Diversity and Collections of Orchids in The Forest Waifoi Raja Ampat and Sorong Nature Park-West Papua

Proceeding ICGRC 2013
Diversity and Collections of Orchids in the Forest Waifoi Raja Ampat

and Sorong Nature Park- West Papua
IG. Tirta
Bali Botanical Gardens-LIPI

gttirta90@yahoo.com / iged007@lipi.go.id
Abstract
Raja Ampat regency has 610 islands, located at 2025 'N latitude and 4025' S latitude, 130o-132o 55 'E longitude.
The total area covers 6791 km2. Waigeo island in Waisai district of the Raja Ampat Regency is the priority research
and conservation, because their properties in Raja Ampat development very fast. Mentioned above the base of the
research were conducted in Waifoi forest (Waigeo) and Sorong Nature Park. The aims of this research are to
inventory and collect the orchid at Waifoi forest and Sorong Nature Park. The research was done in 28 days from
June 11 to July 9, 2007 with exploration method. Results show that 143 species of 52 Genus were found and
collected. Most of the collections are Dendrobium genus (32 of species).
Key words: collections, Diversity, orchid, Raja Ampat, Sorong, Waifoi forest
Introduction
Indonesia is known as a country that is rich in plant species of orchids. It is estimates that the
diversity of orchids in Indonesia amounted to 5000 species. Comber [1] reported that in Java there are 731
species of orchids. Of that number 642 were reported species grown in West Java, 248 of which are
endemic; 295 species grown in Central Java, 16 species are endemic and 390 species grown in East Java,
49 of which are endemic. Of whole species of orchids in Java, about 70% are epiphytes. Approximately
90% of Java orchids grow in areas with an altitude of 500-2000 meters above sea level. Only about 1% is
growth in areas of high [2].
As one of the world's largest family of plants, orchids are estimated to have 25,000 natural
[3]
species coupled with 110,000 hybrids have been officially recorded in the Royal Horticultural Society
to make orchid plants are the most stuff. Each year more than 3,000 new hybrids registered. The diversity
of interest and the ability to grow so large that there are causes of orchid enthusiasts worldwide.
Orchid that grows commonly in lowland forest until moderate [1,2] are directly affected by natural
disasters such as the El-Nino, forest fires were intentional or accidental, illegal logging, landslides and
plunder heavily. This caused many species limited distribution (endemic), are now thought to have been
extinct in its original place.
Papua is one of the largest province, located in the eastern region of the Republic of Indonesia is
known to have a very rich diversity of flora by the number of over 16,000 species [5,6]. One of the
diversity and beauty of the flora which is very famous in Papua is a natural orchid (local orchid). Of some
5,000 species of orchids that inhabit Indonesia around 2,700 species of spread from lowland rainforest to
the highlands of Papua [7,8].
Papua Province is one area that has a diversity of flora and fauna highest in Indonesia. Estimated
that are 15,000-20,000 vascular plant species (vascular plants). In fact, according to recent estimates
botanist, diversity of flora ranging from 20000-50000 Papua woody plant species [9]. The diversity of the
flora of Papua is heavily influenced by elements of Australia, the Pacific and Asia. This situation coupled
with the topography and biogeography of Papua. But the wealth of flora and fauna in Papua relatively not
well known compared to other regions in Indonesia. The total area of approximately 416,000 km2 Papua
with forest cover around 70-80%. The province holds most of the wet tropical rain forest remaining
today. Most of the humid tropical forests in Papua province and there are small islands in the vicinity,
including the Raja Ampat Islands.
4th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation & 10th Indonesian Society for Plant Taxonomy Congress
Brawijaya University, February 7-8th, 2013
69
In accordance with Law no. 26/ 2002, the district administration status was upgraded to Raja
Ampat Raja Ampat with the Capital District in Waisai, Waigeo Islands. Raja Ampat consists of 610
islands, located at 2o25'-4o25' latitude, 130o-132o 55' longitude and administrative area of 6791 km2.
International Workshop on "Determination of Papua Biodiversity Conservation Priorities" Waigeo
concluded that the island is one of the priority areas of research and conservation [9]. Mean while,
developments in the area of Raja Ampat is rapid. On the basis of these considerations, the research team
Ewin (Exploration Widya Nusantara) chose Waigeo Island as a research location. The purpose of this
study is to inventory and collection of orchids in particular plant species diversity in lowland forests
Waifoi and Sorong Nature Park (SNP)
Materials and Methods

Inventory focused in forest Waifoi and Sorong Nature Park (SNP) in West Papua for 28 days
from June 11 to July 9, 2007. Genus identification is done by observing the morphology of plants. The
morphology of the plant for the species identification was done by observing the morphology of the
flowers. The plants which are not flowering identified just the genus. The method of the identification
was done by using references. The data recorded in the inventory include the species and number of
individuals, zoning of epiphytic orchids on the host tree, the thickness of the substrate (moss) and a place
to grow orchids or influence the intensity of sunlight. For the observation zone, the thickness of the
substrate and the observed light intensity is the numbers of frequencies encounter the species of orchids
on each host tree were observed. Environmental data such as temperature and humidity locations also
observed.
For the determination of the zoning, use methods Johansson (1975) which divides the host tree
into 5 zones are: zone 1, an area that covers the base of the tree (third part of the main stem), zone 2,
which covers the main areas of trees up to the first branching ( 2/3 the top of the main stem), zone 3, an
area that includes the basal branching (third part of the total length of branches), zone 4, which includes
the middle region of the branching (one third the middle of the next), and zone 5, the outer regions of
branching (third outer branching).
The determination of the thickness of the substrate (moss) is a benchmark to measure thickness
(moss more than 5 cm), medium (2-5 cm moss) and thin (less than 1 cm moss). Knowing the light
intensity is from the standard on the amount of the coming linght. It is called shade intensity. If the orchid
grow covered by the high trees so that it gets a litle sunlight (medium shade) and open, if the place full
sun (open area).
Results and Discussion

Inventory of known diversity orchid flora in Waifoi forest and SNP was found 143 species
included in 52 Genus (Appendix 1). Orchid flora diversity is still very low when compared with the
estimated 2.700 orchid species that spread from the lowlands to the highlands of Papua [7]. Base on the
way of life more orchid grow epiphytic 103 species, 29 species of terrestrial and 11 species of terrestrial
epiphytes. Species of orchids are found successfully collected in the form of plant life. Orchid collections
to the Bogor Botanical Gardens are 141 species and 84 species of Bali Botanical Gardens. Results
acclimatization orchid collection at the Botanical Garden Bali managed to grow as many as 64 species
(83 specimens), the rest (20 species) die. The high mortality is due to the delivery of Sorong to Bali for a
long time so the collection was damaged as leaf yellowing. Of the 64 species of orchid growing collection
of supposedly new to the Botanical Gardens' Eka Karya "Bali as many as 24 species: Dendrobium sp. (2
species), D. amboinensis Hook.f., D. lancifolium A.Rich., D. insignis Ridl., D. treubii J.J.Sm., D.
mirbelianum Gaud., Bulbophyllum sp. (4 species), Goodyera rubicunda (Blume) Lindl., Malaxis sp. (3
species), Vandopsis lissochiloides (Gaud.) Pfitzer, Gladeria sp., Tropedia zollingeri, Macodes
sanderiana, Neuwiedia zollingeri, Plocoglottis sp., P. variegata, P. javanica Blume, and Paphiopedilum
praestans (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer.
Of the 143 species of orchid inventory, most species of the genus Dendrobium is a total of 32
species, followed by as many as 16 species of genus Bulbophyllum (Figure 1.). Eria cs. (Eria, Coelogyne,
Flickingeria, Hetaeria, Malaxis and Phreatia) each of the four species. Bulbophyllum clan cs (Calanthe,
Bulbophyllum, Plocoglottis and Thelasis) each of the three species and the number of type two is Cadetia
Brawijaya University, February 7-8th, 2013 70
cs (Acampe, Agrostophyllum, Appendicula, Cadetia, Ceratostylis, Corymborkis, Dendrochilum, Gladeria,

Grammatophyllum, Macodes, Pholidota, Podochilus, Renanthera, and Tropedia). Then the genus that has
only one kind of as many as 24 genus are: Epiblastus cs (Acriopsis, Brachypeza, Camarotis, Dilochia,
Dipodium, Epiblastus, Eulophia, Geodorum, Goodyera, Habenaria, Lepidogyne, Luisia, Neuwedia,
Oberonia, Phalaenopsis, Pomatocalpa, Robiquetia, Spathoglottis , Taeniophyllum, Thrixspermum,
Trichotosia, Tubercaulobium, Vandopsis, and Vanilla).
Five species of orchids that most individuals have at Waifoi-Raja Ampat are Podochilus
serpyllifolius (165 specimens), Cadetia sp. (42 specimens), Dipodium scandens (38 specimens),
Coelogyne asperata (37 specimens), Dendrobium macrophyllum (37 specimens), and Spathoglottis
plicata (30 specimens). Instead an orchid specimen that has little or only found one specimen is
Phalaenopsis amabilis, Macodes petola, Dendrobium muschiferum, D. bifalce, D. polysema and
Taeniophyllum sp.
Most species of orchids are found in Waifoi 119 species, only 24 species of Sorong Nature Park.
The low species of orchids in Sorong Nature Park may be caused by unsuitable habitat again, most of the
area planted reforestation as wood resin (Agathis labillardleri Warburg.). Wood resin is less suitable as
habitat for epiphytic orchids. Besides that, people have hunted orchid hobbyist Sorong Nature Park.
Under natural conditions orchid Waifoi intact untouched by poachers, as well as people already have a
concept as simple as not allowing the preservation of industrial or mining operations are expected to
damage the natural wealth.
Figure 1. Number of orchid species in every genus
Genuslly epiphytic orchids will select a zone on its host tree to get light. Observations on the
growth of orchids in every zone and Sorong Nature Park shove Waifoi listed in Figure 2. From these
images it can be seen that many epiphytic orchids found in zone 2 followed by zone 3 and zone 1.
Johansson [10] states that the pattern of spread of orchids on tree trunks and branches following the need
for light and moisture. Orchids are like bright light would prefer to grow on tree branches zones (Zones 3-
5). Madison (1977) in Puspitaningtyas & Fatimah [11], suggests that the host tree is one of the basic
necessities to get light and air circulation is good for epiphytic orchids. Thus sometimes was causing
particular epiphytic orchids to choose a host for the growth. Pomatocalpa spicata is orchids in the Park
Manusela (Maluku) choose the tree Myristica sp. and Syzygium sp. as its host, because the bark is rough
(Mursidawati, 1998 in Lugrayasa et al. [12]).
Figure 2. Number of orchid in host tree zonation
The substrate (moss) thicknesses where the orchids grow on the host tree were categorized into
thick, medium and thin. Assume there is a correlation between the thickness of the moss with the physical
characteristics of the bark and branches of host trees. The observation of the thickness of the substrate to
grow orchids in Waifoi and Sorong Nature Park found most substrates a place to grow orchids is thin.
Life epiphytic orchid species are influenced by various environmental factors, such as sunlight. The
nature of his stick to the other plants is one way of adapting to get sunlight.
According to Dressler [3], one of the differences in lifestyle terrestrial and epiphytic plants are in
need of sunlight. The species that requires a lot of light are grow as epiphytes. Observations on Waifoi
showed that most epiphytic orchids that need light were found. Temperature ranges are 24-35oC, relative
humidity 80-99% and soil pH 5-6.5.
Conclusion
The results of the inventory are known as the diversity of orchid species, including 143species in
52 Genus. The majority of orchids are found the epiphytes grow as many as 103 species, while as many
as 29 species of terrestrial growth. Genially, the species of orchids are found living on a thin substrate
thickness with medium light intensity and is found most in zone 2 (2/3 parts of the main stem). It is
obtained as many as 143 species of orchid collection (Bogor Botanical Gardens 141 species and the Bali
Botanical Gardens 84 species).
Acknowledgements
On this occasion the writer send great thanks to Dr. Didik Widyatmoko, M.Sc., Didit Okta
Pribadi, SP, M.Si, Saripudin, Sudarsono, Supardi and Deden Mudiana, S.Hut.as the tem of exploration of
Bogor Botanic Garden who share in the exploration in Waifoi and Sorong Nature Park.
References
[1] Comber, J. B. (1990), Orchid of Java, Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
[2] Pfeiffer, J. (1995), Wild Orchids, The Indonesian Botanic Garden Collections, Bogor Batanic
Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor.
[3] Dressler, R. L. (1990), The Orchids Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press.
Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England.
[4] Wood, J. J., R. S. Beaman & J. H. Beaman (1993), The Plants of Mount Kinabalu 2. Orchids.
Royal Botanic Garden Kew, 411.
[5] Wommersly, J. S. (1978), Handsbook of the Flora of Papua New Guinea Vol. I & II, Melbourne
University Press on behalf of the Government of Papua New guinea.
[6] Johns, R. J. (1994), The Forest Trees of Irian Jaya, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,
Surrey, England.
[7] Millar, A. (1978), Orchid of Papua New Guinea: An Introduction, Australian National University
Press, Camberra.
[8] Millar, A. (1999), The Orchid of Papua New Guinea. Australian National University Press,
Camberra.
[9] Conservation International (CI) (1999), The Irian Jaya Biodiversity Consevation Priority-Setting
Workshop: Final report, Conservation International, Washington, D.C.
[10] Johansson, D. R. (1975), Ecology of Epiphytic Orchids in West African Rain Forests, American
Orchid Society Bulletin, 44.
[11] Puspitaningtyas, D. M. & E. Fatimah (1999), Inventarisasi Jenis-jenis Anggrek di Cagar Alam
Kresik Luway, Kalimantan Timur. Buletin Kebun Raya Indonesia, 9 (1), 18-25.
[12] Lugrayasa, I. N., IG. Tirta, I. B. K. Arinasa & D. Mudiana (2001), Inventarisasi Anggrek Alam
Epifit yang Tumbuh pada Tanaman Reboisasi di Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali, East Java Orchid
Show-Prosiding Seminar Anggrek Nasional, Perhimpunan Anggrek Indonesia, 10-22.
[13] Holtum, R. E. (1964), Flora of Malaya, Government Printing Office, Singapore.
[14] Lavarack, P., G. Stoker & W. Haris (2000), Dendrobium Orchids, Periplus Editions, Singapore.
Appendix 1.
Table 1. Species of orchids are found and collected in Waifoi and SNP.
Collection
No. Species Habitat Frequency Total
Bogor Bali
1 Acampe sp.1 Ep. 2 3 + +
2 Acampe sp.2 Ep. 2 3 +
3 Acriopsis javanica Reinw. ex Blume Ep. 1 1 +
4 Agrostophyllum majus Hk.f. Ep. 5 6 + +
5 Agrostophyllum sp. Ep. 1 1 + +
6 Appendicula sp. Ep. 2 5 +
7 Appendicula undulata Blume Ep. 3 8 +
8 Brachypeza sp. † Ep. 9 23 + +
9 Bulbophyllum macranthum Lindl. Ep. 5 7 + +
10 Bulbophyllum odoratum (Blume) Lindl. Ep. 3 17 +
11 Bulbophyllum sp.1 Ep. 12 29 + +
12 Bulbophyllum sp.2* Ep. 2 4 + +
13 Bulbophyllum sp. 3 Ep. 1 1 +
14 Bulbophyllum sp. 4† Ep. 3 4 + +
15 Bulbophyllum sp.5 † Ep. 3 3 + +
19 Bulbophyllum sp.9 † Ep. 2 14 + +
21 Bulbophyllum sp.11 Ep. 1 8 +
23 Bulbophyllum sp.13 (red leaf)* Ep. 4 5 + +
25 Cadetia sp. Ep. 9 42 + +
26 Cadetia taylori (F.Muell.) Schltr. Ep. 2 3 +
27 Calanthe pulchra (Blume) Lindl. Tr. 3 6 +
28 Calanthe sp. Tr. 4 8 + +
29 Calanthe vestita Lindl. Tr. 3 9 +
30 Camarotis sp. Ep. 1 2 + +
31 Ceratostylis sp. Ep. 1 1 + +
32 Ceratostylis sp. Ep. 1 1 +
33 Coelogyne asperata Lindl. Ep. & Tr. 14 37 + +
34 Coelogyne beccharii Rchb.f. Ep. 1 2 +
35 Coelogyne sp.1 Ep. 4 5 + +
36 Coelogyne sp.2 Ep. 1 1 +
37 Coelogyne sp.3 Ep. 2 2 + +
38 Corymborkis sp. Tr. 6 18 + +
39 Corymborkis veratrifolia (Reinw.) Blume Tr. 4 12 + +
40 Dendrobium aloifolium (Blume) Rchb.f. Ep. 2 10 + +
41 Dendrobium amboinensis Hook.f.* Ep. 6 10 + +
42 Dendrobium bifalce Lindl. Ep. 1 1 +
43 Dendrobium capituliflorum Rolfe Ep. 9 16 + +
44 Dendrobium insignis Ridl.* Ep. 2 3 + +
45 Dendrobium lancifolium A.Rich.* Tr. & Ep. 5 19 + +
46 Dendrobium lineale Rchb.f. Ep. 1 1 +
47 Dendrobium macrophyllum A.Rich. Ep. 15 37 + +
48 Dendrobium mirbelianum Gaud.* Ep. 2 3 + +
Collection
Bogor Bali
49 Dendrobium muschiferum Schltr. Ep. 1 1 +
50 Dendrobium polysema Schltr. Ep. 1 2 + +
51 Dendrobium rugosum J.J.Sm. Ep. 1 1 +
52 Dendrobium concinnum Miq. Ep. 2 3 +
53 Dendrobium sp.1 Ep. 1 3 + +
54 Dendrobium sp. 2† Ep. 2 3 + +
55 Dendrobium sp. 3 Ep. 1 1 +
56 Dendrobium sp. 4 Ep. 1 1 +
57 Dendrobium sp. † Ep. 2 2 + +
61 Dendrobium sp.8* Ep. 1 1 + +
63 Dendrobium sp.10* Ep. 1 1 + +
65 Dendrobium sp.12 Ep. 1 1 +
71 Dendrobium treubii J.J.Sm.* Ep. 7 12 + +
72 Dendrochilum sp.1 Ep. 2 2 +
73 Dendrochilum sp.2 Ep. 1 1 +
74 Dilochia wallichii Lindl. † Tr. 2 6 + +
75 Diplocaulobium sp. 1† Ep. 3 3 + +
76 Diplocaulobium sp. 2 Ep. 1 1 +
77 Diplocaulobium sp. 3 Ep. 1 1 +
78 Diplocaulobium sp.4 Ep. 1 2 +
79 Diplocaulobium sp. 5† Ep. 4 14 + +
80 Diplocaulobium utile J.J.Sm. † Ep. 1 2 + +
81 Dipodium scandens (Blume) J.J.Sm. Tr., Ep. & Cl. 15 38 +
82 Epiblastus sp. † Ep. 1 6 + +
83 Eria javanica (Sw.) Blume † Ep. & Tr. 5 22 + +
84 Eria multiflora (Blume) Lindl. Ep. 3 5 +
85 Eria sp.1 Ep. 3 9 + +
86 Eria sp.2 Ep. 2 3 +
87 Eulophia sp. Tr. 2 3 + +
88 Flickingeria comata (Blume) A.D.Hawkes Ep. 2 3 +
89 Flickingeria sp.1 Ep. 7 24 + +
90 Flickingeria sp.2 Ep. 1 2 + +
91 Flickingeria sp.3 Ep. 1 1 +
92 Geodorum sp. Tr. 2 4 + +
93 Gladeria iridifolia † Tr., Ep. & Cl. 3 6 + +
94 Gladeria sp. * Tr. 1 2 + +
95 Goodyera rubicunda (Blume) Lindl.* Tr. 10 25 + +
96 Grammatophyllum scriptum Blume Ep. 1 10 +
97 Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume Ep. 3 3 +
98 Habenaria susannae (L.) R.Br. Tr. 3 8 + +
Collection
Bogor Bali
99 Hetaeria sp. 1† Tr. 2 5 + +
100 Hetaeria sp. 2† Tr. 3 9 + +
101 Hetaeria sp.3 Tr. 3 6 + +
102 Hetaeria sp.4 Tr. 2 4 +
103 Lepidogyne sp. Tr. 2 4 +
104 Liparis gibbosa Finet. † Ep. 1 2 + +
105 Liparis iridifolia (Bl.) Lindl. Ep. & Tr. 1 4 + +
106 Liparis sp.1 Ep. 1 1 +
107 Luisia sp.2 † Ep. 1 1 + +
108 Macodes petola (Blume) Lindl. Tr. 1 1 +
109 Macodes sanderiana (Kraenzl.) Rolfe* Tr. 2 10 + +
110 Malaxis latifolia J.E.Smith Tr. 6 12 + +
111 Malaxis sp.* Tr. 2 4 + +
112 Malaxis sp. (hijau)* Tr. 12 24 + +
113 Malaxis sp. (merah)* Tr. 10 18 + +
114 Neuwiedia zollingeri Rchb.f. * Tr. 2 4 + +
115 Oberonia sp. Ep. 2 4 +
116 Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Ep. 1 1 +
117 Pholidota imbricata U.J.Hooker Ep. 8 14 +
118 Pholidota ventricosa (Blume) Rchb.f. Ep. 2 6 +
119 Phreatia sp.1 Ep. 5 9 + +
120 Phreatia sp.2 Ep. 1 1 +
121 Phreatia sp.3 Ep. 2 2 +
122 Phreatia sp.(kipas) Ep. 6 18 +
123 Plocoglottis javanica Blume * Tr. 4 8 + +
124 Plocoglottis sp.* Tr. 2 6 + +
125 Plocoglottis variegata* Tr. 3 7 + +
126 Podochilus serpyllifolius (Blume) Lindl. Ep. 9 165 + +
127 Podochilus sp. Ep. 1 1 +
128 Pomatocalpa marsupiale (Krazlin) J.J.Sm. † Tr. & Ep. 6 16 + +
129 Renanthera elongata (Blume) Lindl. † Tr., Ep & Cl. 3 7 + +
130 Renanthera sp. Tr., Ep & Cl. 1 2 +
131 Robiquetia sp. Ep. 1 1 +
132 Spathoglottis plicata Blume. Tr. 30 63 + +
133 Taeniophyllum sp. Ep. 1 1 +
134 Thelasis sp.1 Ep. 3 8 + +
135 Thelasis sp.2 Ep. 2 3 +
136 Thelasis sp.3 Ep. 1 1 +
137 Th rixspermum arachnites (Blume) Rchb.f. Ep. 1 1 +
138 Trichotosia velutina (Lodd.ex Lindl.) Kraenzl. Ep. 1 12 +
139 Tropidia sp. Tr. 2 4 +
140 Tropidia zollingeri * Tr. 3 8 + +
141 Paphiopedilum praestans (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer* Ep. 1 1 - +
142 Vandopsis lissochiloides (Gaud.) Pfitzer* Tr. & Ep. 1 4 + +
143 Vanilla valida † Tr., Ep & Cl. 2 3 + +
Total 451 1209 141 83
Reference book for identification: [1], [13 & [14]; Cl. = Climber, Ep.= Epiphytic, Tr. = Terrestrial, *=Species the alleged new collection for Bali
Batanical Garden., †= The collections dead after acclimatization in Bali Botanical Garden.

Diversity and Collections of Orchids in The Forest Waifoi Raja Ampat and Sorong Nature Park-West Papua

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Diversity and Collections of Orchids in The Forest Waifoi Raja Ampat and Sorong Nature Park-West Papua

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Proceeding ICGRC 2013

Diversity and Collections of Orchids in the Forest Waifoi Raja Ampat

Bali Botanical Gardens-LIPI

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

cs (Acampe, Agrostophyllum, Appendicula, Cadetia, Ceratostylis, Corymborkis, Dendrochilum, Gladeria,

Figure 1. Number of orchid species in every genus

Figure 2. Number of orchid in host tree zonation

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