while on the other
hand active fillers carry out improvements in certain mechanical and physical
properties of the particles.
Classification of Nanofillers
1. One-dimensional nanofiller: It is found in the form of films, coatings and
multilayers
2. Two-dimensional nanofiller: tubes, fibres, plates, wires, rods
3. Three-dimensional nanofiller: it is generally in particles, quantum dots and
hollow spheres
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ID NANOFILLER 2D NANOFILLER 3D NANOFILLER
ONE DIMENSION 2 DIMENSIONS<100nm ALL DIMENSONS<100nm

<100nm
Figure 1.1 Different types of Nanofiller

Nanofillers are introduced in polymer at rates from 1% to 10% of mass. They strictly
follow aspect ratio. They are incorporated in addition to traditional fillers in order to
change the morphological properties.
1.3 Composites
It is basically the composition of two or more than two material that are intermixed
with each other. They show different chemical and physical properties that lead to a
new material having enhanced properties of its constituents.
In early days people mixed mud in straws to make a solid particle which had
improved strength so that it was used in housing. Later concrete cement took the
place of mud. It was also a composite. We are doing constant modification process
by mixing and improving their properties in such a way that new composites are
being made.
Individual components remain clear, distinct and separated in final structure of a

composites. There is no need of loss of identity of the composite. It has two phase
such as matrix phase and reinforcement phase. When we discuss about the matrix
phase and reinforcement phase the first one is binder and the second one is
surrounded by first one. Matrix phase properties enhances due to change in the
reinforcement. Comparing polymer matrix which don’t have any strength, thermal
stability, durability and ultra violet protection ability, necessary suitable nanofillers are
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added. Concentration and dispersion factor plays a key role in enhancement of

matrix (Zapata at el. 2013).
Reinforcement are classified as particles, fibres etc. Microcomposite and

nanocomposite are two categories of composites depending upon the the size of
reinforcement.
1.4 Nanocomposites
Nanocomposite is different kind of composite in which at least one dimension in

which reinforcement are added is to be nanomaterial and having size below 100nm.
Quantum confinement effect and high aspect ratio are the key factor in affecting
electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of matrix phase (Chaudhari et
al, 2013). Now a days polymer nanocomposites are giving research interest and
advanced technological promises. (Kressler et al, 1998) said that as there are
different and unlimited sets of polymers as a matrix phase and infinite number of
reinforcement material leads to different nanocomposites having improved
properties. But we have to choose a reinforcement having inert reaction with the
matrix when we mix it. If we add the nanofiller in the matrix, it’s physical property will
change as it completely depend upon the dispersion in some extent.
1.4.1 Categorization of Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites are classified into three categories.
NANOCOMPOSITES
CERAMIC-MATRIX METAL-MATRIX POLYMER-MATRIX

NANOCOMPOSITES NANOCOMPOSITES NANOCOMPOSITES
Figure 1.2 Classification of Nanocomposites
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Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites:

It is a subgroup of nanocomposite which consists of ceramic fibres that are
incorporated in a ceramic matrix. The matrix and fibres can be any kind of materials.
Although having brittle constituents but due to the effective design of the fibreImatrix
interface ceramic matrix composites, the cracks in the matrix is arrested and
deflected, resulting prevention of failure of the fibrous reinforcement. They are used
in extreme conditions by using their tribological responses.
Metal Matrix Nanocomposites:

It is a composite material with having at least two constituent materials and one of
them must be a metal. The other material may be a different kind either ceramic or
any other organic compound. It is called hybrid composite with the presence of at
least three materials. By the dispersion of a reinforcement material in a material
matrix metal matrix composites are made. The surface of reinforcement materials is
coated to avoid any unnecessary chemical reaction. The matrix is generally a
monolithic material with incorporation of reinforcement compound. This is a
continuous process. Here unlike two sandwiched material, there is always a path
between material and matrix. It is usually a lighter metal providing complementary
support for the reinforcement. With the addition of reinforcement, the properties of
matrix is changed such as wear resistance, friction coefficient and thermal
conductivity.
Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites:

It is the material which consists of a polymer composite matrix dispersed with a
reinforcement having fibres. It is very popular due to it’s low cost and simple
fabrication of reinforcement method. The reinforcement is the principal load bearing
member. On the other hands the polymer matrix binds the reinforcement and holds
it. It also saves the degradation of reinforcement and provides the functional
enhancement such as colour, texture and durability.
1.5 Polymer:
It is the large molecular mass or macromolecule which consists of connecting
repeated structural subunits derived from the corresponding monomers. They are
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prepared by polymerization process in which many monomers get combined and

transformed into creating polymers.
If only one type of monomer is used then we call it homopolymer that used for the
creation of long chain and it is called co-polymer when two or more than two types of
polymer are used. This may have various types of structures such as linear, cross
linked and branched structures. It can have either semi-crystalline or amorphous
structure. Amorphous nature polymers are like soft material having low mechanical
and melting point. A long chain generally is present in polymer for complex
structures
1.5.1 Classification of polymers:
POLYMER
THERMOPLASTIC THERMOSET ELASTOMERS
Figure 1.3 Classification of Polymers
Thermoplastic:
These polymers are generally getting hard and below glass transition temperature
when cooled they become brittle. So, this reversible transition process where
polymer is hard and brittle below temperature and soft and molded above
temperature. Due to light weight property they can get desirable shape and they can
be recycled. They have a wide use in automotive industry.
Thermoset:
These type polymers are generally undergo irreversible cycle process where you
can’t re melt the cooling from molten state as they form strong cross linking chain
between the polymers which is very hard for brittleness. They are having low ductility
and harder than thermoplasts.
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Elastomers:
These are basically rubbers or rubberlike materials in which the bonds are held by
weak intermolecular forces. They have property which put them somehow between
Thermoset and Thermoplastic. Lower concentration of cross linked branches holds
the rubber.
1.5.2 Tacticity in Polymers:
It means in stereochemistry of polymer. They have different types of tacticities,

isotactic, syndiotactic and actactic.
 Isotactic means all stereocenters have same orientation. These polymers are
semi crystalline in nature.
Figure 1.4 Isotactic Polymer Structures
 Syndiotactic means all stereocenters have alternate orientation. They are

crystalline in nature due to this type of structural arrangement.
Figure 1.5 Syndiotactic Polymer Structures
 Actactic means all stereocenters have random orientation. Due to this

structural arrangement, they are amorphous in nature.
Figure 1.6 Actatic Polymer Structures
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1.6 Dispersion of Nanofillers in Polymer Nanocomposite
Nanofillers plays a major role for improving the properties of a matrix such as
electrical, thermal, chemical and optical. The uniform dispersion of nanofiller and
nonuniform dispersion effect the morphology and internal properties of the PNC. In
nanocomposite there is always a difficulty to maintain the uniform dispersion of
nanofillers as some of them are less soluble. So technically sol gel process is not
better for preparation. Physical method like melt mixing are good for the dispersion
of these polymer nanocomposites.
1.7Methods of preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites
There are various synthesis methods for polymer nanocomposite but some important
methods are
In situ polymerization:
In this method we make a solution in which nanofillers are dispersed as well as

monomers. Then we carry on polymerization process. In this process we get good
amount of dispersion of nanofiller but due to agglomeration process the nanofillers
reduces in a complex way. There is always a possibility of getting strong interaction
between polymer matrix and reinforcement.
Sol gel method:
In this method we use polymer matrix as solute and a suitable solvent that helps to
dissolve the solute. The heating procedure continues resulting the start of gelation. A
gel like structures are formed and when we dry it we get the nanocomposite with
having low agglomeration. As these polymers are completely or partially inert,
therefore it is difficult to get them completely dissolved in the solvent.
Melt mixing method:
In this method, firstly we grind the polymer and nanofiller in mortar and pestle by
mixing it then sintering the sample. This method is useful for chemically inert and low
soluble product but there is nanofiller agglomeration is present. When we increase
the nanofiller concentration we get the high agglomeration. So there is certain
drawback is present. It is a tiring process as there is a lot of mixing required.
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Spin coating method:
In this process we dissolve the powder in solution then we apply a small amount of
this solution on the centre of the substrate resulting the rotation with constant speed.
This is a useful method for making the thin films of polymer nanocomposite.
1.8 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite:
Properties of polymer nanocomposites are depended on the
 methods of preparation of polymer nanocomposite

 types of nanofiller used in the PNC
 polymer type
(a) Electrical Properties:
The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposite enhance when we

incorporate the small amount of concentration of fillers. Nanofiller size, shape,
and dispersion helps to determine these properties.
(b) Mechanical Properties:
These properties of polymer are varied with the temperature. At low temperature,
polymer shows the glass like brittle characteristic to a rubber like behaviour at
high temperature. Due to interfacial region prevents the propagation of the crack,
PNC has good fatigue resistance and high damage tolerance because
(c) Thermal Properties:
It has high chemical corrosion resistance and high thermal stability. These
materials hold the good friction property and high frequency dielectric properties.
(d) Optical properties:
The incorporation of nanofillers in polymer matrices offers the possibility of

substantial improvements in the optical properties of the materials. Since they
can influence strongly the physical properties of the hosting polymeric matrices
so light emission like new characteristics are given to the material.
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1.9 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites
In various fields such as industrial and petrochemical, PNC have many applications.
Polymer nanocomposite having enhanced mechanical property are used in
automotive sector, tools, electrical equipments etc.
PNC has wide defence sector applications due to improvement in the physical
properties of material. Common examples are high performance fibre, ballistic
protection, microwave absorbers, ultraviolet irradiation resistance, corrosion
protection, supersonic jets etc.
Polymers have significant effects on the transparency of thin films with the
incorporation of nanofillers in the matrix.
Polymer nanocomposite are also used in tissue engineering which is engineering of

artificial tissue such as bones and ligaments.
1.10 Polymer material and Nanofiller used in the

Dissertation work
1.10.1 Polyethylene:
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer which can be melted into a liquid and

remolded as it returns to a solid state following the reversible cycle steps. PE is
chemically synthesized from micromolecules that contain long chains of ethylene
monomer. It is made from Ziegler- Natta catalyst which is significantly used in
industrial purpose.
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Figure 1.7 3D image of Polyethylene

(source http://fracademic.com/pictures/frwiki/80/Polyethylene-3D-vdW.png)
Polyethylene is categorized having properties such as low strength, hardness and

rigidity, but also has a high ductility as well as low friction. For high-density
polyethylene the melting point is typically in the range between 120 to 180 °C and in
the case of low-density polyethylene it is typically 105 to 115 °C. It is a nonpolar,
saturated, high molecular weight hydrocarbons chains having excellent chemical
resistance (not attacked by strong acids and strong bases). It absorbs almost no
water thus show hydrophobic nature. It is a good electrical insulator and having good
optical properties. PE is generally used in sandwiched bags, cling wrap, car covers,
squeez bottles, liners for tanks and ponds, moisture barriers in construction. It also
has very wide range of industrial and petrochemical applications.
Tacticity of Polyethylene:
PE is isotactic in nature and it has all the methyl group on the same side. Due to this
PE is semi-crystalline in nature. This affects the various properties such as its
melting point and glass transition temperature.
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1.10.2 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
Barium Titanate is an inorganic compound having formula BaTiO3. It is generally

found in a white crystal powder form. It is ferroelectric in nature with a photorefractive
effect and piezoelectric properties. It behaves like semiconducting material on the
addition of small metals such as scandium and yttrium. It goes a phase change from
tetragonal to cubic at Curie temperature. Barium Titanate structure shows different
types of phases i.e. above 120° C angle is in cubic shape. Figure 1.8 describe the
Barium Titanate which possesses no spontaneous dipole moment. It is
centrosymmetric in nature. Dipole moment plays an important factor and without the
presence of it, it behaves as a simple dielectric, giving linear polarization to the
molecule.
Figure 1.8 Crystalline Structure of BaTiO3 above Curie Temperature
(source http://what-when-how.com/wp-
content/uploads/2011/07/tmp840_thumb22.jpg)
The structure changes to tetragonal below 120° C. Concentration of both positive

and negative charges towards opposite ends of the crystal happens by shifting the
relative positions of the ions.
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Figure 1.9 Structural arrangement in Barium Titanate
(source https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/ferroelectrics/phase_changes.php)
The cubic phases of Barium Titanate changes to a tetragonal phase while cooling at
120° C. The movement of Ti atoms along with respect to O results the rise of dipole
moment of the molecule. Above 120° C the polarization spontaneously disappears
due to cubic structure. Barium Titanate has other two phases named as
orthorhombic and rhombohedral. All the phases except cubic phases contains
ferroelectric effect in Barium Titanate. It is mostly uses in thermal switches.
1.11 Motivation:
We have to give our best to modify material and to make a new composite to
develop materials which will satisfy the requirement of human being.
1.12 Objective:
 Study of the morphology of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x nanocomposite by melt mixing
method.
 Study of the optical characteristics of PE100-x/(BaTiO3)x polymer
nanocomposite for different compositions (where x=0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10).
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1.13 Outline of the project:
A brief of all the chapters is as mentioned in the belows
Chapter 1
This chapter gives the introduction parts of nanofillers, nanocomposites and their
types, polymer and polymer types, polymer nanocomposites and their properties,
application, motivation and objective of the dissertation work.
Chapter 2
This chapter gives the literature review of polymer nanocomposite that are provided
and knowledge gap in the current work.
Chapter 3
This chapter explains the experimental procedure and techniques followed for
synthesis and characterization of the sample.
Chapter 4
This chapter contains the result analysis and detail discussion of prepared
nanocomposite samples from the different experimental methods.
Chapter 5
This chapter consists of summary and conclusion of dissertation work and also
future scope of this work.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter contains the literature survey related to PE100-x(BaTiO3)x polymer
nanocomposite. Many researches have tried to improve the structural optical, thermal,
mechanical and electrical and other properties of polymer nanocomposite by doing tiresome
research in this field. The improvement in properties are discussed in the literature. Last
section of this chapter provides knowledge gap regarding polymer nanocomposite and gives
indication for improvement in it.
1.1 Literature Review:

 Thiago Henrique Silveira Maia et al. (2017) he investigated the use of a
relatively high content of acrylic acid as a compatibilizer in an aqueous
dispersion of polyethylene copolymer with and searched an alternative
medium to obtain polyethylene CNF nanocomposites. The CNF content was
varied from different concentration of weight 1 to 90 wt% and the properties
such as appearance, optical, thermal, mechanical and rheological properties,
as well as the morphology of the films were observed and evaluated. He
achieved improved mechanical properties with a 100% and 15,900% increase
in the Young’s modulus with 1 wt% and 90 wt% nanofiller concentration
respectively. The rheological behaviour indicated the polymer had a good melt
processability.
 Muhammad Nisar et al. (2016) they prepared polyethylene

magnetic nanocomposites by in situ polymerization. Carbon nanotubes were
used as fillers, synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method using
ferrocene as the precursor and the catalyst and silica SiO2 as support. Using
SEM and TEM it was shown that the fillers were well dispersed into
polyethylene matrix. The diamagnetic nature of polymer changed into
ferromagnetic one even with the low filler concentration of 0.9% wt. although
thermal property indicated no significant change in the properties.
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 Saibom park et al. (2016) he found chemically functionalized graphene oxide

(FGO) in PE having improved dispersion. Three types of Polyethylene such
as high density, linear low density and oxidised PE matrices there was a
blending of FGO solvents. The FGO sheets were reduced thermally that
dispensed in PE at 210℃ ,a straight decrease of 106fold in electrical
resistance which is greater than unmodified graphene composites. It resulted
a straight 12fold
improvement of tensile modulus of low density PE and 3fold improvement in
high density PE with 5% FGO concentration.
 Wei Li et al. (2010) a naturally occurring clay mineral that had

microstructure nanofibers used for supporting a metallocene compound
Cp2TiCl2. In in situ polymerization process, ethylene methylaluminoxane was
activated resulting in the exfoliated dispersion of the nanofibers into the
polyethylene matrix that led to an increase in composite rigidity as reflected by
almost doubling the storage modulus at room temperature. In DSC and solid
state NMR he observed the fillers affected crystallization process reducing the
crystallinity upto 28% and thickness of the rigid phase upto 22%.
 Rajesh kumar et al. (2018) he investigated the effect of h-BN reinforcement

on the tensile properties of polyethylene (PE). There was an overall
improvement of nearly 40% in the tensile strength of neat PE reinforced with
∼3% pristine h-BN nanosheets. Reinforcing capabilities of any nanofiller
depend upon the interfacial strength between the matrix and reinforcement.
Here he considered interface between H-BN and PE as non-bonded van der
Waal interactions. He had attempted to study the effect of defective and
functionalized h-BN nanosheets on its reinforcing properties for PE matrix.
Specific type of geometrical defects had a positive impact on the interfacial
properties between h-BN and PE was observed from the simulations.
 Fan Zhong et al. (2018) UHMWPE/HDPE wax reactor blend delivered as

additive producing high-performance all-polyethylene composite. He got the
tensile strength of 160 MPa by conventional injection molding without the
addition of alien nanofillers. Morphology of UHMWPE shish-kebab fiber was
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controllable by varying the content of UHMWPE/HDPE wax reactor blend. He

succeeded to image these UHMWPE nanostructures which resembled
nanofibers.
 Mohammed M. Khani et al. (2017) Surface-initiated RAFT polymerization of

alkyl methacrylates from silica nanoparticles were conducted by him. He
studied the effect of side chain length of poly(alkylmethacrylates) and the
dispersion of particles in a LLDPE matrix. At low temperatures
Poly(stearylmethacrylate) grafted nanoparticles achieved good dispersion and
significant increases in modulus.
 M.-C.Auscher et al. (2017) He studied the dynamic and static rheological

behaviours of zirconia filled low density PE. Stearic acid lowers the
percolation threshold. At low solid contents, stearic acid mainly promoted
interparticle connectivity. At high solid contents, stearic acid mainly reduced
interparticle interaction.
 Matthew P. Orr et al. (2017) Three processing techniques were investigated

to disperse CNCs in a thermoplastic PE matrix. Polarized optical microscopy
was used to evaluate the degree of CNC dispersion obtained. A multi-step
protocol increased CNC dispersion in thermoplastic PE matrix. There were
some changes in polymer microstructure were observed when CNCs were
well dispersed in PE matrix.
 He-Xin Zhang et al. (2017) used in-situ polymerisation for the successful
synthesis of PE/OMoS2 nanocomposites. The resultant nanocomposites had
a layered morphology in polymer matrix. The OMoS2 fillers were well
dispersed in the PE matrix with strong interfacial adhesion in the surface. With
the addition of OMoS2, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of PE
were significantly enhanced.
 Markus Stürzel et al. (2016) Three single-site catalysts produced trimodal PE

on the same catalyst support. UHMWPE entanglement was prevented the
catalyst-mediated nanophase separation. PE wax enabled injection molding
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of reactor blends with high UHMWPE content. Shish-kebab-fiber-like

nanostructures account for effective PE self-reinforcement.
 Weijun Miao et al. (2016) PE21Cl was chosen to study the impact of
substituent on epitaxial crystallization. Kebab-like and rod-like PE21Cl thinner
crystals formed on CNT and RGO, respectively, by traditional and
supercritical CO2 assisted solution crystallization. The melting point of rod-like
crystal on RGO is 75 °C higher owing to structural transformation induced by
epitaxial crystallization.
 Kangsheng Liu et al. (2016) two step solution method generally used to
reduce graphene oxide nanoplatelets (rGONs)/ (HDPE) nanocomposites. The
rheological percolation measured by linear oscillatory rheology reveals a
threshold at 4.0 wt %. Strong chain–filler interaction inducing chain orientation
was shown time resolved WAXD/SAXS on the HDPE/rGON samples
subjected to shear flow. Strong interaction between rGON
and polyethylene chains were demonstrated by combined rheological and
WAXD/SAXS results.
 Giovani Pavoski et al. (2015) GO and RGO obtained from graphite were
used as support in ethylene polymerization. He obtained the layered particles
which flew easily and avoided the reactor fouling. With the use of few
graphene layers filler he found the onductivity was improved. The support of
the catalyst on RGO improved dispersion and percolation threshold.
 Víctor J. Cruz-Delgado et al. (2014) studied the crystallization of

polyethylene terephthalate (PET). He also observed its effect on the electrical
behaviour of nanocomposites of PET and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Melt
extrusion method was preferred in a number of nanocomposites composed of
polyethylene terephthalate/carbon nanotubes (PET/CNTs) having 0, 1 and 2%
wt of PET/wt of CNTs. Using various experimental techniques such as DSC
he found an evaluation of the morphology that was developed by the
nanocomposites during non-isothermal crystallization at different cooling
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rates. There was an increase in the crystallization temperature of the

nanocomposites were shown by the thermal analysis that associated with the
nucleation ability of the CNTs, and confined growth of polymer resulting in a
3D to 1D reduction in the crystallite geometry.
 Meng Guo et al. (2017) saw enhanced erosion resistances in all LDPE/POSS
composites, from 6% to 46%. By POSS addition a 6% thermal conductivity
improvement was achieved. POSS largely retain or even reduce the viscosity
of LDPE. Among all the composites studied, LDPE/1 wt% octaisobutyl-POSS
composite is the best for high-voltage power cable insulation.
 M.M. Vijatović Petrović et al. (2018) prepared multiferroic composites

constituents via chemical methods. Grain boundary resistivity of composite
ceramics are more influential than grain resistivity and dielectric permittivity
higher in comparison with composites prepared from pure BT. There was an
enhancement of magnetic properties in comparison with composites prepared
from pure BT.
 Jing Wang et al. (2018) introduced Nd-doped BaTiO3 (NBT) particles into
PVDF to increase the energy storage density. A discharged energy density of
12.5 J/cm3 with a small loading of 1% NBT vol. was shown by the composite.
NBT/PVDF showed a comparable discharged energy density to the
composites filled with core-shell nanoparticles and nanofibers.
 Fangwei Qi et al. (2018) prepared PA11/BaTiO3 composite powder having

carbon nanotube coating for selective laser sintering performance occurred.
An enhanced laser sintering performance happened in composite powder in
which polymer added with. Routes of 3D segregated percolation were formed
in composites by selective laser sintering with the addition of composite
powder. Segregated structure composites had enhanced electrical properties
and had cleared the way for enhancing the performance of piezoelectric
polymer composites.
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 Changyeon Baek et al. (2018) characterized BaTiO3 which are

hydrothermally synthesized spherical nanoparticles (SPs)
and nanowires (NWs). The piezoelectric nanocomposites were prepared with
various weight ratios of BaTiO3, SPs and NWs for confirmation of optimal
amount for output performance. Energy harvester nanocomposite having
4:1 wt ratio generated the maximum open-circuit voltage which was 60V
and short-circuit current having value 1.1 μA, respectively.
 Mirjana M. Vijatovic Petrovic et al. (2018) Multiferroic composite materials

consisted of ferrite materials as a main component on the one side and
ferroelectric materials on another side. Preparations and properties of bulk
composites such as BaTiO3–NiFe2O4, BaTiO3–NixZn1−xFe2O4, and BaTiO3–
CoFe2O4 would be prepared. The main problem in preparing of these
composite materials was due to the possible reaction at the interfaces
between the ferroelectric and magnetic phases during sintering at particular
temperature. The optimization of sintering process should be performed in
order to obtain di-phase composite material of desired composition.
 Abbas Sadeghzadeh Attar et al. (2017) synthesized nano-

crystalline barium strontium titanate, Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3, (BST) powders by sol–gel
method, and investigated the effects of Bi-doped on the microstructure
and dielectric properties of BST powders. At first, he prepared the stable BST
sols with optimum molar ratio and then doped different percentages
of bismuth in precursor solutions. The samples, after drying and calcination at
850 °C for 2 h, were characterized by TG-DTA, FTIR, XRD, FESEM and LCR
meter equipment. The results showed that the crystallite size and lattice
parameter changed by increasing doped Bi content of BST. Also, with
increasing Bi content from 2 to 4 mol%, average particle size of BSTB
decreased from 40 to 35 nm. The dielectric constant for all samples increased
with increasing calcination temperatures and then decreased after Curie
temperature. An increase in the dielectric constant was observed up to a
maximum of 1040 at a temperature of 80 °C for BSTB2 and 910 at 70 °C for
BSTB4, approximately.
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 Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri et al. (2017) developed portable energy

harvester using composite linear worm structure. Demonstrated real time
power generating shoe insole by two energy harvesters. The relation between
composite worm length and generated energy was identified. Eco-friendly,
Mass production of worms developed by ionotropic gelation method.
 L.S. Ashwini et al. (2017) prepared the magnetoelectric composites - (y)

Li0.45Mg0.1Fe2.45O4 + (1-y) BaTiO3, by ceramic technique. The dielectric
constant initially decreases rapidly and then remains fairly constant with rise
in frequencies. AC resistivity and dielectric loss followed the same trend as
that of dielectric constant vs. frequency. Variation of dielectric constant with
temperature curves showed the peaks at two transition temperatures. Near
Curie temperature the peaks observed in the ME output curves is attributed to
the enhanced domain wall movements.
 Kaushal Jha et al. (2017) prepared Tb3+/Sm3+ co-doped ZPBT glasses by

melt quenching technique. The glasses exhibit intense green and orange
emission under n-UV excitation. Analysed energy transfer properties via
Dexter and Reisfeld's theory and I-H model. Observed white light and tunable
emission in Tb3+/Sm3+ co-doped ZPBT glasses. He suggested that this glass
may be useful for manufacturing organic resin free w-LEDs.
 Lili Zhao et al. (2017) proposed micro pseudo-electrochemical polymerization

reaction. Two end-to-end BaTiO3 nanocubes can work as a micro
electrochemical cell. The electric potential is derived from the opposite
spontaneous polarized charges. To enhance and renew the piezoelectric
charges ultrasonic excitation was introduced.
 M. Vegaet al. (2017) reported the up-conversion process under excitation at

1500 nm. The decay curves allowed to conclude an ESA mechanism for all
transitions. The number of photons absorbed were two for the NIR and three
for Vis emissions.
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 Talwinder Kaur et al. (2016) prepared omposites having polymer, barium

titanate and hexaferrite successfully. Achieved Effective radiation absorption
and losses. There was an impact on shielding effectiveness by magnetic
properties.
 Adelina-Carmen Ianculescu et al. (2016) 5 mol% Ce3+-doped barium

titanate nanoshell tubes were prepared via sol–gel method using as template
a polycarbonate membrane with channels of 200 nm diameter. FE-SEM
analyses showed that there were continuous and uniform green tubes with
length up to 15 μm, an average outer diameter of 188.6 nm and wall thickness
of 15.1 nm, obtained. After calcination at 700 °C for 1 h, these amorphous
1D nanostructures were converted into polycrystalline tubes with an average
outer diameter of 157.4 nm and a grain size of 43.4 nm, as high resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron
diffraction (SAED) indicated.
 T.D. Ibragimov et al. (2016) prepared homogeneous colloid consisting of

liquid crystal 5СВ and barium titanate particles. Presence of particles in 5СВ
decreased the clearing temperature from 35.2 °С to 32.5 °С. The threshold
voltage of the Fredericksz effect became 0.3 V for the colloid while the
beginning of this effect of the pure 5СВ was observed at 2.1 V. There was a
rise time of the colloid resulting improvement while a decay time worsened in
comparison with the pure 5CB. Experimental results were explained by
occurrence of additional polarization in the vicinity of particles.
 Y.A. Zulueta et al. (2016) a newly developed defect incorporation mode,

which was a combination of the standard A- and B-site doping mechanisms,
used to explain the conducting properties in 5 mol% Ca-doped BaTiO3.
Simulation results for Ca solution energies in the BaTiO3 lattice showed the
new oxygen vacancy inducing mixed mode that exhibited low defect energies.
A reduction in DC conductivity compared with undoped BaTiO3 was witnessed
for the incorporation of Ca in polymer. Using molecular dynamics and
21
impedance spectroscopy, the conducting properties of 5 mol% Ca-doped

BaTiO3 were analysed
 Xiang Wang et al. (2014) he studied about macroporous barium strontium

titanate ceramics consisting of closed cells with an average size of
approximately 10 μm and exhibiting porosities in the range of 65–80% and
synthesized it using particle-stabilized emulsions. These ceramics exhibited
high crystallinity and a cubic perovskite structure after sintering at 1450 °C for
2 h. The synthesized high-porosity macroporous ceramics exhibited a
significantly lower dielectric constant (~315, when the porosity was 80%) than
fully dense ceramics. The dielectric loss of the ceramics increased slightly
with an increase in porosity yet remained less than 0.2%.
 I.A. Velasco-Davalos et al. (2013) he demonstrated a new doping procedure

by Mechanical Alloying (MA). In a planetary mill, powders of BaTiO3 and
Nb2O5 were mixed for up to 540 min. The BaTiO3 unit cell volume increased
with increasing Nb concentration. The electrical properties of conventional
and mechanical alloyed samples as a function of Nb concentration were
similar, however the mechanically alloyed samples showed a large
conductivity that we attributed to a better homogeneity in the structure of MA-
processed samples.
 Xiangrong Wang et al. (2012) Glass additive was employed to improve the
microstructures and energy storage properties of Barium Titanate ceramics
using liquid phase sintering technology. Microstructural observation indicated
that the average grain size reduced obviously with increasing glass
concentration. Also, the dielectric constant decreased and the dielectric
breakdown strength increased as glass concentration increased. The increase
in the breakdown strength with decreasing grain size was consistent with the
well-known relationship for the mechanical failure. The activation energies of
bulk grain and grain boundary as well as their differences were calculated
using measured impedance values. Good inverse dependence of the
dielectric breakdown strength on the difference between activation energies of
22
bulk grain and grain boundary was obtained for the glass-added
BaTiO3 ceramics.
2.2 Knowledge gap:

From the above literature review we came into conclusion that when we add
nanoparticle with a polymer, polymer nanocomposite is formed. These polymer
nanocomposites have a change in its physical property. Not only physical
properties changes but also thermal properties, electrical properties changes but
we have done most of our work on physical, mechanical, electrical and optical
properties. The only drawback is that we have studied only low % of doping of
nanoparticles. High % of doping of nanoparticles in polymers have not studied.
23
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUE

In this chapter we thoroughly studied the experimental procedure used for preparing
polymer nanocomposite and techniques used for the prepared sample
characterization and measurement properties.
3.1 Preparation of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x Nanocomposites for

different concentration of BaTiO3 (x=0,2,4,6,8,10%)
3.1.1 Material Used:

PE which was taken from Sigma-Aldrich which is isotactic and molecular weight is
Barium Titanate which is also taken from Sigma-Aldrich.
3.1.2 Experimental Techniques:

Melt Mixing Method:
Melt mixing method are those in which nanoparticles are added to the polymer
above glass transition temperature. Generally, in polymer the shear stress is induced
to melt by viscus drag so that the nanoparticle aggregates completely broken down
by the shear stress. Therefore, the dispersion of homogenous and uniform
nanoparticle in the polymer matrix is possible. Only it has a little bit of agglomeration
problem with increase in the nanofiller concentration.
3.1.3 Preparation of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x Nanocomposites

In our work we first took polymer matrix then grind it into mortar and pestle for 5-6
hours for uniform powder. Then we mixed nanoparticles in different concentration
and then again grind it for 5-6 hours. The shear stress resulted good mixing of
polymer matrix and nanoparticles. Then we sintered the samples in suitable
temperature for specific hours. Then again we grind it for 2 hours for each of the
sample.
24
POLYETHYLENE BARIUM TITANATE
MIXING AND GRINDING IN

MORTAR AND PESTLE
SINTERING AT 100℃
FOR 12 HOURS
GRINDING AND
CHARACTERIZATION
OF SAMPLES
Figure 3.1 Flow Chart for the preparation of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x Nanocomposite
3.2 Characterization Techniques and Tools:

3.2.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
Field emission scanning electron microscopy or FESEM are generally used for
studying morphological properties of the sample. It is applied for viewing small
molecule having size in nanometre range. Regarding the surface of material two
things are studied such as morphology of the surface which is qualitative analysis
and the other one is topological surface comes under the category of quantitative
analysis.
25
Figure 3.2 Electron Beam with a Specimen
(source http://blog.phenom-world.com/edx-analysis-scanning-electron-micrscope-
sem)
Cold emission of source produce electron beam and travelled in high

electromagnetic field. It is focused in sample through condenser lens. Highly
energetic electron beam are bombarded on the surface of sample. There is scanning
of whole sample by moving of electron beam in raster form spot of the surface.
Scattered electrons and secondary electrons and some other signals are produced
when there is an interaction between electron and the sample. The detector detects
the electron and there is a production of electronic signal used for creating image of
surface materials.
26
Figure 3.3 Schematic Diagram of FESEM
(source https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-of-Field-Emission-
Scanning-Electron-Microscope-FESEM_fig31_318487306)
Comparing FESEM with SEM, FESEM is an advanced version with much better
facility than the previous one. In SEM thermionic gun is used. It is basically done by
heating the filament. On the other hand, FESEM uses field emission gun which in
order to workout requires strong electric field. In Sem the scanning rate is
discontinuous where as in FESEM it is continuous and without any pause.
3.2.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is a x-ray characterization technique

generally used in elemental composition of sample. The interaction between
electromagnetic radiation and sample the study of sample relies. There is an
analysis of x-ray which when bombarded with incident electron emits. Every element
has its own unique atomic structure with various types of energy levels. In EDX
which feature the characteristic x-ray shows when incident x-ray ejects in the inner
27
side of electron of element there is a vacancy in core shell and in order to fill the
shell the electron from upper shell move forward with de-excitation of electrons. A
high energy beam of charged particles such as electrons is focused on the sample to
study about the specimen. The excited electron due to incident beam ejected from
the inner shell creating an electron hole. Then outer higher energy electron fills the
hole and energy difference between two shells released in x-ray. The elemental
composition of the specimen is measured with the difference in energy of x-rays and
of the element having atomic structure helped them to emit. For K shell vacancy if
the L shell electron helps to fill the vacancy then it will be called K𝛼. And if M shell
helps to fill up the electron in vacant K shell it will be called K𝛽. Similarly it will be L𝛼
and L𝛽 for L shell vacancy.
Figure 3.4 Schematic EDX Operating Diagram
(source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EDX-scheme.svg)
3.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
FTIR is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to characterized analysis and

identification of unknown compound mostly inorganic and organic in the sample,
hybridization and types of bonding between the molecules. It generally works in the
IR region between 400 to 4000 𝑐𝑚−1 which is used for bombardment in the sample.
It results the positive identification of every different kind of materials. The IR regions
28
are divided into three types near IR region having different vibration and rotational
energy. 12800 to 4000𝑐𝑚−1 is the near IR region, 4000 to 200𝑐𝑚−1is the mid IR
region and far IR region which ranges from 500 to 1000𝑐𝑚−1.
When we discuss the internal structure of FTIR then we know that it is based on
three basic spectrometer component such as a radiation source required for
radiating energy, an interferometer for division of radiant beams and a detector for
detection of repetitive interference signals measured by optical path difference.
As its name implies, the interference signals are produced by interferometer. It

contains infrared spectral information that generates when we pass it through a
sample. Michelson interferometer is the most commonly used interferometer used in
FTIR. It consists of three active components: a mirror which is moving, a mirror
which is fixed, and a beam splitter. The two mirrors are placed in such a way that
they are perpendicular to each other. The beam splitter is a semi-reflecting device
and is often made by the deposition of a thin film of germanium onto a flat Potassium
Bromide substrate. Radiation from the broadband IR source is collimated through
collimator and directed into the interferometer and impinges on the beam splitter.
Rest of the infrared waves are transmitted to the samples. We measure the output of
transmitted wave intensity versus incident radiation. Then we get the wavenumber
required for analysis of the materials. The absorption peaks come different for
different material as there are different types of vibration and rotation present in the
material.
29
FIXED MIRROR
MOVING MIRROR
SOURCE COLLIMATOR
BEAM
SPLITTER
SAMPLE
COMPARTMENT
DETECTOR
Figure 3.5 Block diagram of FTIR
Advantages of FTIR
It measures all frequencies simultaneously instead of scanning through individual
frequency. So, it’s sensitivity is better. Less energy required from the source and less
time probably 1-2 seconds required for a scan. The signal is improved as several
scan completed in a few seconds and averaged. A laser beam is used alongside the
IR beam to control the speed of the moving mirror and to time the collection of data
points so the resolution and accuracy are improved. The spectrometer accurately
calibrated by the light beam of precise frequency.
30
3.2.4 UV-Visible Spectroscopy

In this method both ultraviolet and visible region light take part and interact with the
sample material prepared. Many organic molecules undergo electronic transitions
with the UV ranges from 200-400 nm and visible from 400-700nm range of
electromagnetic spectrum.
Generally, the electromagnetic wave falls upon the sample

which may be liquid, solid or powder form. Material absorbs some of the radiation
that cause transition between the electronic levels and the rest of the radiated
energy are transmitted. Then we plot a graph of absorbance of material vs.
wavelength of incident radiation.
Figure 3.6 Block diagram of UV-Visible Spectroscopy

(source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schematic_of_UV-
_visible_spectrophotometer.png)
Principles of Absorption Spectroscopy:

Beer’s and Lambert’s Law:
The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that
wavelength which we name as “I”. If I<Io, then the sample has absorbed some of the
light. Computer does the simple bit of math to convert this into something named as
the absorbance of the sample which we name as “A”. The absorbance of a transition
depends on two external assumptions such as
31
1. The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration (c) of the solution

of the sample we use in the experiment.
2. The absorbance is directly proportional to the length of the light path (l), which
is equal to the width of the cuvette of nanometre range.
Equation 1 relates the absorbance with respect to concentration and can be

expressed as
A∝c
The absorbance (A) is defined as the incident intensity I0 and transmitted

intensity I by taking the logarithm of ratio
A=log10 (I0/I)
Equation 2 relates the length of light path and can be expressed as
A∝l
Combining the two equations we get,
A∝ cl
This proportionality can be converted into an equality when we include a

proportionality constant (∈).
A= ∈ c l
This formula is the common form of the Beer-Lambert Law, although it can also be
written in terms of intensities:
A= log10(Io/I) = ∈ l c
The constant ∈ is called molar extinction coefficient and is a measure of the

probability of the electronic transition. On most of the graph, the absorbance ranges
from 0 to 1, but it can go higher than that range. No light of that particular wavelength
has been absorbed with absorbance of 0 at some wavelength. The intensities of the
sample and reference beam are same, so the ratio Io/I is 1 and the 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 value of 1
is zero.
The optical band gap can be found in UV visible spectrum using Tauc relation and by
drawing Tauc plot.
32
Tauc relation is
(𝛼ħ𝜔)𝑟 = 𝐵(ħ𝜔 − 𝐸𝑔 )
Where 𝛼=2.303* absorbance (a. u.)/t
r = 1/2 for direct allowed transitions
r = 3/2 for direct forbidden transitions.
r = 2 for indirect allowed transitions
r = 3 for indirect forbidden transitions
the absorbance can be obtained from UV visible spectroscopy and t is thickness of

cuvette in our case.
The resulting plot has a distinct linear regime which denotes the onset of absorption.
Thus, extrapolating this linear region to the abscissa yields the energy of the optical
band gap of the material. (Tauc, J. et al. 1968)
33
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter we can discuss the result of the experiment that carried out. We can
extensively discuss about the morphological and optical properties.
4.1 Study of Morphological, and Optical properties of

Barium Titanate incorporated in PE
4.1.1 FESEM Analysis
Morphology of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x nanocomposite of the concentration

(X=0,2,4,6,8,10%)
Polymer nanocomposites properties are the function of a nanofiller shape,

dispersion and of course most important polymer matrix filler interaction. Filed
emission scanning electron microscope uses to detect the structural and
morphological analysis of polymer nanocomposite.
Fig 4.1 (a) are the image of pure PE which has a molten morphology. In Fig 4.1 (b),
2% BaTiO3 is incorporated in polyethylene matrix and it is uniformly dispersed in PE
matrix. In Fig 4.1 (c) it shows also dispersion means sintering has been done
properly. In fFg 4.1 (c) 4% BaTiO3 is incorporated in PE matrix. In Fig 4.1 (d) 6%
BaTiO3 is incorporated. With the increase in the concentration of of BaTiO3, the
dispersion is also increased. The trend continues in fig 4.1 (e) and 4.1 (f). By
FESEM analysis we see there is a different level of dispersions of BaTiO3 nanofiller
is obtained. Comparing the loading of BaTiO3 in lower concentration to higher
concentration we get there is increase in the dispersion in each image. All the
nanocomposites have morphologically molten structure due to the melt mixing
method of synthesis.
34
Figures 4.1 FESEM image of (a) pure PE, (b) 2% BaTiO3 in PE, (c) 4% BaTiO3 in
PE, (d) 6% BaTiO3 in PE, (e) 8% BaTiO3 in PE, (f) 10% BaTiO3 in PE
35
Figures 4.2 FESEM image of pure BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
Here the above one is the image of pure BaTiO3 Nanopaticle. While doing FESEM
we find the Barium Titatnate of homogenous, spherical and cubic in nature.
4.1.2 EDX Analysis
The EDX analysis confirms the presence of all elements and components in
stoichiometric ratio. There is no impurity present in the nanocomposite. In the figure
4.3 (a) the EDX peak has its main spectrum in carbon and oxygen as carbon is the
main element in the nanocomposite. In other diagram there is some gold peaks as in
order to make the insulating polymer conducting, gold coating is used. In the doping
of Barium Titanate smaller concentration of titanium and oxygen are also seen.
When we take the EDX analysis of pure BaTiO3 nanoparticles we get the presence
of barium, titanium and oxygen in stoichiometric ratio. There is also a little bit peak
due to gold coating is found. The EDX analysis shows there is a little bit of
inhomogeneity present in the polymer matrix.
36
Figures 4.3 EDX plots of of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x nanocomposites (a) 0%, (b) 2%, (c)
4%, (d) 6%, (e) 8%, (f) 10%
Figures 4.4 EDX plots of pure BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
37
4.1.3 Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Generally we do the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the sample
to detect the presence of various functional groups and the interactions between
them. FTIR spectrum was observed in the range of 500-4100 cm-1 in figure.
Figures 4.5 FTIR spectra of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x Nanocomposites
The presence of BaTiO3 in the nanocomposite is confirmed by observing functional

peak groups corresponding to the nanoparticle. The characteristic peak of pure
polyethylene is 718-1720 cm-1 and having peaks at 1135 cm-1,1372 and 1416 cm-1.
In 2% concentration the peaks are at 720,1364 and 1460 cm-1. In 4% concentration
it is 723,890,947,1081,1160,1302,1365,1460,1719,1900,2024,2336 cm-1. In 6%
concentration it is 724,1162,1366,1457,1720 cm-1. In 8% it is
724,1162,1366,1458,1719 cm-1. In 10% it is
722,1160,1303,1365,1460,1719,2025,2339 cm-1. In pure BaTiO3 sample the peak is
1071 and 1431 cm-1. The unusual peak in some sample confirms that the sintering
has not been done properly and there is inhomogeneity present in the sample.
38
4.1.4 UV- Visible Analysis

The figure 4.4 is shown as optical variation of absorption with a wavelength of
incident light for polymer nanocomposite. Image shows that if there is an increase in
the concentration of BaTiO3 in the PE, there is a little increase in the absorbance
peaks when it is in the UV region compared to visible region where there is almost
no change in absorption spectra.
Figures 4.6 UV-Visible spectra of PE100-x(BaTiO3)x Nanocomposites
With increase in the number of BaTiO3 the band gap is showing unusual behaviour,
sometime it is increasing then decreasing, then again increasing and then
decreasing. Using the absorbance datas we use Tauc expression to find out optical
band gap of PE.
The expressions are
(𝛼ħ𝜔)𝑟 = 𝐵(ħ𝜔 − 𝐸𝑔 )
where
39
𝛼 = 2.303 × 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑎. 𝑢. )/𝑡
Absorbance can be obtained from UV-Visible spectroscopy and t is the thickness of

the sample in which incident radiation travel. But it is cuvette in our case having
thickness 1mm.
Figures 4.7 Band gap of 10% BaTiO3 concentration
In the above figure we take the Tauc plot and get the band of 5.68 eV in 10% BaTiO3
concentration. Similarily for pure PE and for different concetration of doped BaTiO3
we are getting different types of band gap. For pure PE band gap is 5.69 eV, for 2%
BaTiO3 concentration it is 5.89 eV, for 4% BaTiO3 concentration it is 5.82 eV, for 6%
BaTiO3 concentration it is 5.86 eV, for 8% BaTiO3 concentration it is 5.86 eV. From
the above data we come into conclusion that when we increase the concentration of
BaTiO3 the band gap is increasing first and then decreasing. But the decreasing
value is not much due to the agglomeration in higher concentration. We found there
is inhomogeneity in some samples due to not sintering of the sample properly.
40
Figures 4.8 Variation of band gap of Nanocomposite with variation concentration of

Nanofillers.
41
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
In this research work I have successfully synthesized polyethylene and barium
titanate where PE was a polymer matrix and barium titanate was a reinforcement
phase. I have synthesized 6 samples with different concentration of reinforcement
phases from 0% to 10%. I have used melt mixing method for synthesis of the
sample. I have also used various characterization technique for the analysis of the
sample.
FESEM analysis showed that the Barium Titanate is incorporated in PE matrix.

There is almost dispersion of Barium Titanate uniformly in PE. There is a little
agglomeration found in some sample. At lower concentration the dispersion quantity
is low compared to the higher concentration where the dispersion quantity is high.
The structures shown was in molten state.
EDX analysis almost confirms the presence of all essential element in polymer
nanocomposite having specific atomic and molecular weight. There is no impurity
found though a small amount of gold coated for conducting the insulating polymer. In
the pure BaTiO3 sample there is a little bit of in homogenous peak found due to gold
coating.
FTIR spectroscopy confirms the presence of functional group in the polymer and
nanoparticles. With increase in the doping concentration of nanoparticles peaks get
more intense. When there is no chemical reaction between the two materials then
there is almost no change in shifting of absorption peaks. In some samples there
was an unusual peak due to inhomogeneity of the sample.
UV- visible spectroscopy shows that in visible region there is no there is no

absorption happen. Only in UV region absorption occurs. With the increase in the
concentration of nanoparticles the absorption is also increased. The band gap is first
rise and then decrease with the incorporation of nanoparticles.
42
5.2 Future Scope
Main problem we face regarding this polymer nanocomposite is that the dispersion
of nanofiller. It generally depends upon the method we are synthesizing the
nanoparticles. Compared to other methods for synthesizing nanoparticles melt
mixing method is a good method. If the dispersion is done properly and also the
sintering process then the particles shows much better thermal, mechanical, optical
and electrical properties.
43
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1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Optical Characteristics of Barium Titanate Polyethylene Nanocomposites

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[Type text] Characteristics of Barium

Optical [Type text] Polyethylene Nanocomposites

1.1 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

ID NANOFILLER 2D NANOFILLER 3D NANOFILLER

ONE DIMENSION 2 DIMENSIONS<100nm ALL DIMENSONS<100nm

Figure 1.1 Different types of Nanofiller

Individual components remain clear, distinct and separated in final structure of a

added. Concentration and dispersion factor plays a key role in enhancement of

Reinforcement are classified as particles, fibres etc. Microcomposite and

Nanocomposite is different kind of composite in which at least one dimension in

1.4.1 Categorization of Nanocomposites

CERAMIC-MATRIX METAL-MATRIX POLYMER-MATRIX

Figure 1.2 Classification of Nanocomposites

Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites:

Metal Matrix Nanocomposites:

Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites:

prepared by polymerization process in which many monomers get combined and

1.5.1 Classification of polymers:

THERMOPLASTIC THERMOSET ELASTOMERS

Figure 1.3 Classification of Polymers

1.5.2 Tacticity in Polymers:

It means in stereochemistry of polymer. They have different types of tacticities,

Figure 1.4 Isotactic Polymer Structures

 Syndiotactic means all stereocenters have alternate orientation. They are

Figure 1.5 Syndiotactic Polymer Structures

 Actactic means all stereocenters have random orientation. Due to this

Figure 1.6 Actatic Polymer Structures

1.6 Dispersion of Nanofillers in Polymer Nanocomposite

1.7Methods of preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites

In this method we make a solution in which nanofillers are dispersed as well as

Sol gel method:

Melt mixing method:

Spin coating method:

1.8 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite:

Properties of polymer nanocomposites are depended on the

 methods of preparation of polymer nanocomposite

The electrical properties of polymer nanocomposite enhance when we

(b) Mechanical Properties:

(c) Thermal Properties:

(d) Optical properties:

The incorporation of nanofillers in polymer matrices offers the possibility of

1.9 Application of Polymer Nanocomposites

Polymer nanocomposite are also used in tissue engineering which is engineering of

1.10 Polymer material and Nanofiller used in the

Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer which can be melted into a liquid and

Figure 1.7 3D image of Polyethylene

Polyethylene is categorized having properties such as low strength, hardness and

1.10.2 Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)

Barium Titanate is an inorganic compound having formula BaTiO3. It is generally

Figure 1.8 Crystalline Structure of BaTiO3 above Curie Temperature

The structure changes to tetragonal below 120° C. Concentration of both positive

Figure 1.9 Structural arrangement in Barium Titanate

1.13 Outline of the project:

A brief of all the chapters is as mentioned in the belows

1.1 Literature Review:

 Muhammad Nisar et al. (2016) they prepared polyethylene

 Saibom park et al. (2016) he found chemically functionalized graphene oxide

 Wei Li et al. (2010) a naturally occurring clay mineral that had

 Rajesh kumar et al. (2018) he investigated the effect of h-BN reinforcement

 Fan Zhong et al. (2018) UHMWPE/HDPE wax reactor blend delivered as

controllable by varying the content of UHMWPE/HDPE wax reactor blend. He

 Mohammed M. Khani et al. (2017) Surface-initiated RAFT polymerization of

 M.-C.Auscher et al. (2017) He studied the dynamic and static rheological