IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No.
3, July 1993
A SIMPLIFIED NETWORK APPROACH TO THE VAR CONTROL PROBLEM FOR RADIAL
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
M.M.A. Salama
Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng.
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
Canada
&&=gL&
A simplified network approach to the var control
problem in a distribution system with lateral
branches is presented in this paper. According to
this method, the capacitors are assumed to be
located optimally at the feeder branches. The
optimal compensation levels (capacitor size) are
represented by dependent current sources located
at the branch connected buses. The solution of the
equivalent circuit for the distribution system
yields the values of the voltage at any bus. The
actual compensation level is then determined by
substituting the bus voltage in the dependant
current source formula. The method is simple and
needs no sophisticated optimization technique. It
can be used as on-line controller and as well as
in the planning stage. It can be easily adapted
in the expert system configuration.
1. INTRODUCTION
Shunt capacitors are installed at appropriate
locations in large distribution system to reduce
power losses and to improve distribution system
voltage profile. The proper selection of
capacitors sizes and locations can increase the
benefits from the use of the shunt capacitors.
Many optimization methods are used to find the
optimum locations and sizes of these capacitors in
order to maximize the net savings due to the use
of shunt capacitors. In earlier work, the optimal
net savings were analyzed for special feeders and
with numerous assumptions 11-61, dynamic
programming [7], mixed integer linear programming
[ E ] and non-linear programming [ 9 1 have been used
to find the optimum reactive power allocation for
uniform wire-size feeder with uniform load
distribution.
Realistic distribution system conditions were
considered by Grainger et a1 [10-20], for the
calculation of the optimal capacitor sizes and
locations. In these papers Grainger et a1
presented a very general procedure for
implementing the actual distribution system data
in the optimization technique to obtain the
optimum net savings due to the use of shunt
92 SM 506-6 PWRD A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presenta-
tion at the IEEE/PES 1992 Summer Meeting, Seattle,
WA, July 12-16, 1992. Manuscript submitted December
2 , 1991; made available for printing June 11, 1992.
0885-8977/93$03.00 0 1992 IEEE
1529
A.Y. Chikhani
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
Royal Military College
Kingston, Ontario
Canada
capacitor. The unrealistic assumptions of uniform
load distribution and wire size have been removed
by the use of the concept of the normalized
equivalent feeder [ l o ] . Using this new concept the
more complicated problem of optimal var control on
distribution systems with lateral branches was
solved by a proper selection and control of
capacitor banks and voltage regulators ,[17-18].
The problem is subdivided into two main
subproblems; the capacitor problems and the
regulator problems. The capacitor problems were
treated by first determining the time variation of
the capacitor output as loads are varying with
time. The capacitors size and location are
initially assumed known. The second part of the
analysis is a search for the capacitor size and
location that maximize the net dollars saving due
to the capacitor application. The solution is
carried out iteratively between the two
subproblems until the convergence is reached. The
solution will give capacitors location, size and
switching on time. Similar technique is used for
the voltage regulator problem and gives the
number, location and the tap setting of the voltage
regulator.
The above technique is proven adequate when
applied to a real distribution system [19]. The
capacitors sizes required to yield optimal net
dollars saving are sometimes different from the
standard capacitors ratings and may not fall so
close to standard ratings. Also it is a general
practice not to break the feeder to place the
capacitor at the optimal location, usually it is
placed at a bus which is nearest to the optimumly
calculated location. The modified location of the
capacitor along with the nearest standard size may
affect the net dollars saving. This problem has
been considered by Baran et a1 [ 2 1 1 and Chiang et
a1 [ 2 2 ] and they reformulated the problem to
account for the discrete nature of capacitor sizes
and locations.
Although the recent methods [17, 18, 21, 221 for
the capacitor placement problem associated with
the distribution systems are based on realistic
assumptions and reliable optimization techniques,
they are very complicated to be handled by the
utility engineer, and they need a sophisticated
software to yield the solution. Also the algorithm
is completely contained and the engineer view or
recommendation can not be interacted with the
technique nor can it override any of the present
conditions in the algorithm during its execution
if this algorithm is to be used as on line var
controller.
In the last few years, there was a trend among some
researchers to simplify the analysis of the
1530
capacitor allocation problem without jeopardizing
the accuracy. Saied [23] developed a generalized
chart, which gives the optimal compensation level
for any case study by plotting a single system
characterizing point on the chart. Baldick and Wu
[24, 251 have analyzed the l o s s and voltage
functions in distribution system and given
approximate formula for them. This formula is used
in their algorithm f o r optimal coordination of
capacitors and regulators in the distribution
system.
In the present paper a simplified network approach
is used to calculate the best capacitor size and
location on the main feeder as well as on the
lateral branches (subfeeders). The feeders loads
as well as their wire cross-section areas are
nonuniform. The time-varying load profiles for
each feeder are also accounted for. The method is
simple and does not need any sophisticated
optimization algorithm to yield the solution,
which makes it very attractive to be easily adapted
by the utility engineer. The algorithm is suitable
for on-line controller as well as in the planning
stage of the distribution system.
2 . s reactive current and the load factor.
Figure 1 shows a 34-bus radial distribution system
with 4 lateral branches. In order to present the
proposed method of analysis clearly, the following
assumptions are discussed first, before dealing
with optimal capacitor allocation problem.
2.1 m e Normalized Equivalent Feeder.
The real distribution feeder shown in figure 1 has
a nonuniform load distribution and wire size.
Grainger et a1 [lo] proposed a method for
converting the nonuniform feeder wire size to its
equivalent uniform feeder by adjusting the feeder
length between any two buses. The nonuniform
feeder load distribution is converted to a
normalized reactive current distribution by using
the concept of the normalized reactive current
density function. Alternatively Salama et a1 [26]
proposed a method f o r converting the nonuniform
feeder load distribution and wire size to its
equivalent uniform feeder using the concept of
base resistance. The equivalent feeder has a
constant wire size and uniform load distribution
with an end load. The base resistance of the
equivalent uniform feeder is calculated from the
following equation
where
RL the base resistance of the equivalent
uniform feeder for the feeder f
Ii the reactive current at bus K '
RL the resistance of the section K of the
feeder f
I! the reactive current for the end load for
the feeder f
Using equation (1) the main feeder and all its
lateral feeders are replaced by their equivalent
uniform feeders.
2.2 Time Varying Loads
Reactive loads as well as active loads are not
constant with time. Bae [27] was the first to
calculate the capacitor size and location for
time-varying, but uniformly distributed loads.
The best compensation level for all loads is
determined by minimizing the difference between
the net savings for all load levels where the
capacitors are optimally located and the net
savings when the capacitor is located at the best
possible fixed location. More recently Ginger et
a1 [12, 161 used the time varying load
characteristic to develop a real-time switching
control scheme for capacitive compensation of
distribution feeder. A continuous compensation
scheme is also proposed by Keen et a1 [28] to avoid
the transient overvoltage problem associated with
capacitor switching in some feeders. Most of the
previous studies on time varying loads are focused
on the main feeder loads, the subfeeders (or
lateral branches) loads are lumped as one load on
one bus on the main feeder where the subfeeder is
connected. In this study the load-time variation
profile for each subfeeder is considered. The best
capacitor size and location at each subfeeder is
determined based on the algorithm given in
reference [29]. In this algorithm the actual
load-time curve is represented by the peak
2.3 Radial Distribution System Configuration
The radial distribution system configuration has
gained a lot of attention recently. In the radial
distribution test feeders given by IEEE
distribution planning working group [301, spot
loads (load connected to bus) are modeled as a
constant KW and KVAR. The main feeder is connected
to many subfeeders which in turn carry radial
loads. Ring loads among subfeeder are almost
non-existing in the 123, 31, 34 and 13 bus
circuits. Based on the analysis in reference 1301,
distribution system considered in this study will
have no ring loads and the loads on the main feeder
as well as in the subfeeders are all radial as in
figure 1.
\* 32\
Figure 1: The one line diagram of 34 bus
distribution system with lateral
branches.
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The problem of proper placement of shunt capacitor
on distribution feeders is always solved by a
complicated optimization technique especially when
lateral branches are considered. [18] In this
section an algorithm is developed to solve this
 1531

problem simply and y e t a c c u r a t e l y . This a l g o r i t h m 1: t h e t o t a l r e a c t i v e c u r r e n t f o r t h e branch i.

i s explained i n t h e following s t e p s :
IT t h e end r e a c t i v e c u r r e n t f o r t h e branch i .
Step 1: Each subfeeder l o a d s a r e lumped a s one
l o a d ( s p o t l o a d ) and p l a c e d a t t h e bus where t h e Rb t h e base r e s i s t a n c e of t h e branch i.
subfeeder is connected i n t h e main f e e d e r . The The v o l t a g e V,, i s t h e bus v o l t a g e f o r t h e bus i on
v o l t a g e a t any bus i n t h e main d i s t r i b u t i o n f e e d e r t h e main f e e d e r a f t e r t h e c a p a c i t o r i n s t a l l a t i o n .
i s c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e Gauss-Side1 i t e r a t i o n Step 3 : The pu saving Sbi due t o t h e optimum
method. T h e v o l t a g e a t t h e nth, bus i s given by: capacitor allocation for each subfeeder is
c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e following e q u a t i o n [ 2 9 ]

s, = LlKb +Mi
-L3CcpK, (4)
where L,, L, and L, a r e c o n s t a n t s and f u n c t i o n s of
C,, C,, Fm, T , Im,and Rb.
where I f t h e pu saving due t o e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) i s zero o r
n e g a t i v e no c a p a c i t o r i s p l a c e d i n t h i s f e e d e r and
I, = E I,
i=l
AbI and B,, i n e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) a r e z e r o s .
Step 4: The optimum s i z e and l o c a t i o n for a l l
1
I, = -WP, + YQ,)
+ j(VlmJ', - V,rQJl c a p a c i t o r s p l a c e d i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n system with
D m l a t e r a l branches can be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e
s i m p l i f i e d network approach. The c a p a c i t o r s a r e
D = (V$ + (Vrf
assumed t o be l o c a t e d o p t i m a l l y a t t h e f e e d e r
V, t h e main s u b s t a t i o n v o l t a g e . branches. The optimum compensation levels
(capacitor size), are represented by
V, t h e v o l t a g e of bus n . v o l t a g e - c o n t r o l l e d c u r r e n t s o u r c e s [311 l o c a t e d a t
V:,V: t h e r e a l and imaginary components of t h e bus t h e branch connected bus a s shown i n f i g u r e 2,
i.
u s i n g e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) . The s o l u t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t
shown i n f i g u r e 2 y i e l d s t h e v a l u e of t h e v o l t a g e
I, t h e c u r r e n t a t bus i . a t any bus. The v o l t a g e a t bus K with t h e
R, t h e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e s e c t i o n i of t h e f e e d e r . c a p a c i t o r i n s t a l l e d on t h e s u b f e e d e r s is given by

X, t h e inductance of t h e s e c t i o n i of t h e f e e d e r .
n, t h e t o t a l number of buses i n t h e f e e d e r .
P, t h e r e a l power a t bus i
Q, t h e r e a c t i v e power a t bus i
A t t h e end of each i t e r a t i o n t h e mismatch power a t
every bus i s c a l c u l a t e d . I f t h e mismatch powers
a r e w i t h i n a small t o l e r a n c e t h e v o l t a g e p r o f i l e rearranging equation ( 5 ) ,
of t h e main d i s t r i b u t i o n f e e d e r i s o b t a i n e d .
vK-,+O'BKZK-1)vK+jBK+lvK+IzK+I'BK+2vK+~K
Step 2: For each subfeeder t h e base r e s i s t a n c e Rb
i s c a l c u l a t e d from e q u a t i o n (1) and t h e r e a c t i v e
l o a d f a c t o r F,. Let us f i r s t assume t h a t each
subfeeder i s t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r r e a c t i v e power
4f
compensation. The s h u n t c a p a c i t o r l o c a t i o n and -j Z , I:Ai
s i z e t h a t minimize t h e peak power and energy l o s s e s i=K

f o r t h e e q u i v a l e n t uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n f e e d e r can
be r e a d i l y c a l c u l a t e d and i s given by [ 2 9 ] .
K, = A, + Bb,V, (3)
where
t h e optimal compensation l e v e l r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n branch i.
a c o n s t a n t f o r t h e branch i, and it depends on
Cis C2, FLi, T .
a c o n s t a n t f o r t h e branch i, and it depends on
C I ,C2, Ccp,Fu,T , IF, 1; and Rb
t h e annual c o s t of t h e peak power loss i n S / k w . HK = (,:
,=1
K-1
li)ZK- ZKi C
= l I, - jZKi :A,
=l

t h e annual c o s t of t h e energy l o s s i n $ / k w h .
and
t h e annual c o s t of t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t o r i n For K = 1
$ /kvar .
t h e r e a c t i v e l o a d f a c t o r f o r t h e branch i.
t h e switching-on time for the capacitors i n Solving e q u a t i o n ( 7 ) y i e l d s t h e v o l t a g e a t each bus
branch i. on t h e main f e e d e r .
1532
Step 5 : The optimal compensation level is then The capacitor best 1.ocation is at 2 . 6 4 km from bus
determined for each branch by substituting the bus 5, i.e., at bus number 5 5 .
voltage obtained from equation ( 7 ) in equation 3-The main feeder needs a capacitor of 1003 KVAr
(3). The net dollars saving is determined by to yield a net saving of 43,570 $/year. The
substituting K,, in equation ( 4 ) . The best capacitor best location is at 2 . 2 7 kin from the
capacitor locations on any subfeeder is given by substation at bus number 4 .
1291. The capacitor sizes calculated for the subfeeder
connected to bus 5 and the main feeder are not of

where Table 1

a, the location of the capacitor j of n IFccclcr Sccllon

- - I,ood It + Jx C.S.AJlcngCh
capacitors in this feeder. -
KW
-
KVAr I1 I km mni'km

ir the total number of capacitor banks to be used 0- 1 230 142.5 0.195 + j 0.080 18510.6
in this feeder.
1-2 0 0 0.195 + j n.nRo 18510.55
j the order of the capacitor banks
Cg = C , + F u T 2-3 230 142.5 0.299 + j 0.083 120lO.55

c, = c,+c,r 3-4 230 142.5 0.299 t j 0.083 120fl.5

4-5 0 0 0.299 + j 0.083 12010.5

5-6 0 0 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.6

6-7 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.4

7-8 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 701n.6

8-9 0 0 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.4

1 9-10 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 711102
.5
( e ) Olslflbullon syslem w i l h laleral branches.
IO- I I 137 84 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.2

2-21 72 45 0.524 + j 0.090 70fl.3

21 - 2 2 72 45 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.1

22 - 23 72 45 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.2

23 - 24 13.5 7.5 0.524 + j 0.090 701n.i

5 - 51 230 142.5 0.299 + j 0.083 12010.6

51 - 5 2 230 142.5 0.299 + j 0.083 12010.55

(bl Slmplilled oqulvalenl clrcull lor Iho dlslrlbullonsyslom In ( e )
52 - 53 230 142.5 0.378+ j 0.086 9510.55
Figure 2 : Distribution system equivalent
electrical circuit. 53 - 54 2311 142.5 0.378 + j 0.086 9510.5

54 - 55 230 142.5 0.378 + j 0.086 95/05

9. APPLICATION TO A DISTRIBUTION FEEDER WITH
55 - 56 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.5
LATERAL BRANCHES
The proposed method is applied to a feeder with 56 - 57 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.5
lateral branches. Details of the feeder and the
57 - 58 230 142.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.6
load characteristics are given below in Table 1.
The c o s t coefficients for peak power and energy + j 0.090
losses are C,
respectively 1191.
-
1 2 0 $/kw and C2 30 cents/kwh
The annual cost of the
- 58 - 59

59 - 591
230

230
142.5

142.5
0.524

0.524 + j 0.090
7010.1

7010.25
capacitor installation CCD = 5 $/KVAr [19] (for the 591 - 592
.
size up the 300 KVAr) The substation line voltage
137 85 0.524 ij 0.090 70D.2

(bus number zero in figure 1) is 11 KV. Figure 1 6 - 61 75 48 0.524 + j 0.090 70m.3

shows the one-line diagram of the distribution
system under study with its lateral branches. The 61 - 6 2 75 48 0.524 + j 0.090 701n.i
load factors for the main feeder and the subfeeders + j 0.090
62 - 63 75 48 0.524 7010.3
connected to bus 2,5,6 and 9 respectively are 0 . 5 5 ,
0.63, 0.52, 0.45 and 0 . 5 6 . When the proposed 9-91 57 34.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7010.3
method is used to calculate the best capacitor size
91 - 9 2 57 34.5 0.521 4 j 0.090 7010.4
and location that maximize the net savings, the
following results are obtained: 92 - 9 3 57 34.5 0.524 + j 0.090 701n.3
1-Subfeeders connected to buses 2,6, and 9
respectively, need no compensation 93 -94 -57 34.5 0.524 + j 0.090 7~0.2

2-Subfeeder connected to bus 5, need a capacitor

of 672 KVAr to yield a net saving of 12,110 $/year. Data for the distribu on system in f i g u r e 1.
 1533
s t a n d a r d s i z e s . The n e a r e s t s t a n d a r d s i z e s are 600
KVAr ( 4 x 150) and 1050 KVAr (7 x 150) [32] f o r t h e
s u b f e e d e r connected t o bus 5 and t h e main f e e d e r
respectively.
To i l l u s t r a t e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f c o n s i d e r i n g t h e
l a t e r a l b r a n c h e s i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n , two cases are
s t u d i e d , t h e f i r s t case c o n s i d e r s t h e main f e e d e r
w i t h a l l l a t e r a l b r a n c h e s l o a d lumped as a s p o t
n

2
v 0.90 1
I
l o a d a t t h e bus t h e branch i s connected t o . The w
c3
l o a d f a c t o r i s assumed 0 . 5 6 . I n t h e second case a
l i 10.80
t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n system w i t h a l l l a t e r a l
branches i s considered. To f a c i l i t a t e t h e
comparison, t h e l o a d f a c t o r f o r t h e main f e e d e r a n d 9
a l l t h e branches are assumed 0.56. Table 2 shows
t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e two cases. zJ 10.70

case-
Branch
tobus2
Branchto
bus5

-
Table 2

Branch B d MainFeeh
tobus6 tobus9

- -
KC= 1,208
KVAr
Ovaall
s8VhgS

SV=
10.60

I
10.500 . k 2.b 4 r 6.W
NODE NUMBER
8.b 12.00
I

1 $25.270
sv =
$25,210
F i g u r e 3: The voltage profile along the main
KC=O KC=607 KC=O KC=O KC= feeder b u s e s .
case KVAr 1,027KVAr SV=
c u r v e ( a ) c a p a c i t o r s are placed on t h e main f e e d e r
2 sv=o sv=o sv=o $50.387
sv = s8.667 sv = only
$41,720
and t h e l a t e r a l b r a n c h e s .

11.30 1
n

91 1.10
w
c3
a
5
P 1

1
10.70

NODE NUMBER

Figure 4 : The v o l t a g e p r o f i l e a l o n g t h e main

f e e d e r buses.
curve (a) w i t h c a p a c i t o r and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r
t a p s e t t i n g a t 1.025
curve (b) w i t h c a p a c i t o r a n d no v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r
action
curve (c) w i t h no c a p a c i t o r a n d no v o l t a g e
regulator action
c u r v e (d) t h e c o n s t a n t 11 kV l i n e ( f o r comparison)

(11.275 KV) are 666 KVAr and 1000 KVAr a n d t h e s e

c a p a c i t o r s are placed a t b u s number 55 on t h e
s u b f e e d e r 2 (figure 1) and a t b u s number 4 on t h e
main feeder r e s p e c t i v e l y . The n e t s a v i n g s are
1534
11,310 + 40,940 = $52,250. On the other hand the
capacitor sizes for the case where no tap setting
is applied are 672 KVAr and 1003 KVAr at bus number
55 and 4 respectively. The net savings are 12,110
+ 43,570 = $55,680. These results are for a
typical feeder loads as in table 1, with the main
feeder and subfeeders loads operating at different
load factors (0.55, 0.63, 0.52, 0.45, 0.56).
The voltage profile improvement on the primary
feeder (+2.1% to -0.81%) leads to a 6.6% reduction
in the savings [(55,680 - 52,250) / 52,250 =
6.6%] .
5. CONCLUSION
A simplified approach for the var control problem
for radial distribution feeder with lateral
branching is presented in this paper. This method
takes into account the actual feeder wire size and
load distribution. The time-varying
characteristics of the load are also considered.
The optimal capacitors sizes for the main feeder
and the branches are a function of the bus voltage
which the feeder is connected to. The optimal
compensation levels are represented by dependent
current sources located at the branch-connected
buses in the equivalent electric network for the
distribution system. The solution of the electric
network gives the values of voltage at any bus.
The actual compensation level is then determined
by substituting the bus voltage in the dependent
current sources formula.
The voltage profile problem of the distribution
system can be easily handled in this algorithm, by
adjusting the voltage regulator tap setting.
The method is simple and does not require
sophisticated optimization or mathematical
routines. It can be used by small utilities as
one-line controller as well as for decision making
for capacitor placement on the distribution system
for the existing and future loads.
The algorithm proposed in this paper, decouples
the capacitor and the regulator problems. The
advantage of avoiding the use of global
optimization technique to solve the problem, is to
allow interaction between the user and the
algorithm. This feature is essential if this
method is to be adapted for an expert system. The
inference engine of the expert system can deal with
the algorithm in its present form, where the
logical reasoning can be incorporated during the
execution of the algorithm [341.
6 . REFERENCES
[l] R.F. Cook, "Calculating Loss Reduction
Afforded by Shunt Capacitor Application", IEEE
Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-83, 1964, pp. 1227-1230.
[2] N.E. Chang, "Determination of Primary-Feeder
Losses", IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-87, 1968,
pp. 1991-1994.
[3] N.E. Chang, "Locating Shunt Capacitors on
Primary Feeder for Voltage Control and Loss
Reduction", IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-88,
1969, pp. 1574-1577.
[ 41 N.E. Chang, "Generalized Equations on Loss
Reduction with Shunt Capacitor", IEEE Trans.
PAS, Vol. PAS-91, 1972, pp. 2189-2195.
[5] N.M. Neagle and D.R. Samson, "Loss Reduction
from Capacitors Installed on Primary Feeders",
AIEE Trans., vol. PAS-75, Part 111, pp.
950-959, 1956.
[6] R.F. Cook, "Optimizing the Application of
Shunt Capacitors for Reactive Volt-Ampere
Control and L o s s Reduction", AIEE Trans., vol.
PAS-80, Part 111, pp. 430-444, 1961.
[7] H. Duran, "Optimum Number, Location and Size
of Shunt Capacitors in Radial Distribution
Feeders - A Dynamic Programming Approach",
IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-87, pp. 1789-1794,
1968.
[E] S. Rama Iyer, K. Ramachandran and Hariharan,
"Optimal Reactive Power Allocation for
Improved System Performance", IEEE Trans. PAS,
vol. PAS-103, 1984, pp. 1509-1515.
[9] S . Erten and J.R. Tudor, "Optimal Shunt
Capacitor Allocation by Nonlinear
Programming", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.
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[lo]J.J. Grainger and S . H . Lee, "Optimum Size and
Location of Shunt Capacitors for Reduction of
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lllJ.J. Grainger and S . H . Lee, "Capacity Release
by Shunt Capacitor Placement on Distribution
Feeders : A New Voltage-Dependent Model", IEEE
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Scheme for Capacitive Compensation of
Distribution Feeders", IEEE Tans. Power
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[13]J.J. Grainger, S . Civanlar and S.H. Lee,
"Optimal Design and Control Scheme for
Continuous Capacitive Compensation of
Distribution Feeders", IEEE Trans. Power
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[14]J.J. Grainger, A.A. El-Keib and S.H. Lee,
"Optimal Capacitor Placement on Three Phase
Primary Feeders: Load and Feeder Unbalance
Effects", IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and
Systems, v o l . PAS-103, no. 8, Aug. 1984, pp.
3296-3305.
[15]J.J. Grainger, S . Civanlar, K.N. Clinard and
L.J. Gale, "Discrete-Tap Control Scheme for
Capacitive Compensation of Distribution
Feeders", IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and
System, Vol. PAS-103, No. 8, Aug. 1984, pp.
2089-2107.
1161 J. J. Grainger, S . Civanlar, K.N. Clinard and
L.J. Gale, "Optimal Voltage Dependent
Continous-Time Control of Reactive Power on
Primary Feeders", IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus
and Systems, vol. PAS-103, No. 9, Sept. 1984.
pp. 2714-2722.
[17lJ.J. Grainger and S . Civanlar, "Volt/Var
Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral
Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage
Regulators Part I: The Overall Problem", IEEE
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PAS-104, No. 11, NOV. 1985, pp. 3278-3283.
[18]S. Civanlar and J.J. Grainger, Volt/Var
Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral
 1535
Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage [32]Y. Baghzous and S . Ertem, "Shunt Capacitor
Regulators Part 11: The Solution Method",
Sizing for Radial Distribution Feeders with
IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
Distorted Substation Voltages", IEEE Trans.
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Power Delivery, vol. 5, 1990, pp. 650-657.
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Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral [33]T. Gonen, "Electric Power Distribution System
Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage Engineering", Book, McGraw-Hill Publishing
Regulators Part 111: The Numerical Results", Company, New York, 1986.
IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol.
PAS-104, NO. 11, Nov. 1985, pp. 3291-3297. L34lM.M.A. Salama and A.Y. Chikhani, "An Expert
System for Reactive Power Control for
[20]A.A. El-Keib, J.J. Grainger, K.N. Clinard and Distribution System Part I: System
L.J. Gale, "Placement of Fixed and/or Configuration", Accepted for Presentation at
Non-Simultaneously Switched Capacitors on the IEEE PES 1991 Transmission and
Unbalanced Three-phase Feeders Involving Distribution Conference, Sept 22-27, 1991,
Laterals", IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Dallas, Texas.
Systems, vol. PAS-104, No. 11, Nov. 1985, pp.
M.M.A. Sal- received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. from
3298-3305. Cairo University, Egypt and his Ph.D. from the
M.E. Baran and F.F. Wu, "Optimal Capacitor University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada,
Placement on Radial Distribution System", IEEE all in Electrical Engineering in 1971, 1973 and
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, 1989, pp. 1977 respectively. Presently he is an Associate
725-734. Professor in the Department of Electrical and
H.D. Chiang, J.C. Wang, 0. Cockings and H.D. Computer Engineering at the University of Waterloo,
Shin, "Optimal Capacitors Placements in Canada. His interests include the operation and
Distribution Sytems, Part I: A New control of distribution systems, cables,
Formulation of the Overall Problem", IEEE insulation systems and electromagnetics. He has
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 5, 1990, pp. consulted widely with government agencies and the
634-642. electrical industry.
[23]M.M. Saied, "Optimal Power Factor Correction", Aziz Chikhani received the B.Sc. degree in
IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 3, 1988, pp. Electrical Engineering from Cairo University,
Egypt in 1971, the M.A.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in
844-851.
Electrical Engineering from the University of
Waterloo in 1976 and 1981, respectively. He joined
[24]R. Baldick And F.F. Wu, "Approximation the Dept. of Electrical Engineering of the Royal
Formulas for the Distribution System: The Military College in Kingston, Ontario in 1980 and
Loss Function and Voltage Dependence", IEEE is currently a Professor and Chairman. He has been
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, 1991, pp. an Adjunct Professor at the University of Windsor
252-259. since 1985. Dr. Chikhani is a past Chairman of the
R. Baldick and F.F. Wu, "Efficient Integer IEEE Kingston section. His interests include the
Optimization Algorithms for Optimal operation and control of distribution systems,
Coordination of Capacitors and Regulators", cables and microprocessor applications in power
IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 5, 1990. pp. systems. Dr. Chikhani is a Registered
805-812. Professional Engineer in the Province of Ontario.
M.M.A. Salama, A.Y. Chikhani and R. Hackam,
"Control of Reactive Power in Distribution
Systems with an End Load and Fixed Load
Condition", IEEE Trans. PAS, v o l . PAS-104,
1985, pp. 2779-2788.
[27]Y.G. Bae, "Analytical Method of Capacitor
Allocation on Distribution Primary Feeder",
IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-97, 1978, pp.
1232-1238.
Keene, A.Y. Chikhani, M.M.A. Salama, M.H.
Rahman, V.H. Quintana and R. Hackam, "A
Computer Controlled VAR compensator for
Distribution Feeders", IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. PWRD-1, 1986, pp. 337-345.
M.M.A. Salama, E.A.A. Mansour, A.Y. Chikhani
and R. Hackam, "Control of Reactive Power in
Distribution System with an End-Load and
Varying Load Condition", IEEE Trans. PAS, vol.
PAS-104, 1985, pp. 941-947.
[30]IEEE Distribution Planning Working Group
Report, "Radial Distribution Test Feeders",
IEEE Trans. Power System, vol. 6, 1991, pp.
975-985.
[31]T.H. Chen, M.S. Chen, K.J. Hwang, P. Kotas and
E.A. Chebli, "Distribution System Power Flow
Analysis - A Rigid Approach", IEEE Trans.
Power Delivery, vol. 6, 1991, pp. 1146-1152.