Concept of JEE Advanced

(Laws of Motion)

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5
Laws of Motion

ARISTOTLE’S FALLACY The CGS unit of force is dyne. (1N = 105 dyne)
According to Aristotelian law an external force is required to keep The gravitational unit of force is kg-wt (kg-f) or g-wt (g-f)
a body in motion. However an external force is required to 1 kg-wt (kg-f) = 9.8 N, 1 g-wt (g-f) = 980dyne
overcome the frictional forces in case of solids and viscous forces Third law : To every action there is an equal and opposite
in fluids which are always present in nature. reaction. For example – walking , swimming , a horse pulling a
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
cart, etc. r r
FAB = – FBA
First law : A body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform Action and reaction act on different bodies and hence cannot
motion, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change balance each other. Action and reaction occur simultaneously.
its state. Forces always occur in pairs.
Newton’s first law gives the qualitative definition of force according LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
to which force is that external cause which tends to change or
A system is said to be isolated, when no external force acts on it.
actually changes the state of rest or motion of a body. r r
For such isolated system, the linear momentum ( P = mv ) is
Newton’s first law of motion is the same as law of inertia given by
Galileo. constant i.e., conserved.
The linear momentum
Inertia is the inherent property of all bodies because of which r r
they cannot change their state of rest or of uniform motion unless P = mv .....(1)
r
acted upon by an external force. where v is the velocity of the body, whose mass is m. The direction
Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained r
r r of P is same as the direction of the velocity of the body. It is a
in the body. Momentum p = mv vector quantity. From Newton’s second law,
It is a vector quantity having the same direction as the direction r d r d r
of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms–1. Fext . = ( mv) = P .....(2)
dt dt
Second law : The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly i.e., time rate of change in momentum of the body is equal to total
proportional to the external force applied on it and the change external force applied on the body.
takes place in the direction of force applied. r d r r
r dpr mdvr r If Fext. = 0 Þ (P) = 0 or P = constant .....(3)
i.e., F = = = ma dt
dt dt This is called law of conservation of momentum.
This is the equation of motion of constant mass system. For Now let us consider a rigid body consisting of a large number of
variable mass system such as rocket propulsion particles moving with different velocities, then total linear
r d ( mvr ) momentum of the rigid body is equal to the summation of individual
F=
dt linear momentum of all particles
r m( dvr ) r dm n r r r r r
And, F = +v i.e., å p i = p1 + p 2 + p 3 + ..........p n
dt dt i =1
The SI unit of force is newton. (One newton force is that much r n r r r r r
force which produces an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass or Ptotal = å pi = p1 + p2 + p3 + .......... + pn
i =1
1 kg.
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r r r
where p1 , p 2 .......... .....p n are individual linear momentum of first, Force vary with time and impulse is area under force versus
th
second and n particle respectively. time curve
r
F ext. .
If this rigid body is isolated i.e., no external force is applied on it,
r Force constant with time i.e., Fext.
then Ptotal = constant (from Newton’s second law). Area=F ext.Dt
constant with time (shown by
Further we know that internal forces (such as intermolecular forces
etc.) also act inside the body, but these can only change individual horizontal line) and it would give F ext.
Fav
linear momentum of the particles (i.e., p1, p2.........), but their total same impulse to particle in time Dt
r = t f – t i as time varying force ti tf
t
momentum Ptotal remains constant. (b)
described.
Gun Firing a Bullet It is a vector quantity having a magnitude equal to the area under
If a gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with velocity v. Then the force-time curve as shown in fig. (a). In this figure, it is assumed
from law of conservation of momentum, as initially bullet & gun that force varies with time and is non-zero in time interval Dt = tf–
are at rest position i.e., initial momentum is zero, so final momentum r
(gun + bullet) must also be zero. ti. Fig.(b) shows the time averaged force Fext. i.e., it is constant
r
Since on firing, the bullet moves with velocity v b in forward in time interval Dt, then equation (iii) can be written as
direction, then from Newton’s third law, the gun moves in backward r t r r
r I = Fext. ò f dt = F (t - t ) I = Fext. Dt ...(iv)
direction v g . So, it ext. f i
Initial momentum = final r momentum uuur
r The direction of impulsive vector I is same as the direction of
0 = mvb + MVg uuur - mvb change in momentum. Impulse I has same dimensions as that of
Momentum Momentum \ Vg =
of bullet of gun
M momentum i.e, [MLT–1]
(–ve sign shows that the vel. of gun will have the opposite Example 1
direction to that of bullet) A constant retarding force of 50N is applied to a body of
Rocket propulsion (A case of system of variable mass ) : It is
mass 20kg moving initially with a speed of 15 ms–1. How
based on principle of conservation of linear momentum.
In rocket, the fuel burns and produces gases at high temperature. long does the body take to stop?
These gases are ejected out of the rocket from nozzle at the Solution :
backside of rocket and the ejecting gas exerts a forward force on Here, F = –50N, m = 20 kg, u =15 ms–1 and v = 0;
the rocket which accelerates it. Now, F = ma Þ a = F/m = –50/20 = –2.5 ms–2
dM From relation, v = u + at, 0 = 15 – 2.6t Þ t = 15/2.5 = 6s.
Let the gas ejects at a rate r = - and at constant velocity u
dt Example 2
w.r.t. rocket then from the conservation of linear momentum
dv ru ru The driver of a three wheeler moving with a speed of 36
= = where M = M0 - rt and M0 is mass of rocket
dt M M 0 - rt km/h sees a child standing in the middle of the road and
æ M0 ö brings his vehicle to rest in 4.0s just in time to save the
with fuel and solving this equation, we get v = u log e çç ÷
÷
è M 0 - rt ø child. What is the average retarding force on the vehicle?
where v = velocity of rocket w.r.t. ground. The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg and the mass of the
IMPULSE driver is 65 kg.
According to Newton’s second law the rate of change of Solution :
momentum of a particle is equal to the total external force applied Here,u = 36 km/h = 10 m/s, t = 4s,
on it (particle) i.e., m = 400 + 65 = 465 kg
r
dP r Now, retarding force, F = ma = m (v – u )/t
= Fext ...(i) = 465 (0 – 10 )/ 4 = –1162.5 N.
dt
r r r r r tf r The negative sign shows that the force is a retarding force.
or dP = Fext .dt or DP = Pf - Pi = ò Fext .dt ...(ii)
ti
r Example 3
Where Pi is momentum of the particle at initial time ti and when A body of mass 5 kg which is at rest explodes into three
r r fragments with masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The fragments
we apply some external force Fext its final momentum is Pf at
r with equal masses fly in mutually perpendicular directions
time tf . The quantity Fext × dt on R.H.S in equation (ii) is called with speeds of 21 m/sec. What will be the velocity of the
the impulse. Fext. heaviest fragment?
We can write equation (ii) as Solution :
tf r r Momentum of first body 45º
J or I = ò Fext .dt = DP ...(iii)
ti r p1 = 1 × 21 = 21 kg × m /sec. p3 p2
So, the impulse of the force Fext is
impulse

Momentum of second body,

Area=

equal to the change in momentum p2 = 1 × 21 = 21 kg × m/sec.

of the particle. It is known as t Momentum of third body 45º
impulse momentum theorem. ti (a) tf
p3 = 3V kg × m/sec p
135º 1
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According to law of conservation of liner momentum, Initial Impulse imparted to ball
ur uur A due
uur to ball B
momentum = zero \ final momentum = 0 P - P
J AB = f i
\ p1 + p 2 + p 3 = 0
= – 0.3 î – 0.3 î = – 0.6 î Ns.
| p 3 | = = ( 21) 2 + ( 21) 2 = 21 2 For ball B : P = 0.05 × (– 6) î = – 0.3 î Ns
uur i
\ 3 V = 21 2 or V = 7 2 = 9.8 m / sec . and P f = 0.05 × (6) î = 0.3 î Ns
And it is at an angle of 135º with the direction of p1 . Impulse imparted
ur to ball
uur B due
uur to ball A
J BA = P f – Pi
Example 4
Having gone through a plank of thickness h, a bullet = 0.3 î – (– 0.3 î ) = 0.6 î Ns.
changed its velocity from u to v. Find the time of motion of EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
the bullet in the plank, assuming the resistance force to be A body is said to be in equilibrium when no net force acts on the
proportional to the square of the velocity. body. r
Solution : i.e., SF = 0
Given force F= - k v 2 , where k is a constant. Negative sign Then SFx = 0, SFy = 0 and SFz = 0
shows that the force is retarding one. Now, force = rate of Stable equilibrium : If a body is slightly displaced from equilbrium
change of momentum = m dv/d t ; position, it has the tendency to regain its original position, it is
mdv 2
= - kv 2 or mdv / v = -kdt ; said to be in stable equilibrium.
dt æ d 2u ö
Integrating it within the conditions of motion i.e. as time In this case, P.E. is minimum. çç 2 = +ve ÷÷
changes from o to t, the velocity changes from u to v, we è dr ø
have So, the centre of gravity is lowest.
v t v
dv or - mæç 1 ö÷ = -kt Unstable equilibrium : If a body, after being displaced from the
m òv
u
2 ò
= - k dt ;
0 è v øu equilibrium position, moves in the direction of displacement, it is
said to be in unstable equilibrium.
m u-vö
or t = æç ÷ ....(i) æ d 2u ö
k è uv ø In this case, P.E. is maximum. ç 2 = -ve ÷
ç dr ÷
dv dv ds è ø
Also, F = m =m = - kv 2
dt ds dt So, the centre of gravity is highest.
dv k æ ds ö Neutral equilibrium : If a body, after being slightly displaced
or = - d s. ; çQ = v ÷ ; Integrating it, we from the equilibrium position has no tendency to come back or to
v m è dt ø
v h move in the direction of displacement the equilibrium is known to
dv k k
get ò
v
=-
m
ds ò or (log e v )uv = - (s )ho
m
be neutral.
æ d 2u ö
u 0
-k kh In this case, P.E. is constant ç 2 = constant ÷
or log e v - log e u = ( h - 0) = - ç dr ÷
è ø
m m
m The centre of gravity remains at constant height.
or k = log e (u / v )
h COMMON FORCES IN MECHANICS
Putting this value in eqn. (i), we get 1. Weight : It is the force with which the earth attracts a body
m( u - v ) / uv h (u - v) and is called force of gravity, For a body of mass m, where
t= =
( m / h ) log e ( u / v ) uv log e (u / v) acceleration due to gravity is g, the weight
W = mg
Example 5
2. Tension : The force exerted by the ends of a loaded/stretched
Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg moving in opposite string (or chain) is called tension. The tension has a sense
directions with speed of 6 m/s collide and rebound with of pull at its ends.
the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball Case 1 Case 2 2T
by the other ? T 2T
Solution : T Massless
Figure shows the motion of balls A and B. T T pulley
T T
m1 m2

m1g m2g
Case 3 T T
a
T' T' T T1
For ball A : T m
uur T1 – T = ma
P = 0.05 × 6 î Ns = 0.3 î Ns T
uur i If m = 0, T1 = T
and P f = 0.05 × (– 6) î Ns = – 0.3 î Ns i.e tension is same
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The tension in a string remains the same throughout the string if Case 1 Pulley string system :
(a) string is massless, X
(b) pulley is massless or pulley is frictionless F
Case 4 : String having mass
Let the total mass of the string be M and length x Block
M Step 1 : Find the distance of the two bodies from fixed points.
be L. Then mass per unit length is Step 2 : The length of the string remain constant. (We use
L
of this condition)
Let x be the distance of the string from the mass m.
Therefore X + (X – x) = constant Þ 2X – x = constant
Then the mass of the shaded portion of string is æç M ´ x ö÷ dX dx dX dx
Þ 2 – =0 Þ 2 =
èL ø dt dt dt dt
If the string is at rest then the tension T has to balance the wt of é dX
shaded portion of string and weight of mass m. Þ 2Vp = v B êQ = Vp = velocity of pulley
ë dt
æ M ö dx ù
\T = çm + x÷ g = v B = velocity of block ú
è L ø dt û
Þ as x increases, the tension increases. Thus tension is non- Again differentiating we get, 2ap = aB
uniform in a string having mass. é dVp dvB ù
3. Normal force : It measures how strongly one body presses êa p = dt and a B = dt ú
ë û
the other body in contact. It acts normal to the surface of
ap = acceleration of pulley, aB = acceleration of block
contact.
2 2
mg Case 2 Here h + x + y = constt. On differentiating w.r.t ‘t’
Case 1 N = mg
N
Case 2
y
a N – mg = ma
m mg Þ N = m(g + a) h
1 q 2
N F
x
Case 3 [Negative sign with dy/dt shows that with increase in time, y
q N
mg sinq mg cos q decreases]
mg 1´ 2x dx dy
- = 0 Þ cos q (v1 – v2) = 0
N = mg cos q 2 h 2 + x 2 dt dt
é x ù
q êQ cos q = ú
4. Spring force : If an object is connected by spring and spring ëê h 2 + x 2 ûú
is stretched or compressed by a distance x, then restoring Case 3 Wedge block system : Thin lines represents the condition
force on the object F = – kx of wedge block at t = 0 and dotted lines at t = t
where k is a spring contact on force constant.
5. Frictional force : It is a force which opposes relative motion c

between the surfaces in contact. f = mN ax

This will be discussed in detail in later section. ay ay

6. Pseudo force : If a body of mass m is placed in a non-inertial
frame having aceleration ar , then it experiences a Pseudo
q
B ax Ax A
Ax
force acting in a direction opposite to the direction of ar . q
r r y Ax = acceleration of wedge towards left
Fpseudo = – ma ax, ay = acceleration of block as shown
Negative sign shows that the ay
From D ABC , tan q =
pseudo force is always a x + Ax
directed in a direction opposite a Frame of Reference :
to the direction of the m
Fpseudo
Reference frames are co-ordinate systems in which an event is
acceleration of the frame. x
described.
CONSTRAINT MOTION : z There are two types of reference frames
(a) Inertial frame of reference: These are frames of reference
When the motion of one body is dependent on the other body, the in which Newton’s laws hold good. These frames are at rest
relationship of displacements, velocities and accelerations of with each other or which are moving with uniform speed
the two bodies are called constraint relationships. with respect to each other.
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All reference frames present on surface of Earth are Case 4 : Two masses M1 and T
supposed to be inertial frame of reference. M2 are attached to a string M1
(b) Non – inertial frame of reference: Newton’s law do not which passes over a pulley
hold good in non-inertial reference frame. a
attached to the edge of a
All accelerated and rotatory reference frames are non – horizontal table. The mass T
inertial frame of reference. Earth is a non-intertial frame. M1 lies on the frictionless
M2
When the observer is in non-inertial reference frame surface of the table.
a pseudo force is applied on the body under observation. Let the tension in the string be T and the M2 g
acceleration of the system be a. Then
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD) : T = M1a ...(1)
Free body diagram of a mass is a separate diagram of that mass. M2g – T = M2a ...(2)
All forces acting on the mass are sketched. A FBD is drawn to Adding eqns. (1) and (2), we get
visualise the direct forces acting on a body. é M2 ù é M1 M 2 ù
Case 1 : Masses M1 and M2 are tied to a string, which goes over a=ê ú g and T = ê úg
a frictionless pulley M
ë 1 + M 2û ë M1 + M 2 û
(a) If M2 > M1 and they move with acceleration a Case 5 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
string, which passes over a frictionless pulley at the top of the
FBD of M1 , FBDof M 2 inclined plane of inclination q. Let the tension in the string be T.
T T

M1 a T M2 a N
a T
M1
a
M1
M1g Mg2
M2
M1g
q M2
T - M1 g = M1a M 2 g - T = M2 a M1g sinq M1g cosq
M2g
M1g
where T is the tension in the string. It gives M2g
q
M - M1 2M 1 M 2
a= 2 g and T = g
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
(i) When the mass M1 moves upwards with acceleration a.
(b) If the pulley begins to move with acceleration f,
From the FBD of M1 and M2,
downwards
T – M1g sin q = M1a ...(1)
uur M - M uur uur ur 2 M M uur uur
a = 2 1 ( g - f ) and 1 2
T = (g - f ) M2g – T = M2a ...(2)
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
Case 2 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected with strings
é M - M1 sin q ù
as shown in the figure and lie on a frictionless surface. They are a=ê 2 úg
pulled with a force F attached to M1. ë M1 + M 2 û
T2 T2 T1 T 1 FBD of mass M1
M3 M2 M1 F R=N y x
T
The forces on M2 and M3 are as follows
M 2 + M3 M3 M1g cos q
T1 = F and T2 = F; M1g sin q
M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1g
FBD of M2
Acceleration of the system is
F é M M ù g
a= T =ê 2 1 ú
M1 + M 2 + M 3 M
ë 1 + M 2û (1+sin q) T a
T1
Case 3 : Two blocks of masses M2g
M 1 and M 2 ar e suspended T1 (ii) When the mass M 1 moves downwards with
vertically from a rigid support M1g M1 acceleration a.
with the help of strings as shown Equation of motion for M1 and M2,
T2
in the figure. The mass M2 is M1g sin q – T = M1a ...(1)
T2
pulled down with a force F. T – M2g = M2a ...(2)
The tension between the masses M2g Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
M2
M1 and M2 will be é M sin q - M 2 ù é M 2 M1 ù g
T2 = F + M2g F a=ê 1 ú g; T = ê ú
Tension between the support and the mass M1 will be ë M1 + M 2 û ë M1 + M 2 û (1 + sin q)
T1 = F + (M1 + M2)g (a) If (M2/M1 = sinq) then the system does not accelerate.
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(b) Changing position of masses, does not affect the N=R
tension. Also, the acceleration of the system remains
unchanged. l
h FBD of body
(c) If M1 = M2 = M (say), then q
q
2 2 mg sinq mg cosq
æ q qö æ g ö æ q q ö æ Mg ö mg
a = ç cos - sin ÷ ç ÷ ; T = ç cos + sin ÷ ç ÷
è 2 2ø è 2 ø è 2 2ø è 2 ø (where N=R is normal reaction applied by plane on the body of
Case 6 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a mass m)
For downward motion, along the inclined plane,
string over a pulley attached to the top of a double inclined
plane of angle of inclination a and b. mg sin q = ma Þ a = g sin q
Let M2 move downwards with acceleration a and the tension in By work-energy theorem loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
1
the string be T then Þ mgh = mv 2 Þ v = 2gh
2
Also, from the figure, h = l sin q. \ v = 2gh = 2gl sin q
M1 M2
(a) Acceleration down the plane is g sin q.
(b) Its velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
a b
a 2 gh = 2 g l sin q
FBD of M1 T (c) Time taken to reach the bottom will be
M1 1/ 2 1/ 2
æ 2l ö æ 2h ö 1 1 2h
t =ç =ç = =
a
÷
è g sin q ø ç g sin 2 q ÷÷ 1/ 2 sin q g
ina M1gcosa è ø æ g ö
sin q ç ÷
gs M1g è 2h ø
M 1

Equation of motion for M1 (d) If angles of inclination are q1 and q2 for two inclined planes
½
T – M1g sin a = M1a t1 æ sin q 2 ö
Keeping the length constant then =ç ÷
or T = M1g sin a + M1a ...(1) t2 è sin q1 ø
FBD of M2 Case 9 : Weight of a man in a lift :
T a
M (i) When lift is accelerated upward : In this case the man also
2 r
moves in upward direction with an acceleration a .
M
M2gcosb b 2 gsi Then from Newton’ second law
M2g nb
N – mg = ma or N = m(g + a) a a
Equation of motion for M2
or Wapp = m(g + a) = Wo (1 + a / g ) mg
M2g sinb – T = M2a
or T = M2g sin b – M2a ...(2) (as W = mg) N
Using eqn. (1) and (2) we get, Where Wapp is apparent weight of the man in the lift, Wo is
M1g sin a + M1a = M2g sin b – M2a the real weight, N is the reaction of lift on the man. It is clear
Solving we get, that N = Wapp
When the lift moves upward and if we measure the weight
( M 2 sin b - M1 sin a ) g M M g
a= and T = 1 2 [sin b + sin a] of the man by any means (such as spring balance) then we
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2 observe more weight (i.e., Wapp) than the real weight (Wo)
Case 7 : A person/monkey climbing a rope Wapp >Wo
T
(ii) When lift is accelerated downward : In this case from
a Newton’s second law
mg – N = ma
a a
or N = m(g – a) = Wo(1– a/g)
Mg or W'app= Wo(1– a/g)
(a) A person of mass M climbs up a rope with acceleration a. mg
The tension in the rope will be M(g+a). {Q Wo = mg} N
T – Mg = Ma Þ T = M(g + a) T If we measure the weight of man by spring balance, we
(b) If the person climbs down along observe deficiency because Wapp< Wo.
the rope with acceleration a, the (iii) When lift is at rest or moving with constant velocity : From
tension in the rope will be M(g–a). a a Newton’s second law N –mg = 0 or N = mg
Mg – T = Ma Þ T = M(g – a) Mg In this case spring balance gives the true weight of the man.
(c) When the person climbs up or down with uniform speed, Case 10 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are placed on a smooth
tension in the string will be Mg. surface in contact with each other as shown in the figure. A
Case 8 : A body starting from rest moves along a smooth inclined force F pushes them as shown in the figure and the three
plane of length l, height h and having angle of inclination q. masses move with acceleration a,
 8
M3 where m is the mass per unit length of the wire.
M2 2 2
M1 \ v = T / m , or T = v m = (100)2 × (9.8 × 10-3) = 98N
F2 n
From eq . (iii), M2 = T/g = 98/9.8 = 10kg.
F1 F
F2 F1 From eqn . (iv), M1 = 2M2 = 2 × 10 = 20kg.
a Example 7
M1
What is the reading of the spring balance in the following
Þ F – F1 = m1a ...(i)
F1 F device ?
M2
F2 F1 Þ F1 – F2 = m2a ...(ii)
M3
F2 Þ F2 = M3 a ...(iii)
F
Adding eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get, a =
M1 + M 2 + M 3
M 3F (M 2 + M 3 )F Solution :
Þ F2 = and F1 =
M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1 + M 2 + M 3 Let T be the reading of the spring balance, then
Keep in Memory for 20 kg block ; 20 g – T = 20 a …(i)
1. When a man jumps with load on his head, the apparent for 10 kg block; T – 10 g = 10 a …(ii)
weight of the load and the man is zero. Solving equations (i) & (ii), we get a = g m / s 2 and
2. (i) If a person sitting in a train moving with uniform 3
40 g
velocity throws a coin vertically up, then coin will fall T= N
3
back in his hand. 40
So the spring balance reading is kg .
(ii) If the train is uniformly accelerated, the coin will fall 3
behind him.
(iii) If the train is retarded uniformly, then the coin will fall Example 8
in front of him. Find the mass M of the hanging block in figure which will
prevent smaller block from slipping over the triangular
Example 6 block. All surfaces are frictionless and the string and the
A wire of mass 9.8 × 10-3 kg per metre passes over a pulley are light.
frictionless pulley fixed on the top of an inclined frictionless m
plane which makes an angle of 30º with the horizontal.
Masses M1 and M2 are tied at the two ends of the wire. The M'
q
mass M1 rests on the plane and mass M2 hangs freely
vertically downwards. The whole system is in equilibrium. M
Now a transverse wave propagates along the wire with a velocity Solution :
of 100 ms–1. Find M1 and M2. Since m does not slip on M' (relative velocity of m w.r.t. M'
Solution : is zero)
Resolving M1g into rectangular components, we have M1g
\ M', m will move with same acceleration as that of M.
sin 30º acting along the plane downwards, and M1g cos30º
Since surfaces are smooth
acting perpendicular to the plane downwards. The situation
\ frictional force is zero
has been shown in fig. R Net force = Mg = (M + M' + m) a
T Mg N
F \a = ...(1) ma
q M + M¢ + m
sin
M 1g q
M1g cosq mg
M1g
Now let us see m, w.r.t. M' q
M2g
q
Downward acceleration of m on slope = 0
Let T be the tension in the wire and R be the reaction of
plane on the mass M1. Since the system is in equilibrium, \ N – ma sin q + mg cos q = 0 ....(2)
therefore, (net ^ force = 0)
T = M1g sin30º ...(i) and mg sin q – ma cos q = 0 ....(3)
and R = M1g cos30º ...(ii) [Q net force along slope = 0]
T = M2g ...(iii) From eqn. (3) g sin q = a cos q or a = g tan q ....(4)
From eqn. (i) and (iii) we have From eqn. (4) and (1),
T = M1g sin30º = M2g ...(iv) M
we have tan q = Þ M cot q = M + M' + m
M + M¢ + m
T M¢ + m
Velocity of transverse wave, v = , ÞM=
m cot q - 1
 9

Example 9 Example 11
Find the acceleration of block A and B. Assume pulley is A mass of 15 kg and another of A
massless. 2kg mass 6 kg are attached to a
A pulley system as shown in fig.
A is a fixed pulley while B is
a movable one. Both are
M2
considered light and B
frictionless. Find the 6kg
acceleration of 6 kg mass.
M1
B 5kg
Solution : Solution : 15kg
If acceleration of B is a, then acceleration of A is 2a, since A Tension is the same throughout the string. It is clear that
moves twice the distance moved by B M1 will descend downwards while M2 rises up. If the
T' – (T +T) = 0 (since pulley is massless) acceleration of M1 is a downwards, M2 will have an
T' acceleration ‘2a’ upward.
T T Now, M1g – 2T = M1a
B T – M2g = M2.2a A
or M1g – 2M2g = a(M1 + 4M2) T T T
T' M - 2M 2 15 - 12 3
5kg Þa= 1 g= g= g M2 B
N M1 + 4M 2 15 - 24 39 2a
g
\ a = 13 M2g M1 a
T 2g
A
....(1) Þ T' = 2T
\ acceleration of 6 kg mass = 2a = 13
M1g
2g FRICTION
5g–T'=5a (for 5 kg block) When a body is in motion on a rough surface, or when an object
Þ 5g – 2T = 5a ....(2) moves through water (i.e., viscous medium), then velocity of the
T= 2 × (2a) = 4a ....(3) (for 2 kg block)
body decreases constantly even if no external force is applied on
From equations (2) and (3),
the body. This is due to friction.
5g – (2 × 4a)
So “an opposing force which comes into existence, when two
5g 10g 5g surfaces are in contact with each other and try to move relative
a= a A = 2a = ; aB = a =
13 13 13 to one another, is called friction”.
Example 10 Frictional force acts along the common surface between the two
bodies in such a direction so as to oppose the relative movement
In the system shown below, friction and mass of the pulley of the two bodies.
are negligible. Find the acceleration of m 2 if (a) The force of static friction fs between R=N
m1 = 300 g, m2 = 500 g and F = 1.50 N
book and rough surface is opposite
f Book Fext.
to the applied external force Fext. The s
r
force of static friction fs = Fext . (a)
r W
(b) When Fext . exceeds the certain maximum value of static
friction, the book starts accelerating and during motion
Solution :
Kinetic frictional force is present.
When the pulley moves a distance d, m1 will move a distance
2d. Hence m1 will have twice as large an acceleration as m2 R=N Body just starts moving
has. Book
For mass m1, T1 = m1 (2a) ...(1) fk Fext.
For mass m2, F – T2 = m2(a) ...(2)
(b)
T r W
Putting T1 = 2 in eqn. (1) gives T2 = 4m1a
2 (c) A graph Fext . versus | f | shown in figure. It is clear that
fs, ,max > fk |f|

(fs)max
Body is Body starts with
=msN at rest acceleration
Substituting value of T2 in equation (2),
F = 4m1a + m2a = (4m1 + m2)a fk=mk N

F 1.50 O
Hence a = = = 0.88 m / s 2 static kinetic
4m1 + m 2 4(0.3) + 0.5 region
(c)
region
 10
Fig.(a) shows a book on arhorizontal rough surface. Now if Laws of limiting friction :
we apply external force Fext. , on the book, then the book (i) The force of friction is independent of area of surfaces
r
will remain stationary if Fext. is not too large. If we increase in contact and relative velocity between them (if it is
r not too high).
Fext. then frictional force f also increase up to (fs )max
(ii) The force of friction depends on the nature of material
(called maximum force of static friction or limiting friction)
r of surfaces in contact (i.e., force of adhesion).
and (fs )max = msN. At any instant when Fext . is slightly m depends upon nature of th e surface. It is
greater than (fs )max then the book moves and accelerates to independent of the normal reaction.
the right. (iii) The force of friction is directly proportional to normal
Fig.(b) when the book is in motion, the retarding frictional reaction i.e., F µ N or F = MN.
force become less than, (fs )max While solving a problem having friction involved, follow
the given methodology
Fig.(c) (fs )max is equal to mkN. When the book is in motion,
we call the retarding frictional force as the force of kinetic If Fapp < fl
friction fk. Body does not move and
Since fk< (fs )max , so it is clear that, we require more force Fapp = frictional force
to start motion than to maintain it against friction.
By experiment one can find that (f s ) max and fk are Check If Fapp = fl
(a) Fapp Body is on the verge of movement
proportional to normal force N acting on the book (by rough
surface) and depends on the roughness of the two surfaces (b) Limiting if the body is initially at rest
in contact. friction (fl) Body moves with constant velocity

(i) The force of static friction between any two surfaces in

r
contact is opposite to Fext . and given by fs £ ms N and
(f s ) max = m s N (when the body just moves in the right
Rolling Friction :
direction).
The name rolling friction is a misnomer. Rolling
where N = W = weight of book and ms is called coefficient of
static friction, fs is called force of static friction and (fs )max friction has nothing to do with rolling.
is called limiting friction or maximum value of static friction. Rolling friction occurs during rolling as well as sliding operation.
(ii) The force of kinetic friction is opposite to the direction of Cause of rolling friction : When a body is kept on a surface of
motion and is given by fk = mkN another body it causes a depression (an exaggerated view shown
where mk is coefficient of kinetic friction. in the figure). When the body moves, it has to overcome the
(iii) The value of mk and ms depends on the nature of surfaces depression. This is the cause of rolling friction.
and mk is always less then ms. Rolling friction will be zero only when both the bodies
Friction on an inclined plane : Now we consider a book on an incontact are rigid. Rolling friction is very small as compared to
inclined plane & it just moves or slips, then by definition sliding friction. Work done by rolling friction is zero
(f s) m
ax
(f )s max =m R s R=N
Example 12
Now from figure, ok
Bo Pushing force making an angle q to the horizontal is
f s,max = mg sin q and R = mg cosq q q mg cos q applied on a block of weight W placed on a horizontal
g s in mg=W table. If the angle of friction is f, then determine the
Þ ms= tanq or q = tan–1(ms) m q
magnitude of force required to move the body.
where angle q is called the angle of friction or angle of repose Solution :
Some facts about friction : The various forces acting on the block are shown in fig.
(1) The force of kinetic friction is less than the force of static Here, N
friction and the force of rolling friction is less than force of f cosq
kinetic friction i.e., f q
m = tan f = ; or f = N tanf ...(i) f
fr < fk < fs or mrolling < mkinetic < mstatic N F
mg F sinq
hence it is easy to roll the drum in comparison to sliding it. The condition for the block just to move is
(2) Frictional force does not oppose the B Fcosq = f = N tanf ...(ii)
motion in all cases, infact in some and F sinq + W = N ...(iii)
cases the body moves due to it. A Fext From (ii) and (iii),
In the figure, book B moves to the right due to friction F cosq = (W + F sinq ) tan f = W tanf + F sin q tanf ;
between A and B. If book A is totally smooth (i.e., frictionless) or F cos q – F sinq sinf/cosf = W sinf/cosf
then book B does not move to the right. This is because of or F (cosq cosf – sinq sinf) = W sinf ;
no force applies on the book B in the right direction. or F cos (q + f) = W sinf or F = W sinf / cos (q + f)
 11

Example 13 N
An object of weight W is resting on an inclined plane at an N’
N
angle q to the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction m f1
is m. Find the horizontal force needed to just push the object M
up the plane. f1 f2 Mg
Solution : mg
The situation is shown in fig. -f1 -mg é m ù
Let F be the horizontal force needed to just push the object a1 / g = Þ a1/ g = êQ f1 = 2 mg ú ...(1)
m 2 ë û
up the plane. From figure R = W cos q + F sin q N' = N + Mg and N' = (m + M)g ...(2)
Now f = mR = m [W cos q + F sin q] ...(1) f2 = mN' = m(m +M)g ...(3)
Further, F cos q = W sin q + f ...(2) -(f 2 - f1 )
F cos q = W sin q + m [W cos q + F sin q] R osq a2/g = [Q a2/g is acceleration of M w.r.t. ground]
Fc M
F cos q – m F sin q q F -{m (m + M)g - m / 2mg} é m ù
= W sin q + m W cos q = = -mg ê1 +
W (sin q + m cos q) Ws
in q
q F sinq M ë 2M úû
\ F= f=R m a1/2 = acceleration of m w.r.t. to M = a1/g – a2/g
(cos q - m sin q) q W cosq
mg é m ù é 1 m ù [m + M]
Example 14 W =- + mg ê1 + ú = mg ê - + 1 + ú = mg
2 ë 2M û ë 2 2M û 2M
A block A of mass m1 rests on a block B of mass m2. B rests
1 4Ml
on fixed surface. The coefficient of friction between any Now l = a1/ 2 t 2 Þ t =
two surfaces is m. A and B are connected by a massless 2 (M + m)mg
string passing around a frictionless pulley fixed to the Example 16
wall as shown in fig. With what force should A be dragged
Find the acceleration of the
so as to keep both A and B moving with uniform speed?
block of mass M in the situation
of figure. The coefficient of
friction between the two blocks
T m
F A is m1 and between the bigger M
f2 f1 block and the ground is m2.
Solution :
B
We make free body diagram of mass M and m separately,
f3 T
Let acceleration of M be a, then acceleration of m w.r.t. M
Solution : will be 2a since m moves twice the distance moved by m
The situation is shown in fig. T
N'
Let F be the horizontal force applied on A. M T
For block A, F = T + f1 = T + m m1g .....(1) N
(Q Block A moves towards left, frictional force f1 acts N' f1 T+T
towards right) T f2+N
For block B, fB = f2 + f3 f2 Mg
(Q Block B moves towards right, frictional forces f2 and f3 Mg+f1+T
acts towards left). Now see m w.r.t. M T
f1
T = m m1g + m (m1 + m 2 ) g = m g (2 m1 + m 2 ) ...(2)
From eqns. (1) and (2), we get
F = m g (2 m1 + m 2 ) + m m1 g or F = m g (3 m1 + m 2 ) ma N

Example 15
mg
Figure shows a small block of mass m kept at the left hand \ N = ma ...(1)
of a larger block of mass M and length l. The system can slide f1 = m1N = m1ma ...(2)
on a horizontal road. The system is started towards right mg – f1– T = m(2a) Þ mg = m1ma + T + 2ma
with an initial velocity v. The friction coefficient between Þ mg – T = (2 + m1)ma ...(3)
road and bigger block is m and between the block is m/2
or T = mg – (2 + m1)ma ...(4)
Find the time elapsed before the m for M, N' = Mg + f1 + T = Mg + mma + T ...(5)
smaller block separates from the
M and 2T –(f2 + N) = Ma
bigger block.
Þ 2T –m2(N') – N = Ma ...(6)
Solution :
Þ 2T – m2(Mg + m1 ma + T)– ma = Ma
Make free body diagram of m
Take right as the positive direction. Let a 1/g be the [Using eqns.(5) and (6)]
acceleration of m w.r.t. ground. Þ (2 – m2)T = m2Mg + m1m2 ma + (M + m)a ...(7)
 12
Solving equation (4) and (7), we get Condition to complete a vertical circle :
[2m - m 2 (M + m)]g If we reduce the velocity vA in equation (2), then TA will be reduce
a= and at some critical velocity vc, TB will be zero, then put TB = 0
M + m[5 + 2(m1 - m 2 )]
and vB = vC in equation (3) and we obtain
CIRCULAR MOTION
vC = vB = gR ...(7)
Motion in a Vertical Circle :
In this condition the necessary centripetal force at point B is
Let us consider a particle of mass m attached to a string of length provided by the weight of the particle [see again equation (3)]
R let the particle be rotated about its centre O. then from equation (4), we get
At t = 0 the particle start with B
v 2A - gR = 4 gR Þ v A = 5 gR ...(8)
velocity u from the point A (lowest then the tension at the point A will be
point of vertical circle) and at time m(5gR )
t its position is P. Then the tension O vP TA = mg + = 6 mg ...(9)
q T R
at point P is given by Hence if we rotate a particle in a vertical circle and tension in
R P
mv 2P string at highest point is zero, then the tension at lowest point of
q
TP - mg cos q = A u mg cos q vertical circle is 6 times of the weight of the particle.
R mg sin q mg Some Facts of Vertical Motion :
2
mvP (i) The body will complete the vertical circle if its velocity at
or TP = mg cos q + ...(1)
R
So tension at point A (lowest point of vertical circle) is lowest point is equal to or greater then 5gR
mv 2A (ii) The body will oscillate about the lowest point if its velocity
TA - mg = (Q q = 0º) ...(2)
R at lowest point is less then 2 gR . This will happen when
and tension at point B (highest point of vertical circle) is the velocity at the halfway mark, i.e.
mv 2B é 1 ù
TB + mg = (Q q =180º) ...(3) v D = 0 êQ mv 2A = mgR ú
R ë 2 û
mv 2 (iii) The string become slack and fails to describe the circle when
Where is centripetal force required for the particle to move
r its velocity at lowest point lies between 2gR to 5gR
in a vertical circle.
Now from law of conservation of energy Negotiating a Curve :
N Ncosq
1 1 Case of cyclist
mv 2A - mv 2B = 2mgR
2 2 To safely negotiate a curve of radius r, a cyclist
or, v 2A - v 2B = 4gR ...(4) should bend at an angle q with the vertical. q
2
(change in kinetic energy of particle) v
= (change in potential energy of particle) Which is given by tan q = .
rg Nsinq
or Angle q is also called as angle of banking.
(loss in kinetic energy of the particle) = (gain in potential energy) mv 2
In conservative force system (such as gravity force) the N sin q = and N cos q = mg
r
mechanical energy (i.e., kinetic energy + potential energy) must
Case of car on a levelled road
be constant. A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a rough
Total energy will be constant level road when coefficient of sliding friction is related to the
Now from eqns.(2) and (3), we get mv2
B v2 r
velocity as m s ³ .
vB B rg fs
mg Now consider a case when a vehicle is moving in a circle, the
R
D mv 2
TB centrifugal force is whereas m is mass of vehicle, r = radius
D TA r
R of circle and v is its velocity.
The frictional force is static since wheels are in rolling motion
A vA= vC because point of contact with the surface is at rest
A mg mv 2 mv 2 v2
m m \ fs = f s £ f max = m s mg £ m s mg or m s ³
TA - TB = 2 mg + (VA2 - VB2 ) = 2 mg + (4gR ) r r rg
R R Case of banking of road (frictionless)
Þ TA - TB = 6mg ...(5) A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of N
radius r on a smooth (frictionless) road, q
Vertical

or TA = TB + 6mg ...(6) when the angle q of banking of the road

So it is clear from eqn. (6) that tension in string at lowest point
of vertical circle is greater then the tension at highest point of v2
is given by tan q = . q mg
vertical circle by 6mg. rg Horizontal
 13
When the banked surface is smooth, the force acting will be gravity Keep in Memory
and normal force only. N
Balancing forces 1. Whenever a particle is moving on the circular path then
mv 2
N cos q = mg ...(1) r there must be some external force which will provide the
necessary centripetal acceleration to the particle.
mv 2 mg
For examples :
N sin q = ...(2) q
r (i) Motion of satellite around a planet : Here the
v2 centripetal force is provided by the gravitational force.
= tan q ...(3)
rg
Case of banking of road (with friction) V
The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can safely negotiate GMm mv 2
a curve of radius r on a rough inclined road is given by i.e. = Satellite
r2 r (m)
rg (m + tan q) (M) Planet
v2 = ; where m is the coefficient of friction of the
1 - m tan q
rough surface on which the vehicle is moving, and q is the angle (ii) Motion of electron around the nucleus : Here the
of inclined road with the horizontal. required centripetal force is provided by the
Suppose a vehicle is moving in a circle of radius r on a rough Coulombian force
μ
inclined road whose coefficient of friction is and angle of
M 1 (ze)(e) mv2 Nucleus
banking is q. N N i.e. = Electron
4pe o r 2 r r
(Ze) (e)
mv 2 mv 2
r r
(iii) Motion of a body in horizontal and vertical circle:
fs mg fs mg Here the centripetal force is provided by the tension.
q Horizontal circle
V
Let velocity of object (vehicle) be V.
mv2 mv 2 (m)
If we apply pseudo force on body, centrifugal force is T=
r T
r
when v is max. and friction force will be acting down the slope.
mv2 Vertical circle
Balancing the force horizontally, = f s cos q + N sin q ...(1)
r VB
Balancing the force vertically, mv A 2 B
At point A, TA = ;
N cos q = f s sin q + mg ...(2) r V
mg
when v = maximum, f = fmax = fs = mN ...(3) TB
mv B 2 A
From eqn. (2), At point B, TB + mg =
r T
N cos q = mN sin q + mg Þ N (cos q - m sin q) = mg
mg
TC
or N =
mg mv C 2 V
And at point C, TC - mg = C mg C
cos q - m sin q r
mv 2 mmg cos q + mg sin q
From eqns.(1) and (3), = CONICAL PENDULUM
r cos q - m sin q
Consider an inextensible string of length l which is fixed at
mv 2 mg (m + tan q) 2 (m + tan q) one end, A. At the other end is attached a particle P of mass
Þ = Þ vmax = rg
r 1 - m tan q 1 - m tan q m describing a circle with constant angular velocity w in a
Now in the case of minimum velocity with which body could horizontal plane.
A
move in a circular motion, the direction of friction will be opposite
to that one in maximum velocity case.
fs
2 æ m - tan q ö h Tsin
and vmin = rg ç ÷ N P O
è 1 + m tan q ø r 2
P O
mv 2 r
r

mg mg Vertical section Horizontal Plane

As P rotates, the string AP traces out the surface of a cone.
q
Consequently the system is known as a conical pendulum.
 14
Vertically, T cos q = mg ... (1) According to the given problem
Horizontally, Tsin q = mrw 2 ... (2) g + ( v Q 2 / L) vQ 2 v 2
= 4 or g+ = -4 g + 4 P
In triangle AOP, r = l sin q ... (3) 2
- g + ( v P / L) L L
and h = l cos q ... (4)
Several interesting facts can be deduced from these equations : vP 2 + 4 g L v 2
or g+ = -4 g + 4 P
(a) It is impossible for the string to be horizontal. L L
mg L = (10/3) m and g = 10 m/s2 (given)
This is seen from eqn. (1) in which cos q = cannot be
T Solving we get vP = 10 m/s.
zero. Hence q cannot be 90°.
(b) The tension is always greater than mg. Example 19
This also follows from eqn. (1) as cos q < 1 (q is acute but
A table with smooth horizontal surface is fixed in a cabin
not zero). Hence, T > mg
(c) The tension can be calculated without knowing the that rotates with a uniform angular velocity w in a circular
inclination of the string since, from eqn. (2) and (3) path of radius R. A smooth groove AB of length L (<<R) is
made on the surface of the table. The groove makes an
T sin q = ml sin q w 2 Þ T = mlw 2
angle q with the radius OA of the circle in which a particle
(d) The vertical depth h of P below A is independent of the
is kept at the point A in the groove and is released to move
length of the string since from eqn. (1) and (4)
h lmg along AB. Find the time taken by the particle to reach the
T = mg Þ T = but T = mlw 2 point B.
l h
mlg g B
Therefore mlw = Þh= 2
2
O A q
h w R
which is independent of l.
Solution :
Example 17
Now let us take the cabin as reference frame. Since it is
A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a accelerated we have to use pseudo force to apply Newton’s
string of length 20 cm. By how much does the tension of the
second law.
string at the lowest point exceed the tension at the topmost
point? Here R >> L ‘ mw2 (R + x cos q) » mw2 R
Solution :
The tension T1 at the topmost point is given by,
m v12
T1 = -mg 2
mw (R+x cos q) » mw R
2

20
Centrifugal force acting outward while weight acting x
downward q
m v 22
The tension T2 at the lowest point, T2 = + mg Since groove is smooth (friction is zero)
20
Centrifugal force and weight (both) acting downward \ Component of mw2R in the direction of groove is the net
m v 2 2 - m v12 force (rest is balanced by normal force)
T2 - T1 = + 2 m g ; v12 = v 2 2 - 2 g h or Let a’ is acceleration in the direction of groove
20
v 2 2 - v12 = 2 g ( 40 ) = 80 g \ a' = w2R cos q
80 m g 1 2 Þt= 2L
\ T2 - T1 = + 2mg = 6 mg \L = a ¢t 2
20 2 w R cos q
Example 18 Example 20
A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of
A circular race track of radius 300 m is banked at an
length L = (10/3) m is whirling in a circular path of radius
L in a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum to the minimum angle of 15°. If the coefficient of friction between the wheels
tension in the string is 4 and g = 10 m/s2, then find the speed of a race car and the road is 0.2, what is the optimum
of the stone at the highest point of the circle. speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear of tyres?
Solution : Solution :
The tension T in the string is given by P On a banked road, the horizontal component of the normal
é vQ2 ù VP reaction and the frictional force contribute to provide
Tmax = m êg + ú L centripetal force to keep the car moving on a circular turn
ê L ú
ë û without slipping. At the optimum speed, the component of
O
é v 2ù T the normal reaction is enough to provide the required
and Tmin = m ê- g + P ú q
centripetal force. In this case, the frictional force is not
L úû mg cos q
ëê required. The optimum speed is given by
VO q
Q
mg v0 = (rg tan q)1/2 = (300 × 9.8 tan 15°)1/2 ms–1 = 28.1 m/s