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AFCAT Numerical Ability Topics

• Decimal Fraction

• Simplification

• Average

• Profit & loss

• Percentage

• Ratio & Proportion

• Simple Interest

• Time and work

• Time and Distance

No of questions: 15

Total marks: 15 x 3 : 45 marks

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Decimal Fractions

1. Decimal Fractions:
Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal
fractions.

1 1
Thus, = 1 tenth = .1; = 1 hundredth = .01;
10 100

99 7
= 99 hundredths = .99; = 7 thousandths = .007, etc.;
100 1000
2. Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:
Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many
zeros as is the number of digits after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal
point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

25 1 2008 251
Thus, 0.25 = = ; 2.008 = = .
100 4 1000 125
3. Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its
value. Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800, etc.
If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal
places, then we remove the decimal sign.

1.84 184 8
Thus, = = .
2.99 299 13
4. Operations on Decimal Fractions:
1. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers are so
placed under each other that the decimal points lie in one column. The
numbers so arranged can now be added or subtracted in the usual way.
2. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10: Shift the decimal
point to the right by as many places as is the power of 10.
Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596.32; 0.073 x 10000 = 730.
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3. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions: Multiply the given numbers

considering them without decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal
point is marked off to obtain as many places of decimal as is the sum of
the number of decimal places in the given numbers.
Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).
Now, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) = 6.

.2 x .02 x .002 = .000008

4. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number: Divide the given
number without considering the decimal point, by the given counting
number. Now, in the quotient, put the decimal point to give as many
places of decimal as there are in the dividend.
Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 ÷ 17). Now, 204 ÷ 17 =
12.
Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204 ÷ 17 = 0.0012
5. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction: Multiply both the
dividend and the divisor by a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a
whole number.
Now, proceed as above.

0.00066 0.00066 x 100 0.066

Thus, = = = .006
0.11 0.11 x 100 11
5. Comparison of Fractions:
Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending order of
magnitude, then convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal form, and
arrange them accordingly.

3 6 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
5 7 9

3 6 7
Now, = 0.6, = 0.857, = 0.777...
5 7 9

6 7 3
Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. So, > > .
7 9 5
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6. Recurring Decimal:
If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated continuously, then
such a number is called a recurring decimal.
n a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by
putting a dot on it. If a set of figures is repeated, it is expressed by putting a bar
on the set.

1 22
Thus, = 0.333... = 0.3; = 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857.
3 7
Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the
decimal point are repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal.
Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the repeated
figures only once in the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as
is the number of repeating figures.

5 53 67
Thus, ;
; 0.067 = , etc.
0.5 = 0.53 =
9 99 999
Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not
repeat and some of them are repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal.
Eg. 0.1733333.. = 0.173.
Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction: In the numerator,
take the difference between the number formed by all the digits after decimal
point (taking repeated digits only once) and that formed by the digits which are
not repeated. In the denominator, take the number formed by as many nines as
there are repeating digits followed by as many zeros as is the number of non-
repeating digits.

16
2273
- 15 1 2251
- 22
Thus, 0.16 = 1 = = ; 0.2273 = = .

90 90 6 9900 9900
7. Some Basic Formulae (very important):
1. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)
2. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
5. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
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6. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

7. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
8. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
9. Decimal Fractions:
Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal
fractions.

1 1
Thus, = 1 tenth = .1; = 1 hundredth = .01;
10 100

99 7
= 99 hundredths = .99; = 7 thousandths = .007, etc.;
100 1000
10. Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:
Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as
many zeros as is the number of digits after the decimal point. Now,
remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

25 1 2008 251
Thus, 0.25 = = ; 2.008 = = .
100 4 1000 125
11. Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change
its value. Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800, etc.
If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of
decimal places, then we remove the decimal sign.

1.84 184 8
Thus, = = .
2.99 299 13
12. Operations on Decimal Fractions:
1. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given
numbers are so placed under each other that the decimal points lie
in one column. The numbers so arranged can now be added or
subtracted in the usual way.
2. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10: Shift the
decimal point to the right by as many places as is the power of 10.
Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596.32; 0.073 x 10000 = 730.
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3. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions: Multiply the given numbers

considering them without decimal point. Now, in the product, the
decimal point is marked off to obtain as many places of decimal as
is the sum of the number of decimal places in the given numbers.
Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).
Now, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) = 6.

.2 x .02 x .002 = .000008

4. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number: Divide the
given number without considering the decimal point, by the given
counting number. Now, in the quotient, put the decimal point to
give as many places of decimal as there are in the dividend.
Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 ÷ 17). Now, 204 ÷
17 = 12.
Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204 ÷ 17 = 0.0012
5. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction: Multiply both
the dividend and the divisor by a suitable power of 10 to make
divisor a whole number.
Now, proceed as above.

0.00066
0.00066 0.066
x 100
=
Thus, = =
.006
0.11 x
0.11 11
100
13. Comparison of Fractions:
Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending
order of magnitude, then convert each one of the given fractions in the
decimal form, and arrange them accordingly.

3 6 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
5 7 9

3 6 7
Now, = 0.6, = 0.857, = 0.777...
5 7 9

Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. So, 6 > 7 > 3 .

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7 9 5
14. Recurring Decimal:
If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated
continuously, then such a number is called a recurring decimal.
n a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by
putting a dot on it. If a set of figures is repeated, it is expressed by putting
a bar on the set.

1 22
= 0.333... = 3.142857142857.... =
Thus,
= 0.3; 3.142857.
3 7
Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after
the decimal point are repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal.
Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the
repeated figures only once in the numerator and take as many nines in the
denominator as is the number of repeating figures.

5 53 67
Thus, 0.5 = ; 0.53 = ; 0.067 = , etc.
9 99 999
Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do
not repeat and some of them are repeated, is called a mixed recurring
decimal.
Eg. 0.1733333.. = 0.173.
Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction: In the
numerator, take the difference between the number formed by all the
digits after decimal point (taking repeated digits only once) and that
formed by the digits which are not repeated. In the denominator, take the
number formed by as many nines as there are repeating digits followed by
as many zeros as is the number of non-repeating digits.

16
2273 -
- 15 1 2251
Thus, 22
1 = = ; 0.2273 = = .
0.16 =
90 90 6 9900 9900
15. Some Basic Formulae (very important):
1. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)
2. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
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3. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)

4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
5. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
6. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
7. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
8. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Exercise:
Question Solution
0.0203 x 2.92 0.0203 x 2.92 203 x 292 4
=? = = = 0.8
0.0073 x 14.5 x 0.7 0.0073 x 14.5 x 0.7 73 x 145 x 7 5
A. 0.8

B. 1.45

C. 2.40

D. 3.25

Question Solution
4.036 divided by 0.04 gives : 4.036=403.6= 100.90.044
A. 1.009

B. 10.09

C. 100.9

D. None of these

Question Solution
27 27 = 27
The fraction 101 in decimal for is: = 101 + .00027 =
100000 101 100000 101 100000
101.00027
+
A. .01027

B. .10127

C. 101.00027

D. 101.000027
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Question Solution
34.95 + 240.016 + 23.98 = ? 240.016
34.95
A. 298.0946
+ 23.98
B. 298.111 --------
298.946
C. 298.946

D. 299.09

Question Solution
Which of the following fractions is greater than 3 5 1 2 4 9
=0.75, =0.833, =0.5, =0.66, =0.8, =0.9
4 6 2 3 5 10
3 and less than 5 ?
4 6 So, 0.8 lies between 0.75 and 0.833.
4 3 5
lies between and .
5 4 6
1
A.
2

2
B.
3

4
C.
5

9
D.
10

Question Solution
617 + 6.017 + 0.617 + 6.0017 = ? 617.00
A. 6.2963 6.017
0.617
B. 62.965 + 6.0017
--------
C. 629.6357
629.6357
D. None of these ---------
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Question Solution
Evaluate:

Question Solution
The value of

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The value of

Question Solution
If 2994 ÷ 14.5 = 172,
then 29.94 ÷ 1.45 = ?
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Average
Average: Average is a single number which gives us an idea about the whole group.
sum of observations
▪ Average i.e. mean =
number of observations
▪ Suppose a man covers a certain distance at a speed of x km ph and the same
distance at y km ph. Then, the average speed during the whole journey is the
2xy
harmonic mean and is equal to kmph.
x+y

Properties of Average
▪ The average of the given numbers lies between the smallest and the largest
number
▪ If the numbers (whose average is to be found) are at equal distance, the number
in the middle of the series (after arranging them in ascending or descending
order) is the average.
▪ The sum of the differences of the numbers, which are less than the average, from
the average is always equal to the sum of the differences of the numbers, greater
than the average, from the average. e.g. 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 35 numbers have the
10+12+15+16+20+35 108
average as = = 18. Numbers 10, 12, 15 and 16
6 6
are less than the average 18. Let us find out the sum of the differences of these
numbers from the average. The differences are 18 – 10 = 8, 18 – 12 = 6, 18 – 15
= 3 18 – 16 = 2. The sum of the differences is 8 + 6 + 3 + 2 = 19. Now find out
the difference of the numbers, greater than the average, from the average. The
differences are 20 – 18 = 2, 35 – 18 = 17. Sum of the differences = 2 + 17 = 19.
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So we find that sum of the differences of smaller numbers from average is equal
to the sum of differences of larger numbers.
▪ While computing average, if 0 is one of the quantities, then this should also be
included in the calculation of average.
▪ Unit of average is the same as that of the given quantities
4cm+8cm+6cm
e.g. = 6 𝑐𝑚
3
▪ The sum of the quantities = Their average x Their number e.g. If the average of 5
quantities is 20 (say), then the sum of these quantities is 20 x 5 = 100.
▪ If each of the given number is increased by p, then their average will also
increase by p.
▪ If each of the given quantity is decreased by k, then the average also decreases
by K.
▪ If each one of the given number is multiplied/ divided by a number K, then the
average of the given numbers will be multiplied/divided by k.
𝑛+1
▪ Average of first n national numbers is
2
▪ If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hour and the same distance at a
2𝑥𝑦
speed of y km/hr, then the average speed during the whole journey is
x+y
▪ If a person travels three equal distances at the speed of x km/hr y km/hr and z
km/hr respectively, then the average speed during the whole journey is given
3𝑥𝑦𝑧
by km/hr
xy+yz+3x

Examples:
Question Solution
There are two sections A and B of a class,
consisting of 36 and 44 students’ respectively. If
the average weight of section A is 40kg and
that of section B is 35kg, find the average
weight of the whole class.

A. 30.00 kg

B. 35.00 kg

C. 37.25 kg

D. 42.50 kg
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Question Solution
The distance between two stations A and B is
778 km. A train covers the journey from A to B
at 84 km per hour and returns back to A with a
uniform speed of 56 km per hour. Find the
average speed of train during the whole
journey.

A. 60.3 km/hr

B. 35.0 km/hr

C. 57.5 km/hr

D. 67.2 km/hr

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Time and Work

Formulas
1
▪ If A can do a piece of work in ‘n’ days, Work done by A in 1 day =
n

1
▪ If A does work in a day, A can finish the work in ‘n’ days
n

▪ If M1 men can do W1 work in D1 days working H1 hours per day and M2

men can do W2 work in D2 days working H2 hours per day (where all men
𝑊1 𝑀1𝐷1𝐻1
work at the same rate of work), =
W2 M2D2H2
𝑝𝑞
▪ If A can do a piece of work in p days and B can do the same in q days,
(p+q)

Exercise:
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Profit and Loss

▪ Cost Price: C.P. is the price at which one buys anything
Selling Price: S.P. is the price at which one sells anything
▪ Profit/Loss: This is the difference between the selling price and the cost
price. If the difference is positive it is called the profit and if negative it is
called as loss.
▪ Profit/Loss %: This is the profit/loss as a percentage of the C.P.
▪ Margin: Normally is in % terms only. This is the profit as a percentage of
S.P.
▪ Marked Price: This is the price of the product as displayed on the label.
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▪ Discount: This is the reduction given on the marked price before selling it
to a customer. If the trader
wants to make a loss he can offer a discount on the cost price as well
▪ Markup: This is the increment on the cost price before being sold to a
customer.

Formulae
▪ Gain = (S.P. - C.P.), Loss = (C.P. - S.P.)
▪ Gain % = (Gain × 100)/C. P, Loss % = (Loss × 100)/C. P.
▪ Given the cost & the gain percent, S.P. = (100 + gain %) × C. P. / 100
▪ Given the cost & the loss percent, S.P. = (100 - loss %) × C. P. / 100
▪ Given the M.P. & the discount, C.P. = (100 - Discount %) x M.P / (100 +
gain %)
▪ Given the M.P. & the discount, C.P. = (100. - Discount %) x M.P / (100 -
loss %)
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Different Types Profit and Loss Questions

Type-1: Consumption – expenditure based
If the price of an item increases by r% , then the percentage reduction in
consumption so that expenditure remains the same ,is

Example: If price of sugar increases by 20% ,then the percentage reduction in

consumption so that expenditure remains the same will be ?
Solution: To find the percentage reduction in consumption, apply formula
(20/120)x100=50/3%

Type-2: If the price of a commodity decreases by r% then percentage increase in

consumption, so as not to decrease expenditure on this item is

Example: If the price of sugar falls down by 10%, by how much percent must a
householder increase its consumption, so as not to decrease expenditure in this
item?
Solution: To find the percentage increase in consumption, apply formula:
{10/(100-10)} x 100 = 100/9%
Type-3: If a reduction of x% in price enables a person to buy y kg more for Rs A,
then the

Example: A reduction of 10% in the price enables a person to buy 2 kg more

wheat for Rs 30. Find the reduced and the original price of wheat.
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Solution: Reduced Price = (x/100y)A

{(30 x 10)/(100 x 2)} Rs. = Rs. 3/2
Original Price = [x/{(100-x)y}] x A
[(30 x 10)/{(100 – 10)x2}] = Rs. 5/3

Type-4: Successive profit / loss

When there are two successive profits of x% and y% then the net percentage
𝑥𝑦
profit = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + %
100

When there is a profit of x% and loss of y% then net percentage profit or loss =
𝑥𝑦
𝑥−𝑦− %
100

Note: If the final sign in the above expression is positive then there is net profit
but if it is negative then there is net loss.
Example: A sells an item at a profit of 20% to B and B sells it to C at a profit of
10%. Find the resultant profit percent.
Solution: When there are two successive profit of x% and y% , net profit
percentage = {x+y+(xy/100)}
= 20+ 10 + {(20 x 10)/100} = 32%

Type-5: Goods passing through successive hands

A sells goods to B at a profit of x% and B sells it to C at a profit of y%. If C pays Rs.
x for it, then the cost price for A is Rs

Note : For loss replace plus sign with minus .

Example: A sells a good to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to C at a profit of 25%.
If C pays Rs 222 for it, calculate the cost price for A is
Solution: (222 x 100 x 100)/(120 x 125)} = Rs. 148
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Note: For loss replace plus sign with minus.

Type-6: When each of the two things is sold at the same price, and a profit of p%
is made on the first and a loss of L% is made on the second, then the percentage

gain or loss is:

Example: Each of the two cars is sold at the same price. A profit of 20% is made on
the first and a loss of 10% on second. Calculate loss/gain %.
Apply formula: [{100(20 – 10)-2 x 20 x 10}/{(100+20)+(100-10)}] = 20/7%

Type-7: If cost price of x articles is equal to the selling price of y articles, then
profit percentage is
𝑥−𝑦
𝑥 100%
y

Example: The cost price of 18 articles is equal to the selling price of 15 articles.
The gain per cent is :
Solution: Profit Percentage: (x-y/y)*100%
Gain percentage: {(18 – 15)/15} x 100 = 3/15 x 100 = 20%

Examples:
Question
A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at Rs. 20 per kg with
30 kg of rice of other variety at Rs. 36 per kg and
sells the mixture at Rs. 30 per kg. His profit
percent is:
Solution
C.P. of 56 kg rice = Rs. (26 x 20 + 30 x 36) = Rs.
(520 + 1080) = Rs. 1600.
S.P. of 56 kg rice = Rs. (56 x 30) = Rs. 1680.

A) No profit, no loss Gain =(80/1600*100) % = 5%

B) 5%
C) 8%
D) 10%
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Question Solution
By selling 45 lemons for Rs 40, a man loses 20%.
How many should he sell for Rs 24 to gain 20% in
the transaction ?

A) 16
B) 18
C) 20
D) 22

Question Solution
A shopkeeper cheats to the extent of 10% while
buying and selling, by using false weights. His
total gain is.

A) 20%
B) 21%
C) 22%
D) 23%

Question Solution
A milkman purchases the milk at Rs. x
per litre and sells it at Rs. 2x per litre
still he mixes 2 litres water with every
6 litres of pure milk. What is the
profit percentage?

A) 116%
B) 166.66%
C) 60%
D) 100%
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Question Solution
If the cost price of 12 pens is equal to the selling
price of 8 pens, the gain percent is ?

A) 12%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 60%

Question Solution
If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find
the profit percent ?

A) 100%
B) 200%
C) 300%
D) 400%

Question Solution
If books bought at prices ranging from Rs. 200 to Least Cost Price = Rs. (200 * 8) = Rs. 1600.
Rs. 350 are sold at prices ranging from Rs. 300 to
Rs. 425, what is the greatest possible profit that Greatest Selling Price = Rs. (425 * 8) = Rs. 3400.
might be made in selling eight books ?
Required profit = Rs. (3400 - 1600) = Rs. 1800.
A) 600
B) 1200
C) 1800
D) none of these
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Question Solution
The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the
selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%, then
the value of x is:

A) 15
B) 16
C) 18
D) 25

Percentage
1. Percent implies “for every hundred”. % is read as percentage and x % is read as
x per cent.
2. To calculate p % of y
(p/100) x y = (p x y)/100
p % of y = y % of p
3. To find what percentage of x is y: y/x × 100
4. To calculate percentage change in value
Percentage change = {change/(initial value)} x 100
5. Percentage point change = Difference of two percentage figures
6. Increase N by S % = N( 1+ S/100 )
7. Decrease N by S % = N (1 – S/100)
8. If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the percentage
reduction/increment to be now made to bring it back to the original point is 100x/
(100 + x) %.
9. If A is x% more /less than B, then B is 100x/(100 + x) % less/more than A.
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10. If the price of an item goes up/down by x %, then the quantity consumed
should be reduced by 100x/ (100 + x)% so that the total expenditure remains the
same.
11. Successive Percentage Change
If there are successive percentage increases of a % and b%, the effective
percentage increase is:
{(a + b + (ab/100)}%
12. Percentage – Ratio Equivalence:

N is Numerator

D is the Denominator
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13. Product Stability Ratio:

A×B=P
If A is increased by a certain percentage, then B is required to be decreased by a
certain percentage to keep the product P stable.
Expressing the percentage figures in ratios:
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Exercise:
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Ratio and Proportion

What is Ratio?
A ratio is a relationship between two numbers by division of the same kind. The
ration of a to b is written as a : b = a / b. In ratio a : b, we can say that a as the first
term or antecedent and b the second term or consequent.

Example:
The ratio 4 : 9 can be represented as 4 / 9. So, Antecedent = 4 and Consequent =
9.

Rule of ratio
In ratio multiplication or division of each an every term of a ratio by the same
non-zero number does not affect the ratio.

What is Proportion?
The idea of proportions is that two ratios are like equal.

If a : b = c : d, then we can write a : b : : c : d

Here, a and d is called extremes AND b and c is called mean terms.

Example
3 / 15 = 1 / 5
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You know that to make 20 pancakes you have to use 2 eggs. How many eggs are
needed to make 100 pancakes?

Eggs pancakes
Small amount 2 20
Large amount x 100

If we write the unknown number in the nominator then we can solve this as any other
equation

Exercise:
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Simple Interest
• Introduction: Money is not free and it costs to borrow the money.
Normally, the borrower has to pay an extra amount in addition to the
amount he had borrowed. i.e, To repay the loan, the borrower has to pay
the sum borrowed and the interest.
• Lender and Borrower: The person giving the money is called the lender and
the person taking the money is the borrower.
• Principal (sum): Principal (or the sum) is the money borrowed or lent out
for a certain period. It is denoted by P.
• Interest: Interest is the extra money paid by the borrower to the owner
(lender) as a form of compensation for the use of the money borrowed.
• Simple Interest (SI): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is
calculated uniformly, it is called simple interest (SI).
• Amount (A): The total of the sum borrowed and the interest is called the
amount and is denoted by A.
• The statement "rate of interest 10% per annum" means that the interest
for one year on a sum of Rs.100 is Rs.10. If not stated explicitly, rate of
interest is assumed to be for one year.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then
𝑃𝑅𝑇
Simple Interest, 𝑆𝐼 =
100

From the above formula, we can derive the followings

100 × 𝑆𝐼
𝑃=
RT
100 × 𝑆𝐼
𝑅=
PT
100 × 𝑆𝐼
𝑇=
PR
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Exercise:
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Time and Distance

Important Formulas - Time and Distance
1. Basics
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
time
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
speed
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2. Convert kilometres per hour(km/hr) to metres per second(m/s)

km 5
𝑥 = 𝑥 × 𝑚/𝑠
hr 18
3. Convert metres per second(m/s) to kilometres per hour(km/hr)
18
𝑥 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑥 × 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟
5

4. Average Speed
If an object covers a certain distance at 𝑥 kmph and an equal distance at 𝑦 kmph,
the average speed of the whole journey
2xy
𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑥+𝑦

5. Relation Between Distance, Speed and Time

1
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ∝ (𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a:b,a:b, then, the ratio of the time taken by
them to cover the same distance is
1 1
∶ = 𝑏: 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏

Assume two objects A and B start at the same time in opposite directions from P
and Q respectively. After passing each other, A reaches Q in a 𝑎 seconds and B
reaches P in 𝑏 seconds. Then,
Speed of A : Speed of B = √b : √a

An object covered a certain distance at a speed of 𝑣 kmph. If it had

moved 𝑣1 kmph faster, it would have taken 𝑡1 hours less. If it had
moved 𝑣2 kmph slower, it would have taken 𝑡2 hours more. Then,
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𝑣1𝑣2(𝑡1+𝑡2)
𝑣= kmph
𝑣1𝑡2−𝑣2𝑡1
𝑣1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡1(1 + ) km
𝑣2

Special Case:
2𝑣1𝑣2
If t1=t2, 𝑣 = kmph
𝑣1−𝑣2

Relative Speed
If two objects are moving in the same direction at 𝑣1 m/s and 𝑣2 m/s respectively
where 𝑣1> 𝑣2, then their relative speed =( 𝑣1− 𝑣2) m/s
Consider two objects A and B separated by a distance of 𝑑 metre. Suppose A and
B start moving in the same direction at the same time such that A moves towards
B at a speed of 𝑎 metre/second and B moves away from A at a speed
of 𝑏 metre/second where 𝑎 > 𝑏. Then,
relative speed = (𝑎 − 𝑏) meter/second
𝑑
Time needed for A to meet B = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
a−b

If two objects are moving in opposite directions at 𝑣1 m/s and 𝑣2 m/s

respectively, then their relative speed =( 𝑣1 + 𝑣2) m/s
Consider two objects A and B separated by a distance of 𝑑 metre. Suppose A and
B start moving towards each other at the same time at 𝑎 metre/second and
𝑏 metre/second respectively. Then,
relative speed = (𝑎 + 𝑏) meter/second
𝑑
Time needed for A to meet B = seconds
a+b
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Exercise:
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