Lecture 4

THE PERIODIC TABLE

THE PERIODIC TABLE

- a tabular arrangement of the elements based on their

atomic structure
THE PERIODIC TABLE

HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

DOBEREINER (1817)
- arranged the elements in groups of
three that he called TRIADS
- he found out that within triads all
three elements are close to the
same atomic weight and that the
atomic weight of the middle
element is close to the arithmetic
mean of the other two
THE PERIODIC TABLE

PETTENKOFER (1850)
- suggested that among
chemically similar
elements, successive
differences in atomic
weights amount to either
some constant or to a
multiple of some constant
THE PERIODIC TABLE

ODLING (1857)
- arranged the known elements
into 13 groups on the basis of
similarities in chemical and
physical properties, the
members of each group being
listed in the order of atomic
weights
THE PERIODIC TABLE

DE CHANCOURTOIS (1862)
- proposed the first real
classification of elements, known as the
“Telluric Screw”
- used cylinder as a base, he divided this
into sixteen equal segments and
plotted the atomic weights of elements
as the ordinates on the genetrix
- he stated that the properties of
substances are the properties of
numbers
THE PERIODIC TABLE

NEWLANDS (1864- 1866)

- he classified the elements into groups of eight called
OCTAVES
- he concluded that similar properties recur at intervals of eight
elements in order of increasing atomic weights
- his theory was found to be true among elements of low
atomic weights, but failed in higher elements
Ex. Li Be B C N O F Na
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE

DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1869)

- he arranged the elements in the order of
increasing atomic weight
- when elements are arranged in series of rising
atomic weights, certain definite chemical and
physical properties recur at certain periods as one
proceeds through this series
- he is considered as the Father of the Periodic Table
THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE

HENRY MOSELEY (1913)

- arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic number
- as a result of his work , the periodic law has been modified
Modern Periodic Law - the physical and chemical properties of
the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
THE PERIODIC TABLE

IMPORTANCE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

1. Aid to remembering and understanding
chemical data
2. Guide to chemical prediction and theory
3. Helps us to clearly state our chemical
expectations
THE PERIODIC TABLE

DIVISIONS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE:

1. Vertical Division: Family or group ( Roman Numeral)
- group ( 8 groups with A and B families)
A Family - main groups/ representative elements
B Family - subgroups (transition or inner transition
elements)
- vertical columns bringing together elements with
similar properties
THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE

 metals - elements (with the exemption of hydrogen) found on the

left side of the ladder-like line in the periodic table
 non-metals - elements found on the right side of the ladder-like line in
the periodic table
 metalloid or amphoteric elements – elements that lie along the ladder-like
line separating the metals from the non-metals in the periodic table
 their properties are intermediate between those of metals and non-metals
Horizontal Division (Arabic Numbers)
- period (7 periods), horizontal rows of the table arranged in order of
increasing atomic number
THE PERIODIC TABLE
THE PERIODIC TABLE

TYPES OF ELEMENTS BASED ON THE ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION OF THEIR ATOMS
A. Inert Gas Elements
- elements of this type are characterized by atoms in
which all subsidiary quantum levels that are filled up to
capacity
- these are members of Group VIIIA in the periodic table
B. Representative Elements
- these elements partially occupy the s and p block
- these are known as the s and p block
THE PERIODIC TABLE

C. Transition Elements
- these elements are characterized by atoms in
which an inner d- level is present but is not filled
to capacity
D. Inner Transition Elements
- these elements are characterized by atoms which
contain incompletely filled levels as well as
incompletely filled f-levels
TRENDS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
TRENDS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
TRENDS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
TRENDS IN THE
PERIODIC TABLE
End of Lecture 4