Introduction:

Early days Protection:

Pehlay sirf conventional overcurrent relays hi use hoti thi for busbar protection. Lakin it is desired that
kay aik feeder ya transformer connected to bus bar ma fault ai to who puray busbar system ko effect na
karay.issdekhtay huay time setting of busbar protection relay are made lengthy. Isliye jb fault atta ha
busbar ma to ya kafi dair lagata ha isolating busbar from that source jiski wjah say kafi damage hoti ha
bus system ma.

Second Zone Distance Protection:

Recent days ma “second zone distance protection relays on incoming feeder“ jo kay 0.3 say 0.5 second
ma operate karti ha busbar protection kay liye apply ki gae ha. Is protection system kay kafi
disadvantages hain. first ya kay ya faulty section ko discriminate nahi karsakti. Isliye agar koi aik section
ma kharabhi hotti ha to total bus system interrupt karay ga jiskki wjah say nuqsan kafi hoga. Isliye lazmi
ha sirf faulty section ko isolate karna busbar kay during fault. Dosra draw back ya kay khuch dafa
clearing time is not enough for system stability. Isliye issay solve karnay kay liye commonly less than 0.1
sec wali protection scheme apply ki jati ha in SHT bus system.

Differential Busbar Protection:

• Current Differential Protection:
Iss ma kcl apply hota ha ,entering current in to bus section = leaving current out of bus section.
iss ma current ki secondaries ko parallel connect kardiya jata ha. Iss ka matlab s1 mil kar aik bus
bar bna rahay hain similarly s2 wlay bhi mil kar busbar bna rahay hain.indono kay gird aik
tripping relay laga di jati ha.

Now, according to Kirchoff’s current law,

 Saray CT same current ratio kay hotay hain.isliye

Ir relay current ha.

Ya normal condition ma hota ha,iska matlab kay normal condition ma relay say koi current flow nahi
karraha hota.Iss relay ko relay 87 kehtaay hain.

Agar fault outside protected zone ho to,to faulty current primary of CT say pass karay ga sub feeders
ki. Iss situation ma agar node K par KCL lagai to humay still Ir=0 milay ga. Iska matlab external fault ki
situation ma relay 87 say koi bhi fault current flow nahi karay ga.

Agar fault protected zone ma hota ha to saray feeders connected to busbar will contribute fault
current.isliye total fault current is equal to sum of all contributed fault currents.

Ab fault wlay feeder par koi bhi CT nahi hoga.

Ab sum of all current zero nahi hoga balkay equal to secondary equivalent fault current hoga. Ab
agar KCL lagai to Ir nonzero hoga. Ab kunkay relay say current flow karay ga to ya sari cct. Breaker ko
trip karday gi aur bus become dead because outgoing and incoming feeders are tripped.
• Differential Protection of Sectionalized Bus:

Moderate High voltage wlay system ma section bnai hotay hain takay aik section ma fault dosray
section ko disturb na karay.

Figure ma CT1 ,CT2 aur CT3 jo section A ma ha 87A kay sath connect hain ,jis ma CT1 aur CT2
feeder kay CT hain jb kay CT3 Busbar ka CT ha.

Zone A aur zone B ko overlap kiya hua takay ensure hojai kay koi bhi zone unprotected na reh
jai.ASI terminal aik bus bar bna raha section A ki similarly BS1 bhi busbar bna raha ha section B
ki. Ya similarly Current Differential Protection ki trah act karta ha.Agar fault zone A ma ai ga to
CB1 ,CB2 aur bus circuit breaker terminate hoga. Agar zone B ma hua to CB6 ,CB5 aur busbar
Circuit breaker trip hoga. In current differential protection of busbar, if CT secondary
circuits, or bus wires is open the relay may be operated to isolate the bus from live
system. But this is not desirable.
DC circuit of Differential Busbar Protection:

DC circuit ya ha
Yaha CSSA aur CSSB 2 switch ha jo busbar protection system for zone A aur zone B ko put in to
serivvce kartay hain. Agar CSS_ “IN” position par ho to respective scheme of zone in service
hogi.

Generally ya dono in “IN ” position par hoti ha.Yaha relay coil 96A and 96B series ma with
Busbar protection contact 87A aur 87B kay.96A multiple relay contact ha. Har cct. Breaker zone
A ma individual contact say connect hota ha 96A say. Similarly 96B bhi multiple relay contact
hoti ha.

Halakay yaha par aik zone ma aik hi tripping relay use ki ha,lakin behtar ya ha kay aik feeder par
aik tripping relay use ki jai. Iss scheme ma aik trpping relay per feeder use hue ha jab kay 2
 tripping relay for zone A aur zone B kay liye. Jb zone A ma fault atta ha to 87A relay energized
hojati ha jab kay zone B ma ai to 87b energize hojai gi. Jaisay hi relay short hogi waisay hi
contact closer hojai ga aur sath hi tripping relay 96 circuit breakers ko trip karday gi. Relay 30
indicate karay gi kay konsay zone ki relay operate hue ha.

e.g. agar 87A relay operate hogi to NO contact 87A-2 close hojai ga aur 30A ko energize karday
gi. Phir NO contact of 30A-1 of relay 30A close hjojata to energize alarm relay 74. Relay 95
supervision relay ha jb fault atta ha to ya bhi energize hojati ha.iska time delay 3 second ha
,isliye jb fault clear hoga to ya bhi reset hojai gi and therefore does not pick up zone bus wire
shorting relay 95x which in turn shorts out the bus wires. Auxiliary 95x relay kay sath alarm
contact bhi hota ha jo ya indicate karta ha knsa CT open hua ha. No volt relay 80 is provided in
both trip and non-trip section of the DC circuit of differential busbar protection system to
indicate any discontinuity of D. C. supply.

• Voltage Differential Protection of Busbar :-

Current differential scheme sirf uswaqt hi sensitive ha jb CTs don’t get saturated aur maintain
karta ha same current ratio ,phase angle error under maximum faulty conditions. Incase of
external fault CT usually saturate hojatay hain by total current jiski wjah say bht error ajata ha
value ma aur summation of all secondary currents of CTs may not be zero. To iski external fault
ki wjah say us zone say associated saray cct. Breakers trip karsktay hain even incase of external
fault. Iss say bachnay kay liye 87 relays ko high pickup current aur enough time delay provide
kiya jata ha differential busbar protection ma. Jb CT saturate hota ha to sub say barra masla
transient DC component of short cct current.
Iss difficulties ko overcome karnay kay liye air core CTs use kartay hain. Aisay CTs ko linear
coupler bhi kehtay hain. Kunkay iski core air hoti ha isliye iski secondary ki characteristics
straight line hoti ha. Iss scheme ma saray CTs series ma hotay hain instead of parallel.
 Relay aur secaondar of CT mil kar close loop bna rahi ha. Agar sab CTs ki polarity match karti ho
to iska sum =0 hoga. Jab fault occur hoga to resultant voltage non zero hojae ga aur current flow
karay ga due to resultant voltage. Kunkay ya current relay say bhi flow karay ga to isliye ya relay
cct. Breaker ko trip karaday gi phir. Except when ground fault current is severally limited by
neutral impedance there is usually no selectivity problem when such a problem exists, it is
solved by use of an additional more sensitive relaying equipment including a supervising
protective relay.

Reference:
https://www.electrical4u.com/busbar-protection/